Spatial and Temporal Spread of Bovine Tuberculosis in Wild White-Tailed Deer in Michigan

In 1975, a wild white-tailed deer infected with bovine tuberculosis was shot in the northeastern Lower Peninsula, Michigan. The shooting of a second infected deer in the same area in 1994 triggered ongoing disease surveillance in the region. By 2002, bovine tuberculosis had been confirmed in 12 Michigan counties: from 449 deer; two elk; 41 non-cervid wildlife; one captive cervid facility and 28 cattle herds. We analyzed geographic spread of disease since the surveillance began and investigated factors influencing the prevalence of disease within the infected area. These analyses reveal that 78 percent of tuberculous deer came from within a 1560 km2 'core' area, within which the prevalence of apparent disease averaged 2.5 percent. Prevalence declined dramatically outside of the core and was an order of magnitude lower 30 km from its boundary. This prevalence gradient was highly significant (P<0.0001) and did not alter over the 6 year surveillance period (P= 0.98). Within the core, deer density and supplemental feeding by hunters were positively and independently correlated with tuberculosis prevalence in deer. Together, these two factors explained 55 percent of the variation in prevalence. We conclude that bovine tuberculosis was already well established in the deer population in 1994, that the infected area has not expanded significantly since that time, and that deer over-abundance and food supplementation have both contributed to ongoing transmission of disease. Managers are currently enforcing prohibitions on deer feeding in the core and are working to lower deer numbers there through increased hunting pressure.

The Change from Red to White Meat: The Role of Technology

Since 1950, the composition of the U.S. meat diet has shifted markedly from red meats to poultry. For example, from 1970 to 1984, on a percapita basis, beef consumption has declined by 6.4 percent, while chicken and turkey consumptions have increased by 37.9, and 42.5 percent respectively (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1985). The numerous studies of this phenomenon from the demand side (Chavas, 1983; Braschler, 1983; Nyankori and Miller, 1982; Moschini and Meilke, 1984; Wohlgenant, 1985, Thurman, 1987; Chalfant and Alston, 1988) have failed to achieve a consensus as to whether a change in taste contributed to this shift. One reason for the lack of consensus is that the very large price and quantity changes make it difficult to establish whether consumers are on a new indifference map. But there have been no comparable studies of the nature and causes of the technological change that has made these large consumption and price changes possible. A decrease in the relative price of poultry with respect to red meat is in any case a major explanation of recent shifts in meat consumption patterns. The main reason for such a decrease appears to be a higher rate of technical progress in the poultry industry than in the red meat industry. Substantial productivity gains in both the production and marketing of poultry over the last two decades appears to have been translated into lower retail prices for poultry. Although some productivity gains have taken place in the red meat industry, they have not matched the cost reductions in the poultry industry (Chavas, 1987). Thus, a consumption shift from beef to poultry could possibly be interpreted as a response to changing relative prices, the structural change having occurred in the meat industry. This would imply that, if the beef industry desires to maintain or expand its market, it should seek a decrease in the production and marketing costs of beef.

Mejillonesite, a new acid sodium, magnesium phosphate mineral, from Mejillones, Antofagasta, Chile

