Cyclic loss of open solar flux since 1868: the link to heliospheric current sheet tilt and implications for the Maunder Minimum

Open solar flux (OSF) variations can be described by the imbalance between source and loss terms. We use spacecraft and geomagnetic observations of OSF from 1868 to present and assume the OSF source, S, varies with the observed sunspot number, R. Computing the required fractional OSF loss, χ, reveals a clear solar cycle variation, in approximate phase with R. While peak R varies significantly from cycle to cycle, χ is surprisingly constant in both amplitude and waveform. Comparisons of χ with measures of heliospheric current sheet (HCS) orientation reveal a strong correlation. The cyclic nature of χ is exploited to reconstruct OSF back to the start of sunspot records in 1610. This agrees well with the available spacecraft, geomagnetic, and cosmogenic isotope observations. Assuming S is proportional to R yields near-zero OSF throughout the Maunder Minimum. However, χ becomes negative during periods of low R, particularly the most recent solar minimum, meaning OSF production is underestimated. This is related to continued coronal mass ejection (CME) activity, and therefore OSF production, throughout solar minimum, despite R falling to zero. Correcting S for this produces a better match to the recent solar minimum OSF observations. It also results in a cycling, nonzero OSF during the Maunder Minimum, in agreement with cosmogenic isotope observations. These results suggest that during the Maunder Minimum, HCS tilt cycled as over recent solar cycles, and the CME rate was roughly constant at the levels measured during the most recent two solar minima.

Spädbarnsdöd i Västsverige : en studie av spädbarnsdödligheten i Bollebygd, Morlanda och Karl Johans församling under två perioder på 1800-talet

Uppsatsen syfte var att studera spädbarnsdödlighet i tre olikartade västsvenska miljöer under två perioder på 1800-talet. Områdena är Bollebygd, Morlanda och Karl Johans församling i Göteborg och representerar alla olika miljöer (Bollebygd – landsbygd, Morlanda – kust och Karl Johan - stadsmiljö) där spädbarnsdödligheten enligt tidigare forskning har varit av olika omfattning och karaktär. Den primära frågeställningen är hur de yttre omständigheterna påverkar de allra minsta barnen. Ett sekundärt syfte var att försöka utröna vilka uppfödningsvanor som var dominerande. De primärkällor som används är dels födelse- och dopböcker samt provinsialläkarrapporter. Studiens tydliga mönster är att spädbarnsdödligheten var högre i staden (Karl Johan) men att den ändå inte var så hög som väntat i jämförelse med övriga städer i riket. I jämförelse med riks¬genomsnittet uppvisar både Morlanda och Bollebygd en låg spädbarnsdödlighet. Genom att se hur spädbarnsdödligheten fördelar sig över årstiderna och över det första levnadsåret samt vilka dödsorsaker som finns angivna kan med viss försiktighet antas att spädbarnen ofta ammades i alla fall upp till tre månaders ålder. Ett annat resultat av studien är att flickorna i alla undersöknings¬områden och perioder utom ett uppvisar en överdödlighet i jämförelse med pojkarna, vilket är anmärkningsvärt då pojkarna i de allra flesta fall brukar ha en överdödlighet.

Educação e exclusão : uma abordagem ancorada no pensamento de Karl Marx

Este trabalho discute o conceito de exclusão social e suas implicações na educação, tomando como fundamento teórico o pensamento de Karl Marx. Seu objetivo é possibilitar embasamento conceitual sólido para as pesquisas no campo da educação, bem como a articulação de uma rede categorial adequada para a compreensão e intervenção nos fenômenos educativos. Inicialmente, é feita uma exposição do conjunto da obra de Marx, sob a perspectiva temática da exclusão. Em seguida, é investigado o fenômeno da exclusão social na literatura contemporânea, tanto nas ciências sociais, em geral, quanto na educação, em particular. Como resultado da pesquisa, concluiu-se que: 1) o círculo exclusão/inclusão é constitutivo necessário da lógica do capital, como condicionante de seu processo; 2) o conceito exclusão pode ter valor analítico, dentro de uma rede categorial complexa, como instrumento de reflexão do aparecer imediato do sistema do capital.

Perfil de usuários da Biblioteca Karl A. Boedecker

Técnicas de inteligência artificial, aplicadas a dados de transações de empréstimo do acervo de uma biblioteca, podem gerar recomendações de itens relevantes para usuários e pesquisadores. O sistema sugerido neste relatório é baseado em procedimentos de consolidação e conexão de registros em um data mart, associados às técnicas de análise de cestas, análise de agrupamentos e análise de redes, numa estratégia de cooperação indireta. No modelo aqui proposto, os itens da biblioteca são consolidados em assuntos significativos e grupos temáticos. Os usuários, por outro lado, são separados por grupos temáticos e segmentados segundo seu perfil de leitura. Por meio de consolidação são criadas listas para cada subgrupo especializado obtido, contendo recomendações específicas, temáticas e gerais. Sugere-se a utilização de transações virtuais para aperfeiçoar as recomendações. Além de servir a bibliotecas, o modelo proposto tem aplicabilidade direta em livrarias virtuais e pode ser adaptado para praticamente qualquer tipo de empreendimento em e-business.

