The microtomist's formulary and guide.

Bibliography: p. 670-680.

Spencer scientific instruments.

Price list (24 p.) inserted in pocket.

Cursus der normalen histologie zur einführung in den gebrauch des mikroskopes sowie in das practische studium der gewebelehre,

Mode of access: Internet.

Micrographia, or, Some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses : with observations and inquiries thereupon /

Errata, p. [10] at end.

Modern microscopy; a handbook for beginners and students,

Mode of access: Internet.

Grain refinement efficiency and mechanism of aluminium carbide in Mg-Al alloys

Detailed microscopic examination using optical and electron microscopes suggests that Al4C3, often observed in the central regions of magnesium grains on polished sections, is a potent substrate for primary Mg. Calculations of the crystallographic relationships between magnesium and Al4C3 further support the experimental observations. (c) 2005 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The palynology of carboniferous strata in Northumberland off-shore boreholes

The work described represents a palynological study of Carboniferous coal seams of Upper Westphallan. A and Westphalian B age from eight off-shore boreholes sunk by the National Coal Board in Northumberland. When treated chemically the majority of the coal samples yielded well-preserved miospores which were studied by means of the optical and scanning electron microscopes. Systematic descriptions of 151 miospore species belonging to 57 genera, and including 18 new types, are given. One miospore assemblage is recognised from the coals of Upper Westphalian A age and two fUrther assemblages from those of Westphalian B age, These compare with assemblages described by earlier workers from strata of similar age elsewhere, but there are differences in the distributions of some of the more abundant taxa, and some of the stratigraphically significant species are not present. Correlations based on miospore distributions between the coal seams encountered in the eight off-shore boreholes agree fairly closely with those established by the National Coal Board on lithological criteria. Relations are discussed between palynology and palaeoecology and detailed comparisons made with the work of Smith and Butterworth 1967 from the adjacent on-shore area. It is concluded that the miospore assemblages described are restricted in that they contain very low representation of Smith's (1962) Densospore phase. This restriction, due to the relatively rapid subsidence of the depositional area, is reflected in the distributions of some of the less common spores as · well as in the abundances of species such as Densosporites sphaerotriangularis, Lycospora pusilla and Apiculatisporis irregularis.

Analysis of functional materials by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can play an important role in guiding the design of new materials, tailored to meet increasingly stringent constraints on performance devices, by providing insight into their surface compositions and the fundamental interactions between the surfaces and the environment. This chapter outlines the principles and application of XPS as a versatile, chemically specific analytical tool in determining the electronic structures and (usually surface) compositions of constituent elements within diverse functional materials. Advances in detector electronics have opened the way for development of photoelectron microscopes and instruments with XPS imaging capabilities. Advances in surface science instrumentation to enable time-resolved spectroscopic measurements offer exciting opportunities to quantitatively investigate the composition, structure and dynamics of working catalyst surfaces. Attempts to study the effects of material processing in realistic environments currently involves the use of high- or ambient-pressure XPS in which samples can be exposed to reactive environments.

(Table 2, page 72) Chemical compositin of the two nodule types used in this investigation

Two Pacific Ocean manganese nodules, one from the ocean basin and one from a sea-mount, were examined in transmission electron microscopes at 100 and 650 kV. Of the many specimens examined, ten electron diffraction crystal spot patterns were identified. Sodium birnessite was observed six times and todorokite, Giavanoli's synthetic birnessite, hydrohausmanite and -Fe2O3 one time each. Ferric hydroxide was synthesized in the laboratory and shown to be the same as the primary iron mineral observed in the manganese nodules. The ferric hydroxide had a particle size range from 30 to 450 ?. Manganese oxide particles were frequently embedded in a mass of smaller ferric hydroxide particles.

Design and Implementation of Tools for STM Studies in UHV and at the Solid-Liquid Interface

This thesis presents details of the design and development of novel tools and instruments for scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and may be considered as a repository for several years' worth of development work. The author presents design goals and implementations for two microscopes. First, a novel Pan-type STM was built that could be operated in an ambient environment as a liquid-phase STM. Unique features of this microscope include a unibody frame, for increased microscope rigidity, a novel slider component with large Z-range, a unique wiring scheme and damping mechanism, and a removable liquid cell. The microscope exhibits a high level of mechanical isolation at the tunnel junction, and operates excellently as an ambient tool. Experiments in liquid are on-going. Simultaneously, the author worked on designs for a novel low temperature, ultra-high vacuum (LT-UHV) instrument, and these are presented as well. A novel stick-slip vertical coarse approach motor was designed and built. To gauge the performance of the motor, an in situ motion sensing apparatus was implemented, which could measure the step size of the motor to high precision. A new driving circuit for stick-slip inertial motors is also presented, that o ffers improved performance over our previous driving circuit, at a fraction of the cost. The circuit was shown to increase step size performance by 25%. Finally, a horizontal sample stage was implemented in this microscope. The build of this UHV instrument is currently being fi nalized. In conjunction with the above design projects, the author was involved in a collaborative project characterizing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au(111) films. STM was used to characterize Au substrate quality, for both commercial substrates and those manufactured via a unique atomic layer deposition (ALD) process by collaborators. Ambient and UHV STM was then also used to characterize the NHC/Au(111) films themselves, and several key properties of these films are discussed. During this study, the author discovered an unexpected surface contaminant, and details of this are also presented. Finally, two models are presented for the nature of the NHC-Au(111) surface interaction based on the observed film properties, and some preliminary theoretical work by collaborators is presented.