Mejillonesite, ideally NaMg(2)(PO(3)OH)(PO(4))(OH)center dot H(5)O(2), is a new mineral approved by the CNMNC (IMA 2010-068). It occurs as isolated crystal aggregates in thin zones in fine-grained opal-zeolite aggregate on the north slope of Cerro Mejillones, Antofagasta, Chile. Closely associated minerals are bobierrite, opal, clinoptilolite-Na, clinoptilolite-K, and gypsum. Mejillonesite forms orthorhombic, prismatic, and elongated thick tabular crystals up to 6 mm long, usually intergrown in radiating aggregates. The dominant form is pinacoid {100}. Prisms {hk0}, {h0l}, and {0kl} are also observed. The crystals are colorless, their streak is white, and the luster is vitreous. The mineral is transparent. It is non-fluorescent under ultraviolet light. Mohs' hardness is 4, tenacity is brittle. Cleavage is perfect on {100}, good on {010} and {001}, and fracture is stepped. The measured density is 2.36(1) g/cm(3); the calculated density is 2.367 g/cm(3). Mejillonesite is biaxial (-), alpha= 1.507(2), beta= 1.531(2), gamma= 1.531(2), 2V(meas) = 15(10)degrees, 2V(calc) = 0 degrees (589 nm). Orientation is X= a, Z= elongation direction. The mineral is non-pleochroic. Dispersion is r> v, medium. The IR spectrum contains characteristic bands of the Zundel cation (H(5)O(2)(+), or H(+)center dot 2H(2)O) and the groups P-OH and OH(-). The chemical composition is (by EDS, H(2)O by the Alimarin method, wt%): Na(2)O 9.19, MgO 26.82, P(2)O(5) 46.87, H(2)O 19, total 101.88. The empirical formula, based on 11 oxygen atoms, is Na(0.93)Mg(2.08)(PO(3)OH)(1.00) (PO(4)) (OH)(0.86) .0.95H(5)O(2) The strongest eight X-ray powder-diffraction lines [d in angstrom(I)(hkl)] are: 8.095(100)(200), 6.846(9) (210), 6.470(8)(111), 3.317(5)(302), 2.959(5)(132), 2.706(12)(113), 2.157(19)(333), and 2.153(9) (622). The crystal structure was solved on a single crystal (R = 0.055) and gave the following data: orthorhombic, Pbca, a = 16.295(1), b = 13.009(2), c = 8.434(1) angstrom, V= 1787.9(4) angstrom(3), Z = 8. The crystal structure of mejillonesite is based on a sheet (parallel to the b-c plane) formed by two types of MgO(6) octahedra, isolated tetrahedra PO(4) and PO(3)OH whose apical vertices have different orientation with respect to the sheet. The sheets are connected by interlayer, 5-coordinated sodium ions, proton hydration complexes, and hydroxyl groups. The structure of mejillonesite is related to that of angarfite, NaFe(5)(3+)(PO(4))(4)(OH)(4).4H(2)O and bakhchisaraitsevite, Na(2)Mg(5)(PO(4))(4)center dot 7H(2)O.

Caracterização de resíduos industriais visando a seu aproveitamento na fabricação de aço

Esse trabalho consiste na caracterização do resíduo de mármore, lama fina de aciaria e borra de alumínio, para averiguar a viabilidade técnica da utilização de tais resíduos na dessulfuração e desfosforação de ferro-gusa líquido. A caracterização desses resíduos foi feita através de análises químicas, granulométricas, difração de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) com micro análise por Espectroscopia por Energia Dispersiva de Raios X (EDS). A lama fina de aciaria apresenta um teor de FeO de 84,90%, o resíduo de mármore apresentou um teor de 61,5% de CaO e 33,9% de MgO e a borra de alumínio apresentou 36,5% de Al metálico e 62% de Al2O3. A granulometria do resíduo de mármore apresentou um tamanho de grão médio igual 42,810 µm. Já, na borra de alumínio, o tamanho médio foi de 101,803 µm. A lama fina de aciaria LD apresentou, em torno de 54,7% de sua granulometria, entre 0,15 e 0,075mm. Esses resultados apontam para a viabilidade técnica da utilização desses materiais na dessulfuração e desfosforação do ferro-gusa.

Sviluppo di biosensori: modifiche di superfici elettrodiche e sistemi di immobilizzazione enzimatica

