The Concept of Betterness and Sport Competitions

It is common that people disagree on a question which athlete or team was the best in a particular sport competition. This thesis attempts to clarify these disputes by analysing the concept of betterness in the context of sport competitions. Betterness can be interpersonal, intrapersonal or a combination of the two. I focus on interpersonal betterness, that is, on superiority. For example, interpersonal betterness may be contested in a football match between the national teams of Germany and Argentina. My aim is to provide a philosophical account of interpersonal betterness. The account has two functions: descriptive and normative. It describes the shapes and forms in which superiority is instantiated in sport competitions. It also provides a consistent and accurate way to discuss superiority. The thesis consists of two parts. In the first part, I introduce, elaborate and illustrate my account, which in turn consists of three elements: (1) relations of superiority, (2) standards for the relations of superiority and (3) types of competition. I also discuss my account’s relevance to issues of sport ethics through the example of gender equity and women’s ski jumping. I conclude that this account will not end the disputes over which team or athlete was better in a particular competition. Instead, it provides tools for a more consistent discussion of the disputed issues. The second part of the thesis includes five reprinted original articles. The account presented in the first part is based on these publications.

Livets källa kärleken : hälsans urkraft

This basic research focuses on the ethos of health and the human being's becoming in health. The theoretical perspective consists of the caring tradition within caring science developed at Åbo Akademy University. The aim of the present doctoral thesis is to uncover a new understanding as well as to deepen and attain a more nuanced understanding of the ethos of health, the essence of health, by penetrating to the core of what gives the human being the strength for experiencing a becoming in health. The research questions are as follows: l) What is the human being's source of strength? and 2) What reveals the source of strength so that the human being can perceive it and dedicate its strength in order to experience a becoming in health? The primary methodology used in the dissertation is hermeneutical. The material consists of the work Kärlekens gerningar by Kierkegaard, texts from focused interviews with respondents who have lived through severe personal suffering, as well as the book Det bländande mörkret by Wikström. These texts are interpreted through hermeneutical reading. The new horizon of understanding that emerges is reflected towards Eriksson's caritative theory, towards prior research within the tradition of caring science at Åbo Akademy University and towards previous national and international studies within this field. The new understanding shows that the human being's source of strength is love, the essence and origin of life. The substance of health is love, which, through the trinity of faith, hope and love, also makes possible the existence of the source of strength. Love has a deeper dignity than faith and hope, is connected with eternity and is the uniting link between temporality and eternity. The human being's inner longing entails an ontological attraction towards the source of strength. This source of strength is hidden, which provides and maintains its force, like a mystery connected with the darkness of suffering that hides the secret representing the source of strength, life's mystery, bu t w hi ch is revealed in both the darkness of suffering and in the light of joy. The dedication of strength requires freedom, willingness and courage to see the light, despite awareness of shame and guilt. Creative acts liberate the human being for the dedication of strength, which is preceded by a holy presence where, in solitude, the human being makes sacrifices for the sake of his or her human smallness and weakness, and allows himself or herself to be enclosed by the darkness of suffering to discover the light from the source. This entails being enraptured in a quiet "doing" in order to experience the beauty that bears witness to the holy which creates unity. The source of strength is revealed through beauty. The ethos of the human being and the ethos of health have the same fundamental substance, whilst the ethos of life possesses the deepest dimension and concerns the mysterious and infinite eternity. The ethos of life, eternity, which is a wellspring of strength, is not in itself strength-giving unless it is allied with love. Health can be understood in the light of life, of which death is an inevitable part. Life itself constitutes and creates the source which, through its alliance with eternity' s primordial wellspring of strength, generates strength from which the human being's source of strength, love, receives its eternal fervour. The human being is fundamentally interconnected with an abstract other, the first love, a universal wellspring of strength. Through Communion with this abstract other a dedication of the strength to experience a becoming in health becomes possible. Love for one's neighbour is the fundamental substance in the movement of becoming in health. Becoming in health presupposes a simultaneous movement in which the human being practices the human calling through ethos. As one loves one's neighbour through actions the still forces of eternity are in motion. When life emerges in the foreground and becomes the home of the human being, a dedication of the power of love is possible. Life itself determines the human being's becoming in health. A humble fundamental attitude towards life constitutes the basis for a continuous dedication of vitality from this source.

Export subsidies, countervailing duties, and welfare

Using a simple Cournot duopoly model, this paper provides an important policy implication for trade disputes involving export subsidies. In this paper, the possibility that a foreign export subsidy could benefit the domestic country as well as the foreign country by appropriately using countervailing duties is identified.