Fluctuations in and out of equilibrium: Thermalization, quantum measurements and Coulomb disorder

This purely theoretical thesis covers aspects of two contemporary research fields: the non-equilibrium dynamics in quantum systems and the electronic properties of three-dimensional topological insulators. In the first part we investigate the non-equilibrium dynamics in closed quantum systems. Thanks to recent technologies, especially from the field of ultracold quantum gases, it is possible to realize such systems in the laboratory. The focus is on the influence of hydrodynamic slow modes on the thermalization process. Generic systems in equilibrium, either classical or quantum, in equilibrium are described by thermodynamics. This is characterized by an ensemble of maximal entropy, but constrained by macroscopically conserved quantities. We will show that these conservation laws slow down thermalization and the final equilibrium state can be approached only algebraically in time. When the conservation laws are violated thermalization takes place exponential in time. In a different study we calculate probability distributions of projective quantum measurements. Newly developed quantum microscopes provide the opportunity to realize new measurement protocols which go far beyond the conventional measurements of correlation functions. The second part of this thesis is dedicated to a new class of materials known as three-dimensional topological insulators. Also here new experimental techniques have made it possible to fabricate these materials to a high enough quality that their topological nature is revealed. However, their transport properties are not fully understood yet. Motivated by unusual experimental results in the optical conductivity we have investigated the formation and thermal destruction of spatially localized electron- and hole-doped regions. These are caused by charged impurities which are introduced into the material in order to make the bulk insulating. Our theoretical results are in agreement with the experiment and can explain the results semi-quantitatively. Furthermore, we study emergent lengthscales in the bulk as well as close to the conducting surface.

Controlling Nanostructures for in-situ TEM Characterization

Low dimensional nanostructures, such as nanotubes and 2D sheets, have unique and promising material properties both from a fundamental science and an application standpoint. Theoretical modelling and calculations predict previously unobserved phenomena that experimental scientists often struggle to reproduce because of the difficulty in controlling and characterizing the small structures under real-world constraints. The goal of this dissertation is to controlling these structures so that nanostructures can be characterized in-situ in transmission electron microscopes (TEM) allowing for direct observation of the actual physical responses of the materials to different stimuli. Of most interest to this work are the thermal and electrical properties of carbon nanotubes, boron nitride nanotubes, and graphene. The first topic of the dissertation is using surfactants for aqueous processing to fabricate, store, and deposit the nanostructures. More specifically, thorough characterization of a new surfactant, ammonium laurate (AL), is provided and shows that this new surfactant outperforms the standard surfactant for these materials, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), in almost all tested metrics. New experimental set-ups have been developed by combining specialized in-situ TEM holders with innovative device fabrication. For example, electrical characterization of graphene was performed by using an STM-TEM holder and depositing graphene from aqueous solutions onto lithographically patterned, electron transparent silicon nitride membranes. These experiments produce exciting information about the interaction between graphene and metal probes and the substrate that it rests on. Then, by adding indium to the backside of the membrane and employing the electron thermal microscopy (EThM) technique, the same type of graphene samples could be characterized for thermal transport with high spatial resolution. It is found that reduced graphene oxide sheets deposited onto a silicon nitride membrane and displaying high levels of wrinkling have higher than expected electrical and thermal conduction properties. We are clearly able to visualize the ability of graphene to spread heat away from an electronic hot spot and into the substrate.

Scanning Laser Optical Tomography Resolves Structural Plasticity during Regeneration in an Insect Brain

Background: Optical Projection Tomography (OPT) is a microscopic technique that generates three dimensional images from whole mount samples the size of which exceeds the maximum focal depth of confocal laser scanning microscopes. As an advancement of conventional emission-OPT, Scanning Laser Optical Tomography (SLOTy) allows simultaneous detection of fluorescence and absorbance with high sensitivity. In the present study, we employ SLOTy in a paradigm of brain plasticity in an insect model system. Methodology: We visualize and quantify volumetric changes in sensory information procession centers in the adult locust, Locusta migratoria. Olfactory receptor neurons, which project from the antenna into the brain, are axotomized by crushing the antennal nerve or ablating the entire antenna. We follow the resulting degeneration and regeneration in the olfactory centers (antennal lobes and mushroom bodies) by measuring their size in reconstructed SLOTy images with respect to the untreated control side. Within three weeks post treatment antennal lobes with ablated antennae lose as much as 60% of their initial volume. In contrast, antennal lobes with crushed antennal nerves initially shrink as well, but regain size back to normal within three weeks. The combined application of transmission-and fluorescence projections of Neurobiotin labeled axotomized fibers confirms that recovery of normal size is restored by regenerated afferents. Remarkably, SLOTy images reveal that degeneration of olfactory receptor axons has a trans-synaptic effect on second order brain centers and leads to size reduction of the mushroom body calyx. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that SLOTy is a suitable method for rapid screening of volumetric plasticity in insect brains and suggests its application also to vertebrate preparations.