An amperometric glucose biosensor was developed using an anionic clay matrix (LDH) as enzyme support. The enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilized on a layered double hydroxide Ni/Al-NO3 LDH during the electrosynthesis, which was followed by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde (GA) vapours or with GA and bovine serum albumin (GABSA) to avoid the enzyme release. The electrochemical reaction was carried out potentiostatically, at -0.9V vs. SCE, using a rotating disc Pt electrode to assure homogeneity of the electrodeposition suspension, containing GOx, Ni(NO3)2 and Al(NO3)3 in 0.3 M KNO3. The mechanism responsible of the LDH electrodeposition involves the precipitation of the LDH due to the increase of pH at the surface of the electrode, following the cathodic reduction of nitrates. The Pt surface modified with the Ni/Al-NO3 LDH shows a much reduced noise, giving rise to a better signal to noise ratio for the currents relative to H2O2 oxidation, and a linear range for H2O2 determination wider than the one observed for bare Pt electrodes. We pointed out the performances of the biosensor in terms of sensitivity to glucose, calculated from the slope of the linear part of the calibration curve for enzimatically produced H2O2; the sensitivity was dependent on parameters related to the electrodeposition in addition to working conditions. In order to optimise the glucose biosensor performances, with a reduced number of experimental runs, we applied an experimental design. A first screening was performed considering the following variables: deposition time (30 - 120 s), enzyme concentration (0.5 - 3.0 mg/mL), Ni/Al molar ratio (3:1 or 2:1) of the electrodeposition solution at a total metals concentration of 0.03 M and pH of the working buffer solution (5.5-7.0). On the basis of the results from this screening, a full factorial design was carried out, taking into account only enzyme concentration and Ni/Al molar ratio of the electrosynthesis solution. A full factorial design was performed to study linear interactions between factors and their quadratic effects and the optimal setup was evaluated by the isoresponse curves. The significant factors were: enzyme concentration (linear and quadratic terms) and the interaction between enzyme concentration and Ni/Al molar ratio. Since the major obstacle for application of amperometric glucose biosensors is the interference signal resulting from other electro-oxidizable species present in the real matrices, such as ascorbate (AA), the use of different permselective membranes on Pt-LDHGOx modified electrode was discussed with the aim of improving biosensor selectivity and stability. Conventional membranes obtained using Nafion, glutaraldehyde (GA) vapours, GA-BSA were tested together with more innovative materials like palladium hexacyanoferrate (PdHCF) and titania hydrogels. Particular attention has been devoted to hydrogels, because they possess some attractive features, which are generally considered to favour biosensor materials biocompatibility and, consequently, the functional enzyme stability. The Pt-LDH-GOx-PdHCF hydrogel biosensor presented an anti-interferant ability so that to be applied for an accurate glucose analysis in blood. To further improve the biosensor selectivity, protective membranes containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were also investigated with the aim of oxidising the interferants before they reach the electrode surface. In such a case glucose determination was also accomplished in real matrices with high AA content. Furthermore, the application of a LDH containing nickel in the oxidised state was performed not only as a support for the enzyme, but also as anti-interferant sistem. The result is very promising and it could be the starting point for further applications in the field of amperometric biosensors; the study could be extended to other oxidase enzymes.

La valutazione degli effetti delle politiche di coesione dell'Unione europea sulla crescita regionale

This PhD thesis aims at providing an evaluation of EU Cohesion policy impact on regional growth. It employs methodologies and data sources never before applied for this purpose. Main contributions to the literature concerning EU regional policy effectiveness have been extensively analysed. Moreover, having carried out an overview of the current literature on Cohesion Policy, we deduce that this work introduces innovative features in the field. The work enriches the current literature with regards to two aspects. The first aspect concerns the use of the instrument of Regression Discontinuity Design in order to examine the presence of a different outcome in terms of growth between Objectives 1 regions and non-Objective 1 regions at the cut-off point (75 percent of EU-15 GDP per capita in PPS) during the two programming periods, 1994-1999 and 2000-2006. The results confirm a significant difference higher than 0.5 percent per year between the two groups. The other empirical evaluation regards the study of a cross-section regression model based on the convergence theory that analyses the dependence relation between regional per capita growth and EU Cohesion policy expenditure in several fields of interventions. We have built a very fine dataset of spending variables (certified expenditure), using sources of data directly provided from the Regional Policy Directorate of the European Commission.