Assessing development and the idea of development in the 1950s in Brazil

The decade of 1950s was a crucial period of the industrialization of the Brazilian economy. The dominant school of thought was the national-developmentalism, which was not restricted to the sphere of economic production but also encompassed political and socio-cultural processes of change. Combining repression, persuasion and paternalism, the national state took a significantly political and economic responsibility in the social, material and symbolic modernization during the Vargas and Kubitschek administrations. However, internal disputes, foreign demands and a long legacy of socio-spatial inequalities prevented the achievement of more socially inclusive goals, leading a legacy of unanswered questions that still have currency today.

Estado, bloco no poder e acumulação capitalista: uma abordagem teórica

State, power block and capitalist accumulation: a theoretical approach. This article aims to elaborate a theory, based on Poulantzas, about the role of the State in a capitalist economy through a relational perspective that perceives the State as a field and a strategic process for the disputes of class fractions within the power bloc. In order to do so, it exposes the relation between State and accumulation at an abstract-formal level, emphasising the limitations of studies that use only this dimension. Next, it analyzes the role of the power bloc in mediating between the abstract and concrete levels of the State, observing that public policies are elaborated as a result of the clashes within the power bloc. Finally, it promotes a discussion on the external constraints (international system) that are affected and affect the State and, consequently, the dynamics of the power bloc.

A year after Crimea: continuity and change of Finnish-Russian relations reflected in the views of the government officials of Finland and Russia

This thesis discusses the dynamism of bilateral relations between Finland and Russia and their interconnection with wider EU-Russia relations in the sight of the recent conflict in Ukraine. In particular, incorporation of Crimea in the territory of Russia in March 2014 is believed to have triggered a series of disputes between the European Union and Russia and thus, have impacted the course of the bilateral Finnish-Russian relations. The study leans on a premise that there are some historical traditions and regularities in the Finnish foreign policy course towards Russia which make the bilateral Finnish-Russian relations special. These traditions are distinguished and described in the book “Russia Forever? Towards Pragmatism in Finnish/Russian relations” (2008) edited by H. Rytövuori-Apunen. Assuming that the featured traditions take place in modern relations between Finland and Russia, the aim of the thesis is to find out how these traditions reappear during the year shaped by the events in Ukraine. In order to do that, author follows the timeline of happenings around the Ukraine crisis starting with Crimea’s referendum on independence, and exams the way these events were commented on and evaluated by the key government officials and political institutions of Finland and Russia. The main focus is given to the Finnish official discourse on Russia during the study period. The data collection, consisting of mostly primary sources (ministerial press releases and comments, statements, speeches and blog posts of individual policy makers) is processed using the thematic analysis supported by the content analysis. The study reveals that the consequences of the Ukraine crisis have brought, among others, complications to the economic cooperation between Finland and Russia, and have stimulated the increased attention of the Finnish decision makers to the country’s security questions. As a result, the character and importance of some historical regularities of the Finnish foreign policies on Russia, like the Continental Dilemma, have taken new shape.

« Registre de Mr Pinard, secretaire d'Estat, de la negociation pour traicter le mariage de Monseigneur, filz de France, duc d'Anjou et d'Alençon, frere unique de Henry troisme, avec Elisabeth, reine d'Angleterre ».

