Nature, evolution and characterisation of rhizospheric chemical exudates affecting root herbivores

Similar to aboveground herbivores, root-feeding insects must locate and identify suitable resources. In the darkness of soil, they mainly rely on root chemical exudations and, therefore, have evolved specific behaviours. Because of their impact on crop yield, most of our knowledge in belowground chemical ecology is biased towards soil-dwelling insect pests. Yet the increasing literature on volatile-mediated interactions in the ground underpins the great importance of chemical signalling in this ecosystem and its potential in pest control. Here, we explore the ecology and physiology of these chemically based interactions. An evolutionary approach reveals interesting patterns in the response of insects to particular classes of volatile or water-soluble organic compounds commonly emitted by roots. Food web analyses reasonably support that volatiles are used as long-range cues whereas water-soluble molecules serve in host acceptance/rejection by the insect; however, data are still scarce. As a case study, the chemical ecology of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera is discussed and applications of belowground signalling in pest management are examined. Soil chemical ecology is an expanding field of research and will certainly be a hub of our understanding of soil communities and subsequently of the management of belowground ecosystem services.

Prévalence et nature de la glycosurie dans une cohorte Lausannoise

Avant-propos :¦La glycosurie est la présence de glucose dans les urines. Elle est due principalement à une¦augmentation du glucose dans le sang lors de diabète sucré. L'augmentation de l'excrétion du¦glucose peut également être observée lors d'atteinte tubulaire rénale, qu'elle soit héréditaire¦ou secondaire à une atteinte des fonctions tubulaires.¦Objectifs :¦Etude de la prévalence et de la nature de la glycosurie dans une sous population de CoLaus¦(cohorte lausannoise).¦Etablissement de valeurs de références de la glycosurie, à partir des données d'une population¦de référence (absence de diabète, de maladie rénale et d'infection urinaire).¦Méthodes :¦Analyse de la glycosurie selon deux méthodes analytiques, l'une semi-quantitative (bandelette¦urinaire) et l'autre quantitative (héxokinase) dans une sous population (N= 2785) de¦CoLaus (étude transversale portant sur un échantillon randomisé de 6182 volontaires¦d'origine caucasienne, issus de la population Lausannoise et âgés de 35-75 ans). Approche¦statistique à l'aide de SPSS.¦Résultats :¦La population étudiée (N=2785) est une sous population représentative de la population¦CoLaus (N=6182).¦La prévalence des diabétiques dans la population étudiée est de 5.5%. 28/ 2785 sujets (1%)¦ont une glycosurie positive à la bandelette urinaire. Environ 70% des résultats de glucose¦positifs à la bandelette urinaire sont la conséquence d'un diabète. Dans la population étudiée,¦le percentile 5 de glycosurie quantitative est inférieur à 0.1 mmol/l et le percentile 95 est de¦0.7 mmol/l. Dans la population de référence (N=1183), le percentile 5 est inférieur à 0.1¦mmol/l et le percentile 95 est de 0.6 mmol/l. Concernant la glycosurie rapportée à la¦créatinine urinaire, le percentile 5 est de 0.01 mol/mol et le percentile 95 de 0.04 mol/mol.¦2/1183 sujets (0.16%) de la population de référence ont une glycosurie au delà de 5.5 mmol/l¦à la bandelette urinaire.¦Conclusions :¦Les sujets avec glucose urinaire en l'absence d'hyperglycémie sont des candidats à une¦mutation d'un transporteur rénal. Il serait donc intéressant de faire les génotypes chez ces¦sujets.

The modal nature of structures in ontic structural realism

Ontic structural realism is the view that structures are what is real in the first place in the domain of fundamental physics. The structures are usually conceived as including a primitive modality. However, it has not been spelled out as yet what exactly that modality amounts to. This paper proposes to fill this lacuna by arguing that the fundamental physical structures possess a causal essence, being powers. Applying the debate about causal vs. categorical properties in analytic metaphysics to ontic structural realism, I show that the standard argument against categorical and for causal properties holds for structures as well. Structural realism, as a position in the metaphysics of science that is a form of scientific realism, is committed to causal structures. The metaphysics of causal structures is supported by physics, and it can provide for a complete and coherent view of the world that includes all domains of empirical science.