Zellulärer Transport von Myelinproteinen

Während der Myelinbildung im zentralen Nervensystem (ZNS) umwinden Oligodendrozyten mit Ausläufern ihrer Plasmamembran mehrfach das Axon. Myelin ermöglicht die saltatorische Erregungsweiterleitung entlang der Axone und ist zudem für die Aufrechterhaltung der axonalen Integrität erforderlich (Edgar and Garbern, 2004). Ein Oligodendrozyt myelinisiert bis zu 40 Axonsegmente gleichzeitig, wodurch er in seiner aktivsten Myelinisierungsphase 5 bis 50 x 103 µm2 Membranfläche pro Tag produziert (Pfeiffer et al., 1993). Die vollständig ausgebildete Myelinscheide besteht aus Subdomänen mit charakteristischen Protein- und Lipidzusammensetzungen. Die Entwicklung und der Erhalt der komplexen Myelinmembran erfordert die kontinuierliche Kommunikation zwischen Neuronen und Glia-Zellen, die Koordination der Protein- und Lipidsynthese sowie angepasste intrazelluläre Sortier- und Transportwege der Myelinkomponenten. Über die molekularen Mechanismen, die zur Ausbildung des Myelins und seiner Domänen führen, ist bisher nicht sehr viel bekannt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Endo- und Exozytosemechanismen von Myelinproteinen analysiert. Dabei wurden drei Proteine untersucht, die in unterschiedlichen Subdomänen der Myelinmembran des ZNS lokalisiert sind. Das Hauptmyelinprotein Proteolipid Protein (PLP), das Myelin-assoziierte Glykoprotein (MAG) und das Myelin Oligodendrozyten Glykoprotein (MOG). Die Exozytose des Hauptmyelinproteins PLP erfolgt möglicherweise durch sekretorische Lysosomen (Trajkovic et al., 2006) und ist Ca2+-abhängig. Interessanterweise konnte gezeigt werden, dass PLP, MAG und MOG unterschiedlichen endosomalen Transportwegen und Sortierprozessen unterliegen. PLP wird über einen Clathrin-unabhängigen, MAG und MOG hingegen über einen Clathrin-abhängigen Mechanismus endozytiert. Zudem gelangen die Proteine zu unterschiedlichen endosomalen Zielkompartimenten und recyceln zu verschiedenen oligodendroglialen Membrandomänen. Diese Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass die endosomale Sortierung und das Recycling der Myelinproteine, die für die Bildung der Subdomänen erforderliche Umgestaltung der oligodendroglialen Plasmamembran unterstützen.

Synthese potentieller Antitumorvakzine aus tumorassoziierten Glycopeptiden des Mucins MUC1 und Versuche zur Festphasensynthese von Oligosacchariden

Festphasenoligosaccharidsynthesen: Um den mit der Synthese der Saccharidbausteine verbundenen Zeitaufwand zu reduzieren, sollten festphasenunterstützte, leicht automatisierbare Strategien entwickelt werden. Für die Optimierungen ist es notwendig, über Analysetechniken zu verfügen, die eine quantitative Verfolgung des Reaktionsablaufes erlauben. Zur Bestimmung der Konzentration freier Hydroxylgruppen wurde hierbei eine einfache und effiziente Reaktionsabfolge gefunden, die eine UV-spektroskopische Analyse erlaubt. rnZur Verknüpfung zwischen Kohlenhydrat und polymerem Träger (Polystyrol, Tentagel) kamen der PTMSE-, ein p-Alkoxybenzyl- und zwei Alkylthioanker zum Einsatz. Die Bedingungen zur Anknüpfung der mit Carboxylgruppen ausgestatteten Anker über Amidbindungen an das Harz, zur Spaltung der Lävulinoylschutzgruppe, sowie zur reduktiven Öffnung der Benzylidenacetalschutzgruppe wurden optimiert, sodass sich diese Reaktionen nun in sehr hohen Ausbeuten am polymeren Träger durchführen lassen. rnSpeziell Glycosylierungsreaktionen zeigten jedoch erhebliche Kompatibilitätsprobleme mit der polymeren Matrix. Die Ausbeuten aller an der festen Phase durchgeführten Glycosylierungen lagen bei maximal 5 Prozent. rnGlycopeptidsynthesen: Einige Tumorzellen unterscheiden sich von gesunden Zellen durch ein verändertes Profil an Oberflächenglycoproteinen. So ist das membranständige Glycoprotein MUC1 in malignen Epithelzellen stark überexprimiert und zeigt infolge veränderter Aktivitäten mehrerer Glycosyltransferasen ein modifiziertes Glycosylierungsmuster. Diese tumorspezifischen Strukturveränderungen stellen einen interessanten Angriffspunkt zur Entwicklung von Antitumorvakzinen dar. Um zu potentiellen Impfstoffen zu gelangen, ist es jedoch nötig, die Immunogenität der selbst nur schwach immunogenen Glycopeptide durch Konjugation zu erhöhen. rnIm Rahmen dieser Arbeit sollten vollsynthetische Konjugate, auf Basis einer 16 Aminosäuren langen, tumorassoziierten Glycopeptidpartialstruktur aus dem MUC1, zur möglichen Verwendung als Antitumorvakzine synthetisiert werden. Die Darstellung erfolgte in einer automatisierten Festphasensynthese nach der Fmoc-Strategie. rnZur Steigerung der Immunogenität wurde das glycosylierte Hexadecapeptid über einen Spacer mit einem T-Zell-Epitop aus dem Tetanustoxoidprotein sowie mit einem Mitogen verknüpft. Zur Synthese des Mitogenkonjugates sind noch Optimierungen im Syntheseablauf und insbesondere bei der Reinigung notwendig. Die immunologische Evaluierung des MUC1-Tetanustoxin-Heterotopkonjugates als mögliches Antitumorvakzin ist geplant. rn