Contient : 1 « Pouvoir du roy... HENRY [III]... à messieurs ses commissaires y desnommez, pour aller en Angleterre traicter des moiens du mariaige d'entre la royne dudict pays et monseigneur le duc d'Anjou, frere unicque dudict Sr roy... Donné à St Germain en Laye, le dernier jour de febvrier... mil cinq cens quatre vingtz et ung » ; 2 « Memoire et instruction baillée par le roy ausdits Srs commissaires et ambassadeurs... Faict à St Germain en Laye, le dernier jour de janvier. Signé : Henry, Caterine et Brulart » ; 3 « Lettre du roy à la royne d'Angleterre [Élisabeth]... Escript à St Germain en Laye, le dernier jour de febvrier 1581 » ; 4 Lettre « de la royne, mere du roy, à la dicte dame, royne d'Angleterre... Escript à Blois, le premier jour de mars 1581 » ; 5 Lettre « du roy... HENRY [III]... à la royne d'Angleterre... Escript à Paris, le Ve jour de mars 1581 » ; 6 Lettre « de la royne, mere du roy... CATERINE [DE MEDICIS]... à la royne d'Angleterre... Escript à Blois, le XXVe jour de febvrier 1581 » ; 7 Lettre des ambassadeurs de Henri III « à monsieur de Mauvissiere, ambassadeur pour le roy en Angleterre... De Callais, le XXIe jour de mars 1581 » ; 8 Lettre des ambassadeurs « au roy... Escript à Callais, le XXIIe jour de mars 1581 » ; 9 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à la royne, mere du roy... De Callais, le XXIIe jour de mars 1581 » ; 10 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à monsieur le prince Daulphin [François de Montpensier]... De Callais, le XXIIe jour de mars 1581 » ; 11 « Sauf conduict de la royne d'Angleterre » pour les ambassadeurs envoyés auprès d'elle par le roi de France, en vue du mariage de son frère, le duc d'Anjou, avec Élisabeth. « E pallatio nostro Westmonasteriensi, 12° die martii, anno Domini 1581 ». En latin ; 12 Lettre des ambassadeurs « au roy... De Callais, le XXVIIe jour de mars 1581 » ; 13 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à la royne, mere du roy... De Callais, le XXVIIe jour de mars 1581 » ; 14 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à monseigneur [François, duc d'Anjou]... De Callais, le XXVIIe jour de mars 1581 » ; 15 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à Mr de Mauvissiere,... De Callais, le XXIXe jour de mars 1581 » ; 16 Lettre des ambassadeurs « au roy... De Callais, le XXIXe jour de mars 1581 » ; 17 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à la royne, mere du roy... De Callais, le XXIXe jour de mars 1581 » ; 18 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à Monseigneur... De Callais, le XXIXe jour de mars 1581 » ; 19 Lettre des ambassadeurs « au roy... De Callais, le IIIe jour d'avril 1581 » ; 20 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à la royne, mere du roy... De Callais, le IIIe jour d'avril 1581 » ; 21 Lettre des ambassadeurs « au roy... De Douvre, le XVIIe jour d'avril 1581 » ; 22 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à la royne, mere du roy... De Douvre, le XVIIe jour d'avril 1581 » ; 23 « Ordonnance publiée de par la royne d'Angleterre » pour défendre sous peine de mort les disputes et querelles à main armée pendant toute la durée du séjour des ambassadeurs de France dans son royaume. « Donné au manoir de St James, le XVIIIe jour d'avril 1581 » ; 24 « Ordonnance de monsieur le prince Daulphin [FRANÇOIS DE MONTPENSIER] et messrs les autres commissaires » faisant connaître à toutes les personnes de l'ambassade, l'ordonnance susdite de la reine d'Angleterre ; 25 Lettre des ambassadeurs « au roy... De Londres, le sabmedi XXIIe jour d'apvril 1581 » ; 26 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à la royne, mere du roy... De Londres, le XXIIe jour d'avril 1581 » ; 27 Lettre des ambassadeurs « au roy... De Londres, le XXVe jour d'avril 1581 » ; 28 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à la royne, mere du roy... De Londres, le XXVe jour d'avril 1581 » ; 29 « Discours envoyé au roy et à monseigneur son frere, avec la de pesche de messrs le prince Dauphin [FRANÇOIS DE MONTPENSIER] et autres commissaires, du XXVe d'avril 1581 », sur la suite des négociations, depuis le 24 avril jusqu'au 1er mai de la même année ; 30 Discours du « president BRISSON » aux seigneurs anglais députés par la reine Élisabeth ; 31 Lettre des ambassadeurs « au roy... De Londres, le sabmedy XXIXe jour d'avril 1581 » ; 32 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à la royne, mere du roy... De Londres, le XXIXe jour d'avril 1581 » ; 33 Lettre des ambassadeurs « au roy... De Londres, le mardi IIe jour de may 1581 » ; 34 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à la royne, mere du roy... De Londres, le mardi IIe jour de may 1581 » ; 35 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à monseigneur... [le duc D'ALENÇON]... De Londres, le mardi IIe jour de may 1581 » ; 36 « Pouvoir de la royne d'Angleterre » ÉLISABETH à Guillaume Cecile, Sr de Burle, grand trésorier d'Angleterre, Édouard, comte de Clinton, grand amiral d'Angleterre, Thomas, comte de Sussex, François, comte de Bedfort, Robert, comte de Leicestre, Christophe Hatton et François de Walsingham, commis et députés par elle pour traiter avec les ambassadeurs du roi de France. « E pallatio nostro Westmonasteriensi, secundo die mensis maii, anno... millesimo quingentesimo octuagesimo primo ». En latin ; 37 « Version en françois du susdict pouvoir » ; 38 Lettre des ambassadeurs « au roy... De Londres, le dimanche VIIe jour de may 1581 » ; 39 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à la royne, mere du roy... Dudit jour de dimanche » ; 40 Lettre des ambassadeurs « au roy... De Londres, le venredi XIIe jour de may 1581 » ; 41 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à monseigneur [le duc D'ALENÇON]... De