The structural nature of perceptual experiences

Intuitively, we think of perception as providing us with direct cognitive access to physical objects and their properties. But this common sense picture of perception becomes problematic when we notice that perception is not always veridical. In fact, reflection on illusions and hallucinations seems to indicate that perception cannot be what it intuitively appears to be. This clash between intuition and reflection is what generates the puzzle of perception. The task and enterprise of unravelling this puzzle took, and still takes, centre stage in the philosophy of perception. The goal of my dissertation is to make a contribution to this enterprise by formulating and defending a new structural approach to perception and perceptual consciousness. The argument for my structural approach is developed in several steps. Firstly, I develop an empirically inspired causal argument against naïve and direct realist conceptions of perceptual consciousness. Basically, the argument says that perception and hallucination can have the same proximal causes and must thus belong to the same mental kind. I emphasise that this insight gives us good reasons to abandon what we are instinctively driven to believe - namely that perception is directly about the outside physical world. The causal argument essentially highlights that the information that the subject acquires in perceiving a worldly object is always indirect. To put it another way, the argument shows that what we, as perceivers, are immediately aware of, is not an aspect of the world but an aspect of our sensory response to it. A view like this is traditionally known as a Representative Theory of Perception. As a second step, emphasis is put on the task of defending and promoting a new structural version of the Representative Theory of Perception; one that is immune to some major objections that have been standardly levelled at other Representative Theories of Perception. As part of this defence and promotion, I argue that it is only the structural features of perceptual experiences that are fit to represent the empirical world. This line of thought is backed up by a detailed study of the intriguing phenomenon of synaesthesia. More precisely, I concentrate on empirical cases of synaesthetic experiences and argue that some of them provide support for a structural approach to perception. The general picture that emerges in this dissertation is a new perspective on perceptual consciousness that is structural through and through.

Nature versus nurture in social insect caste determination

Recent evidence for genetic effects on royal and worker caste differentiation from diverse social insect taxa has put an end to the view that these phenotypes stem solely from a developmental switch controlled by environmental factors. Instead, the relative influences of genotypic and environmental effects on caste vary among species, ranging from largely environmentally controlled phenotypes to almost purely genetic systems. Disentangling the selective forces that generate variation for caste predisposition will require characterizing the genetic mechanisms underlying this variation, and identifying particular life-history strategies and kin structures associated with strong genetic effects on caste.

Endogeneizing know-how flows through the nature of R&D investments

In this paper we carefully link knowledge flows to and from a firm s innovation process with this firm s investment decisions. Three types of investments are considered: investments in applied research, investments in basic research, and investments in intellectual property protection. Only when basic research is performed, can the firm effectively access incoming knowledge flows and these incoming spillovers serve to increase the efficiency of own applied research. The firm can at the same time influence outgoing knowledge flows, improving appropriability of its innovations, by investing in protection. Our results indicate that firms with small budgets for innovation will not invest in basic research. This occurs in the short run, when the budget for know-how creation is restricted, or in the long-run, when market opportunities are low, when legal protection is not very important, or, when the pool of accessible and relevant external know-how is limited. The ratio of basic to applied research is non-decreasing in the size of the pool of accessible external know-how, the size and opportunity of the market, and, the effectiveness of intellectual property rights protection. This indicates the existence of economies of scale in basic research due to external market related factors. Empirical evidence from a sample of innovative manufacturing firms in Belgium confirms the economies of scale in basic research as a consequence of the firm s capacity to access external knowledge flows and to protectintellectual property, as well as the complementarity between legal and strategic investments.