I regesti delle carte bolognesi dei secc. X-XII trascritti nei cartulari ecclesiastici del XVII-XVIII secolo. Edizione critica

La ricerca ha come oggetto l’edizione critica di circa tremila regesti di documenti di area bolognese datati al X-XII secolo. I documenti sono stati trascritti tra il XVII e XVIII secolo in undici cartulari ecclesiastici, conservati presso l’Archivio di Stato di Bologna. Il lavoro s’inserisce nel progetto di edizione delle carte bolognesi di epoca medievale in corso presso la cattedra di Paleografia latina e Diplomatica dell’Università di Bologna, attualmente incentrata sull’edizione delle carte del secolo XII. La ricerca si propone come strumento di supporto a tale progetto e come completamento delle carte già pubblicate: i cartulari, infatti, offrono spesso copie di documenti mancanti dell’originale o in cattivo stato di conservazione, e costituiscono l’unica traccia di una memoria storica altrimenti perduta. Le raccolte esaminate si collocano a ridosso del periodo napoleonico, quando la maggior parte degli enti ecclesiastici venne soppressa e i loro beni incamerati dallo Stato; esse quindi rispecchiano la condizione dei principali archivi ecclesiastici cittadini dei primi secoli del Medioevo bolognese. La ricerca è strutturata in una prima parte volta a definire in termini storico-diplomatistici la tipologia di fonte esaminata: oggi i cartulari non sono più intesi come semplici raccoglitori di documenti, ma come sistema organico di fonti in grado di far luce su aspetti importanti della storia dell’ente che li ha prodotti. L’indagine del loro contesto di produzione permette di comprenderne meglio le finalità, la forma e il valore giuridico. Parte della ricerca è stata poi incentrata sullo studio delle ragioni che hanno portato gli istituti religiosi bolognesi alla redazione dei cartulari: a tal fine è stata esaminata la legislazione ecclesiastica cinque-settecentesca in materia di conservazione della documentazione e il rapporto della legislazione stessa con la prassi archivistica. Infine è stata realizzata l’edizione critica vera e propria dei regesti, mirante a descrivere le caratteristiche principali di ciascun cartulario.

Monitoring Stormwater Redistribution Into Low Resistivity Soils Using Noninvasive Geophysical Techniques

Water held in the unsaturated zone is important for agriculture and construction and is replenished by infiltrating rainwater. Monitoring the soil water content of clay soils using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has not been researched, as clay soils cause attenuation of GPR signal. In this study, GPR common-midpoint soundings (CMPs) are used in the clayey soils of the Miller Run floodplain to monitor changes in the soil water content (SWC) before and after rainfall events. GPR accomplishes this task because increases in water content will increase the dielectric constant of the subsurface material, and decrease the velocity of the GPR wave. Using an empirical relationship between dielectric constant and SWC, the Topp relation, we are able to calculate a SWC from these velocity measurements. Non-invasive electromagnetics, resistivity, and seismic were performed, and from these surveys, the layering at the field site was delineated. EM characterized the horizontal variation of the soil, allowing us to target the most clay rich area. At the CMP location, resistivity indicates the vertical structure of the subsurface consists of a 40 cm thick layer with a resistivity of 100 ohm*m. Between 40 cm and 1.5 m is a layer with a resistivity of 40 ohm*m. The thickness estimates were confirmed with invasive auger and trenching methods away from the CMP location. GPR CMPs were collected relative to a July 2013 and September 2013 storm. The velocity observations from the CMPs had a precision of +/- 0.001 m/ns as assessed by repeat analysis. In the case of both storms, the GPR data showed the expected relationship between the rainstorms and calculated SWC, with the SWC increasing sharply after the rainstorm and decreasing as time passed. We compared these data to auger core samples collected at the same time as the CMPs were taken, and the volumetric analysis of the cores confirmed the trend seen in the GPR, with SWC values between 3 and 5 percent lower than the GPR estimates. Our data shows that we can, with good precision, monitor changes in the SWC of conductive soils in response to rainfall events, despite the attenuation induced by the clay.