Londres, le vendredi XIIe jour de may 1581 » ; 42 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à la royne, mere du roy... Dudit Londres, ledit jour XIIe may 1581 » ; 43 Résolutions des ambassadeurs du roi de France. « Le XIIe may, à Londres ». Accompagnées d'observations des commissaires de la reine d'Angleterre. « Du XIIIe may 1581 » ; 44 Lettre des ambassadeurs « au roy... De Londres, le sabmedy XIIIe jour de may 1581 » ; 45 Lettre des ambassadeurs « au roy... De Londres, le sabmedi XXe jour de may 1581 » ; 46 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à monseigneur [le duc D'ALENÇON]... Dudit jour XXe may 1581 » ; 47 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à la royne, mere du roy... De Londres, le XXe may 1581 » ; 48 Lettre des ambassadeurs « au roy... De Londres, le dimanche XXIe jour de may 1581 » ; 49 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à la royne, mere du roy... De Londres, le XXIe may 1581 » ; 50 Lettre des ambassadeurs « au roy... De Londres, le venredy XXVIe jour de may 1581 » ; suivie d'un « postscript... Dudict Londres, le sabmedy XXVIIe jour de may 1581 » ; 51 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à la royne, mere du roy... De Londres, le venredi XXVIe jour de may 1581 » ; 52 Lettre de PINART « à Mr Brulart [secrétaire d'État]... De Londres, le premier jour de juin 1581 » ; 53 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à Monseigneur, frere du roi [le duc D'ALENÇON]... De Londres, le premier jour de juin 1581 » ; 54 Lettre des ambassadeurs « au roy... De Londres, le mercredi septme jour de juin 1581 » ; 55 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à Monseigneur » ; 56 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à la royne, mere du roy... De Londres, le mercredi VIIe jour de juin 1581 » ; 57 Lettre des ambassadeurs « au roy... De Londres, le XIIIIe jour de juin 1581 » ; 58 Lettre des ambassadeurs « à la royne, mere du roy... De Londres, le XIIIIe juin 1581 » ; 59 Contrat de mariage entre le duc d'Anjou et d'Alençon et la reine d'Angleterre. « Actum Londinii, in pallatio Westmonasteriensi, undecima die mensis junii, anno... milesimo quingentesimo octuagesimo primo ». En latin ; 60 Lettre de commission du roi « HENRY » III à « Loïs de Bourbon, conte de Soisons, Loïs de Bourbon, duc de Montpensier,... François de Bourbon, prince Daulphin,... Artus de Cossé, conte de Segondigni,... Louys de Lusignan de St Gelez, Sr de Lanssac et de Precy,... Tannegui le Veneur, Sr de Carouges,... Bertrand de Sallignac, Sr de La Mote Fenelon,... Michel de Castelnau, Sr de Mauvissiere,... Barnabé Brisson, Sr de Gravelle,... Claude Pinart, Sr de Cramailles,... Pierre Clausse, Sr de Marchaumont et de Couzances,... Jacques de Vray, Sr de Fontorte », pour traiter du mariage du duc d'Anjou. « Donné à St Germain en Laye, le dernier jour de febvrier... 1581 » ; 61 Lettres de commission de « FRANÇOIS,... duc D'ANJOU » et D'« ALLENÇON », pour les députés choisis par le roi. « Données à Bordeaulx, le XXIIIIe jour de janvier... mil V.C.IIII.XX.I » ; 62 Lettres patentes de « FRANÇOIS,... duc D'ANJOU » et D'« ALLENÇON », confirmant les lettres précédentes. « Données à Allençon, le XVIIIe jour de may, l'an mil cinq cens quatre vingtz et ung » ; 63 Double du numéro 36 ; 64 Lettre « du roy » HENRI III à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à Paris, le XIe jour de janvier 1583 » ; 65 Lettre « de la royne, mere du roy », à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à Paris, le XIe jour de janvier 1583 » ; 66 Lettre « du roy » à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à Paris, le XXVIIe jour de janvier 1583 » ; 67 Lettre « de la royne, mere du roy », à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à Paris, le XXVIIe jour de janvier 1583 » ; 68 Lettre « du roy à Mr [Bertrand de Salignac] de La Mothe Fenelon [ambassadeur en Angleterre]... Escript à Paris, le XXVIIe jour de janvier 1583 » ; 69 Lettre « de la royne, mere du roy, à Mr de La Mothe Fenelon,... Escript à Paris, le XXVIIe jour de janvier 1583 » ; 70 Lettre « du roy » à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à Paris, le XXVIIIe jour de janvier 1583 » ; 71 Lettre « de la royne, mere du roy », à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à Paris, le XXVIIIe jour de janvier 1583 » ; 72 Lettre « du roy » à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à Paris, le XIIIIe jour de fevrier 1583 » ; 73 Lettre « de la royne, mere du roy », à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à Paris, le XIIIIe jour de fevrier 1583 » ; 74 Lettre « du roy » à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à Paris, le VIIIe jour de mars 1583 » ; 75 « Ordonnance du roy à Mrs les grand prieur de Champagne et president Faulcon, pour veoir et entendre le contenu es requestes... presentées doresnavant à Sa Majesté par Mr l'ambassadeur d'Angleterre et les Angloix... Faict à Paris, le IIIe jour de mars 1583 » ; 76 Lettre « de la royne, mere du roy », à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à Paris, le VIIIe jour de mars 1583 » ; 77 Lettre « du roy » à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à Paris, le Ve jour de may 1583 » ; 78 Lettre « de la royne, mere du roy », à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à Paris, le Ve jour de may 1583 » ; 79 Lettre « du roy » à François de Roncherolles, Sr « de Maineville [ambassadeur en Écosse]... Escript à Paris, le Ve jour de may 1583 » ; 80 Lettre « de la royne, mere du roy », à « monseigneur de Maineville,... Escript à Paris, le Ve jour de may 1583 ». ù Les feuillets sont intervertis. Lire dans l'ordre suivant : 58, 61, 64, 60, 59, 62, 63, 65 ; 81 « Aulcuns Poinctz qui ont esté traictez à la conference faicte par commandement du roy avec monseigneur l'ambassadeur d'Angleterre, par les Srs grand prieur de Champagne, president Faulcon et secretaire Pinart, le dimanche VIIIe may 1585 » ; 82 Lettre « du roy » à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à Paris, le XVIIe jour de may 1583 » ; 83 Lettre « de la royne, mere du roy », à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à Paris, le XVIIe jour de may 1583 » ; 84 Lettre « du roy » à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à St Germain en Laye, le XXIXe jour de may 1583 » ; 85 Lettre « de la royne, mere du roy », à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à St Germain en Laye, le XXIXe jour de may 1583 » ; 86 Lettre « du roy au roy d'Escosse [Jacques VI]... Escript à St Germain en Laie, le XXVIIIe may 1583 » ; 87 Lettre « de la royne, mere du roy, audict Sr roy d'Escosse... Escript à St Germain en Laie, le XXVIIIe jour de may 1583 » ; 88 Lettre « du roy à Mr le conte d'Argyle ; chancelier d'Escosse... Escript à St Germain en Laie, le XXVIIIe jour de may 1583 » ; 89 Lettre « du roy à Mr le conte de Gowrie, grand tresorier d'Escosse... Escript à St Germain en Laye, le XXVIIIe jour de may 1583 » ; 90 Lettre « du roy » à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à Maisieres, le XXVIIIe jour de juin 1583 » ; 91 Lettre « de la royne, mere du roy », à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à Maisieres, ledict jour et an » ; 92 Lettre « du roy au roy d'Escosse... Escript à Maisieres, le XXVIIIe jour de juin 1583 » ; 93 Lettre « du roy » à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à Montceaulx, le XXVe jour de juillet 1583 » ; 94 Lettre « de la royne, mere du roy », à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à Monceaulx, le XXVe juillet 1583 » ; 95 Lettre « de la royne, mere du roy », à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à Paris, le IXe jour d'aoust 1583 » ; 96 Lettre « du roy » à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à Montargis, le XVIe jour d'aoust 1583 » ; 97 Lettre « de la royne, mere du roy », à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à La Fere en Picardie, le XIXe jour d'aoust 1583 » ; 98 Lettre « du roy » à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à St Germain en Laie, le XXe jour d'octobre 1583 » ; 99 Lettre « du roy à la royne d'Angleterre... Escript à St Germain en Laie, le XXVIIe jour d'octobre 1583 » ; 100 Lettre « de la royne [CATERINE DE MEDICIS] à ladicte dame royne d'Angleterre... Escript à St Germain en Laie, le XXVIIe octobre 1583 » ; 101 Lettre « de la royne, mere du roy, à ladicte dame royne d'Angleterre... 1583 » ; 102 « Memoire des pieces et plainctes baillées au roy par Sr HENRY COBHAM, chevalier, ambassadeur de la royne d'Angleterre, ce XXIIIe jour d'octobre 1583 » ; 103 Lettre « du roy » à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à St Germain en Laie, le VIIe novembre 1583 » ; 104 Lettre « du roy » à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à St Germain en Laie, le XVIIIe jour de novembre 1583 ». A la suite un « Postscript », du « XXe novembre 1583 » ; 105 Lettre « du roy » à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à St Germain en Laie, le XXVe jour de novembre 1583 » ; 106 Lettre « de la royne, mere du roy », à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à St Germain en Laie, le XXVe jour de novembre 1583 » ; 107 Lettre « du roy » à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à St Germain en Laie, le XVIIe jour de decembre 1583 » ; 108 Lettre « de la royne, mere du roy », à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à St Germain en Laie, le XVIIe jour de decembre 1583 » ; 109 « Memoire et instruction envoyé audict Sr de Mauvissiere pour se conduire et comporter au voyaige qu'il fera en Escosse... Faict à St Germain en Laie, le XVIIe jour de decembre 1583 » ; 110 Lettre « du roy à la royne d'Angleterre... Escript à St Germain en Laie, le XXe jour de decembre 1583 » ; 111 Lettre « du roy au roy d'Escosse... Escript à St Germain en Laie, le XXe jour de decembre 1583 » ; 112 Lettre « du roy à la royne d'Escosse [Marie Stuart]... Escript à St Germain en laie, le XXe jour de decembre 1583 » ; 113-116 « Quatre Formes de lettres dont en a esté envoié plusieurs audict Sr de Mauvissiere, pour s'en servir... estant en Escosse... Escript à St Germain en Laie, le XXe jour de decembre 1583 » ; 117 « Secrette Lectre du roy » à « monseigneur de Mauvissiere,... Escript à St Germain en Laie, le XVIIIe jour de decembre 1583 » ; 118 Addition à l'instruction de Henri III ci-dessus mentionnée n° 109, pour les « Sr de Mauvissiere et le viconte Pinart, son secretaire » ; 119 Lettre du roi « à la royne d'Angleterre » ; 120 « Aucunes Choses de la depesche que le Sr de La Mothe Fenelon a naguieres rapportée d'Escosse » ; 121 « Arrest donné, les estatz d'Escosse assemblez, pour impugner le couronnement du roy d'Escosse et l'establissement du gouverneur dudict païs... In parlamento serenissimae dominae nostre reginae... in pretorio burgi de Edinburhg, decimo quinto dioe mensis junii 1581 ». ù Les feuillets sont intervertis. Lire dans l'ordre suivant : 80, 82, 81, 84, 83, 85, 86 ; 122 « Declaration du duc de LENOX [EDME STUART I] contre les faulces calomnies à luy imposées par le comte de Mors et lord Revarz, dict le comte de Goury, et leurs confederez... Faict à Domberthrand [Dunbarton], le XXIIe septembre 1582 » ; 123 « Propositions faictes en Escosse par monseigneur de La Mothe Fennellon et les responces à luy faictes » ; 124 « Declaration qui a esté publiée en Escosse... Faict à Halyendehouse, le XIXme jour d'octobre 1582 » ; 125 « Lettre escripte à monsieur [Jérôme] de Gondi par monsieur DE GLASGO, ambassadeur d'Escosse, resident pres du roy » Henri III