Current Changes in the Lifestyle and Mental Health of Teenagers

The group studied 1,253 students from various types of schools chosen randomly from those in Prague and Budejovice in order to evaluate the life styles, prevailing value standards, attitudes and behavioural patterns of Czech adolescents. The respondents (including 614 men and 639 women with an average age of 16.4 years) completed questionnaires containing standard scales focusing on feelings about social life, conservative and authoritarian tendencies, levels of self-esteem, general health, eating attitudes and behaviour The adolescents showed a relatively high level of conformity with authoritarian, conservative tendencies and with a dictate of power, rigid conventionality, ethnocentrism and low inner tolerance of differences, their scores being higher than those found in Western European countries. These tendencies were stronger among students outside Prague and those attending vocational schools. As the level of education rose, the sense of fatality and social determination decreased, indicating a higher share of responsibility for events in the surrounding world. When changes of life style were considered, adolescents can be expected to adapt more easily to more risky, socially attractive and manifest models of attitudes and behaviour. On the one hand, adolescents were often involved in sports, and young women in particular often showed a extreme concern and care for their own bodies. On the other hand, one quarter of respondents smoked, one fifth reported serious problems with alcohol and one quarter had already had some experience with drugs. One third of young men and one quarter of young women reported regular consumption of alcohol, and 6.5 percent of men and 3.6 percent of women regularly smoked marihuana or hashish. For the majority of adolescents, life conditions and conformity seem to be more important than the sense of active choice and responsibility for one's own life.

[Cosmetic results after breast conserving carcinoma treatment in patients with intramammarian seromas]

INTRODUCTION: There were 373 patients irradiated after breast conserving carcinoma treatment. A planning computed tomography revealed in 97 of these patients seromas and tissue defects exceeding 2cm in diameter. The cosmetic results in those patients and the impact of seromas herein had to be evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Mean age was 59 years. A quadrant resection was performed in 17.5 percent of the patients, a segmental resection in 27.8 percent and a tumour excision in 54.6 percent. Radiation therapy was applied with the Linear accelerator and 6 MeV photons up to a total dose in the residual breast of 50 Gy followed by a boost dose to the former tumour bed of 10 Gy. A distinct evaluation and documentation of therapy related side effects and the resulting cosmesis was done in 51 patients. RESULTS: In all the examined seroma patients there were moderate acute skin reactions grade 1 to 3. As late effects in 82.3 percent scar indurations were noticed. At the skin 51 percent showed enhanced pigmentation, 68.6 percent atrophia and only 11 percent teleangiectasia. Subcutaneous fibrosis occurred in 56,9 percent of the patients, 78.4 percent of the women had breast asymmetries. In 41.2 percent there were a lymphedema subcutaneously, in 72.5 percent impaired sensibility. The overall cosmetic result documented with a 5 point score was "very good" (score 1) in 19.6 percent and "good" (score 2) in 33.3 percent, 37.3 percent were "satisfactory" (score 3) and 9.8 percent "bad" (score 4) respectively. No "very bad" results (score 5) were seen. CONCLUSIONS: The cosmetic results in the examined group of seroma and hematoma patients were inferior to those reported in the literature. We conclude that postoperative seroma and hematoma have an adverse effect on the resulting cosmesis and that their frequency and extent have to be reduced in future by the responsible surgeons.