Kierkegaardian intersubjectivity and the question of ethics and responsibility

Kierkegaardian Intersubjectivity and the Question of Ethics and Responsibility By Kevin Krumrei. Kierkegaard's contributions to philosophy are generally admitted and recognized as valuable in the history of Western philosophy, both as one of the great anti-Hegelians, as the founder (arguably) of existentialism, and as a religious thinker. However valid this may be, there is similarly a generally admitted critique of Kierkegaard in the Western tradition, that Kierkegaard's philosophy of the development of the self leads the individual into an isolated encounter with God, to the abandonment of the social context. In other words, a Kierkegaardian theory of intersubjectivity is a contradiction in terms. This is voiced eloquently by Emmanuel Levinas, among others. However, Levinas' own intersubjective ethics bears a striking resemblance to Kierkegaard's, with respect to the description and formulation of the basic problem for ethics: the problem of aesthetic egoism. Further, both Kierkegaard and Levinas follow similar paths in responding to the problem, from Kierkegaard's reduplication in Works of Love, to Levinas' notion of substitution in Otherwise than Being. In this comparison, it becomes evident that Levinas' reading of Kierkegaard is mistaken, for Kierkegaard's intersubjective ethics postulates, in fact, the inseparability and necessity of the self s responsible relation to others in the self s relation to God, found in the command, "you shall love your neighbour as yourself."

Anharmonic Helmholtz free energy to O(lambdaâ ´) in the non- leading term approximation /|nby Leslie Wilk. -- 260 St. Catharines, Ont. : [s. n.],

Expressions for the anharmonic Helmholtz free energy contributions up to o( f ) ,valid for all temperatures, have been obtained using perturbation theory for a c r ystal in which every atom is on a site of inversion symmetry. Numerical calculations have been carried out in the high temperature limit and in the non-leading term approximation for a monatomic facecentred cubic crystal with nearest neighbour c entralforce interactions. The numbers obtained were seen to vary by a s much as 47% from thos e obtai.ned in the leading term approximati.on,indicating that the latter approximati on is not in general very good. The convergence to oct) of the perturbation series in the high temperature limit appears satisfactory.

Application of [Lambda] to the fourth perturbation theory in calculating the equation of state of rare gas solids and fcc metals

We have calculated the thermodynamic properties of monatomic fcc crystals from the high temperature limit of the Helmholtz free energy. This equation of state included the static and vibrational energy components. The latter contribution was calculated to order A4 of perturbation theory, for a range of crystal volumes, in which a nearest neighbour central force model was used. We have calculated the lattice constant, the coefficient of volume expansion, the specific heat at constant volume and at constant pressure, the adiabatic and the isothermal bulk modulus, and the Gruneisen parameter, for two of the rare gas solids, Xe and Kr, and for the fcc metals Cu, Ag, Au, Al, and Pb. The LennardJones and the Morse potential were each used to represent the atomic interactions for the rare gas solids, and only the Morse potential was used for the fcc metals. The thermodynamic properties obtained from the A4 equation of state with the Lennard-Jones potential, seem to be in reasonable agreement with experiment for temperatures up to about threequarters of the melting temperature. However, for the higher temperatures, the results are less than satisfactory. For Xe and Kr, the thermodynamic properties calculated from the A2 equation of state with the Morse potential, are qualitatively similar to the A 2 results obtained with the Lennard-Jones potential, however, the properties obtained from the A4 equation of state are in good agreement with experiment, since the contribution from the A4 terms seem to be small. The lattice contribution to the thermal properties of the fcc metals was calculated from the A4 equation of state, and these results produced a slight improvement over the properties calculated from the A2 equation of state. In order to compare the calculated specific heats and bulk moduli results with experiment~ the electronic contribution to thermal properties was taken into account~ by using the free electron model. We found that the results varied significantly with the value chosen for the number of free electrons per atom.

Molecular dynamics calculation of mean square displacement in alkali metals and rare gas solids and comparison with lattice dynamics

Molec ul ar dynamics calculations of the mean sq ua re displacement have been carried out for the alkali metals Na, K and Cs and for an fcc nearest neighbour Lennard-Jones model applicable to rare gas solids. The computations for the alkalis were done for several temperatures for temperature vol ume a swell as for the the ze r 0 pressure ze ro zero pressure volume corresponding to each temperature. In the fcc case, results were obtained for a wide range of both the temperature and density. Lattice dynamics calculations of the harmonic and the lowe s t order anharmonic (cubic and quartic) contributions to the mean square displacement were performed for the same potential models as in the molecular dynamics calculations. The Brillouin zone sums arising in the harmonic and the quartic terms were computed for very large numbers of points in q-space, and were extrapolated to obtain results ful converged with respect to the number of points in the Brillouin zone.An excellent agreement between the lattice dynamics results was observed molecular dynamics and in the case of all the alkali metals, e~ept for the zero pressure case of CSt where the difference is about 15 % near the melting temperature. It was concluded that for the alkalis, the lowest order perturbation theory works well even at temperat ures close to the melting temperat ure. For the fcc nearest neighbour model it was found that the number of particles (256) used for the molecular dynamics calculations, produces a result which is somewhere between 10 and 20 % smaller than the value converged with respect to the number of particles. However, the general temperature dependence of the mean square displacement is the same in molecular dynamics and lattice dynamics for all temperatures at the highest densities examined, while at higher volumes and high temperatures the results diverge. This indicates the importance of the higher order (eg. ~* ) perturbation theory contributions in these cases.

Monte Carlo study of the XY-model on quasi-periodic lattices

Monte Carlo Simulations were carried out using a nearest neighbour ferromagnetic XYmodel, on both 2-D and 3-D quasi-periodic lattices. In the case of 2-D, both the unfrustrated and frustrated XV-model were studied. For the unfrustrated 2-D XV-model, we have examined the magnetization, specific heat, linear susceptibility, helicity modulus and the derivative of the helicity modulus with respect to inverse temperature. The behaviour of all these quatities point to a Kosterlitz-Thouless transition occuring in temperature range Te == (1.0 -1.05) JlkB and with critical exponents that are consistent with previous results (obtained for crystalline lattices) . However, in the frustrated case, analysis of the spin glass susceptibility and EdwardsAnderson order parameter, in addition to the magnetization, specific heat and linear susceptibility, support a spin glass transition. In the case where the 'thin' rhombus is fully frustrated, a freezing transition occurs at Tf == 0.137 JlkB , which contradicts previous work suggesting the critical dimension of spin glasses to be de > 2 . In the 3-D systems, examination of the magnetization, specific heat and linear susceptibility reveal a conventional second order phase transition. Through a cumulant analysis and finite size scaling, a critical temperature of Te == (2.292 ± 0.003) JI kB and critical exponents of 0:' == 0.03 ± 0.03, f3 == 0.30 ± 0.01 and I == 1.31 ± 0.02 have been obtained.

On the equation of state and atomic mean square displacement of crystals

We have presented a Green's function method for the calculation of the atomic mean square displacement (MSD) for an anharmonic Hamil toni an . This method effectively sums a whole class of anharmonic contributions to MSD in the perturbation expansion in the high temperature limit. Using this formalism we have calculated the MSD for a nearest neighbour fcc Lennard Jones solid. The results show an improvement over the lowest order perturbation theory results, the difference with Monte Carlo calculations at temperatures close to melting is reduced from 11% to 3%. We also calculated the MSD for the Alkali metals Nat K/ Cs where a sixth neighbour interaction potential derived from the pseudopotential theory was employed in the calculations. The MSD by this method increases by 2.5% to 3.5% over the respective perturbation theory results. The MSD was calculated for Aluminum where different pseudopotential functions and a phenomenological Morse potential were used. The results show that the pseudopotentials provide better agreement with experimental data than the Morse potential. An excellent agreement with experiment over the whole temperature range is achieved with the Harrison modified point-ion pseudopotential with Hubbard-Sham screening function. We have calculated the thermodynamic properties of solid Kr by minimizing the total energy consisting of static and vibrational components, employing different schemes: The quasiharmonic theory (QH), ).2 and).4 perturbation theory, all terms up to 0 ().4) of the improved self consistent phonon theory (ISC), the ring diagrams up to o ().4) (RING), the iteration scheme (ITER) derived from the Greens's function method and a scheme consisting of ITER plus the remaining contributions of 0 ().4) which are not included in ITER which we call E(FULL). We have calculated the lattice constant, the volume expansion, the isothermal and adiabatic bulk modulus, the specific heat at constant volume and at constant pressure, and the Gruneisen parameter from two different potential functions: Lennard-Jones and Aziz. The Aziz potential gives generally a better agreement with experimental data than the LJ potential for the QH, ).2, ).4 and E(FULL) schemes. When only a partial sum of the).4 diagrams is used in the calculations (e.g. RING and ISC) the LJ results are in better agreement with experiment. The iteration scheme brings a definitive improvement over the).2 PT for both potentials.

Phonon dispersion curves and atomic mean square displacement for several fcc and bcc materials

The atomic mean square displacement (MSD) and the phonon dispersion curves (PDC's) of a number of face-centred cubic (fcc) and body-centred cubic (bcc) materials have been calclllated from the quasiharmonic (QH) theory, the lowest order (A2 ) perturbation theory (PT) and a recently proposed Green's function (GF) method by Shukla and Hiibschle. The latter method includes certain anharmonic effects to all orders of anharmonicity. In order to determine the effect of the range of the interatomic interaction upon the anharmonic contributions to the MSD we have carried out our calculations for a Lennard-Jones (L-J) solid in the nearest-neighbour (NN) and next-nearest neighbour (NNN) approximations. These results can be presented in dimensionless units but if the NN and NNN results are to be compared with each other they must be converted to that of a real solid. When this is done for Xe, the QH MSD for the NN and NNN approximations are found to differ from each other by about 2%. For the A2 and GF results this difference amounts to 8% and 7% respectively. For the NN case we have also compared our PT results, which have been calculated exactly, with PT results calculated using a frequency-shift approximation. We conclude that this frequency-shift approximation is a poor approximation. We have calculated the MSD of five alkali metals, five bcc transition metals and seven fcc transition metals. The model potentials we have used include the Morse, modified Morse, and Rydberg potentials. In general the results obtained from the Green's function method are in the best agreement with experiment. However, this improvement is mostly qualitative and the values of MSD calculated from the Green's function method are not in much better agreement with the experimental data than those calculated from the QH theory. We have calculated the phonon dispersion curves (PDC's) of Na and Cu, using the 4 parameter modified Morse potential. In the case of Na, our results for the PDC's are in poor agreement with experiment. In the case of eu, the agreement between the tlleory and experiment is much better and in addition the results for the PDC's calclliated from the GF method are in better agreement with experiment that those obtained from the QH theory.