Análise de redes em procedimentos de cooperação indireta: utilização no sistema de recomendações da Biblioteca Karl A. Boedecker

Sistemas de recomendação baseados cooperação indireta podem ser implementados em bibliotecas por meio da aplicação de conceitos e procedimentos de análise de redes. Uma medida de distância temática, inicialmente desenvolvida para variáveis dicotômicas, foi generalizada e aplicada a matrizes de co-ocorrências, permitindo o aproveitando de toda a informação disponível sobre o comportamento dos usuários com relação aos itens consultados. Como resultado formaram-se subgrupos especializados altamente coerentes, para os quais listas-base e listas personalizadas foram geradas da maneira usual. Aplicativos programáveis capazes de manipularem matrizes, como o software S-plus, foram utilizados para os cálculos (com vantagens sobre o software especializado UCINET 5.0), sendo suficientes para o processamento de grupos temáticos de até 10.000 usuários.

Distribuição espacial, formação de grupos, uso do hábitat e ecologia comportamental de jovens de tubarão limão, negaprion brevirostris (poey 1868), no arquipélago de fernando de noronha

Lemon sharks, Negaprion brevirostris, are common in the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, but detailed information about the species in this site is lacking. The aim of this study was to describe the spatial distribution, grouping behavior, habitat use and behavioral ecology of juvenile lemon sharks in the archipelago, and their interaction with some environmental and ecological factors. During 2006 and 2007, the presence and spatial distribution of juvenile sharks were quantified through scuba diving and snorkeling at several sites of the archipelago. In 2008 the habitat use of juvenile sharks was quantified through visual census while snorkeling along 300 x 8 m strip transects. During these transects the grouping behavior of lemon sharks was quantified by ad libitum. Results indicate that Fernando de Noronha Archipelago is used as a nursery area for lemon sharks, and the parturition occurs from November to April. Juveniles preferred using shallower areas available by the tide variation and formed groups only in the presence of adult conspecifics. This preference for shallower habitats and the group behavior probably are anti-predatory tactics used by juvenile lemon sharks, in response to the low availability of shelter and high predation risk of the studied areas. Quantifications of prey availability and predation risk of juveniles showed that, in general, lemon sharks are trading-off food by security and investing in sites with higher possibility of energetic return. Behavioral observations enabled to record juvenile carangid fishes following juvenile lemon sharks, remora host-parasite and juvenile sharks foraging on schools of herrings and octopuses. We also recorded the behavior of juvenile sharks following conspecifics of similar size, circling with two or three individuals and smaller individuals giving way to larger juveniles. When adults are present, juvenile lemon sharks are more social than solitary, indicating that predation is one of the factors that contribute to social behaviors of the species. Results also suggest that when grouped the juveniles have a hierarchical organization according to body size. Furthermore, observation of large adult females with several fresh mating bites and scars in the same habitats used by juvenile lemon sharks, indicates that Fernando de Noronha Archipelago is used as nursery and mating grounds by this species

Larval development of Apiomithrax violaceus (A. Milne Edwards, 1868) (Decapoda : Brachyura : Majoidea : Pisidae) reared in laboratory conditions, and a review of larval characters of Pisidae

Apiomithrax violaceus (A. Milne Edwards, 1868 ) is a pisid majoid crab occurring in tropical and subtropical coastal waters of the eastern and western South Atlantic. Larval development consists of two zoeal stages and a megalopa. Beginning with the first zoea, the duration of each larval stage at 24degreesC was 3-8 (5+/-1), 3-5 (4+/-0.5) and 9-15 (11+/-2) days, the megalopa and first crab instar appearing 9-11 (10+/-1) and 20-27 (23+/-2) days after hatching, respectively. Larval characters agree with those proposed for the Majoidea, in having nine or more setae on the scaphognathite in the first zoea and well-developed pleopods in the second zoea. However, larvae of A . violaceus do not fit larval pisid features. Zoeal stages differ from most other Pisidae in having lateral spines, a long rostral spine extending beyond the antenna, two spines per telson fork and a dorsolateral process on the third abdominal somite. The megalopa differs in having a spine dorsally on the carapace and on the basial segment of the second pereiopod. Two characters that are potentially unique to Apiomithrax include a zoeal antenna with an exopod that is much longer than the protopod, and a rostral spine that is longer than the dorsal spine. These characters should facilitate the identification of this taxon and could also be useful for phylogenetic studies. A review of larvae of 28 species among 14 genera indicated that there is no apparent single larval character that differentiates the Pisidae, with more limited phylogenetic analyses suggesting that this is a paraphyletic group. Apiomithrax , Eurynolambrus , Pisoides , Rochinia and Scyra have the most divergent morphological characters within the family. The analysis and inclusion of additional taxa is likely to shed more light on the sister-group relationships of the Pisidae. However, based on the extent of morphological interspecific variability of known larvae it is likely that the group, as presently defined by adult morphology, is not monophyletic.

First record of Amblyomma rotundatum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing Paleosuchus palpebrosus Cuvier, 1807 (Reptilia: Crocodylidae), in the western border of Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

This is the first record of Amblyomma rotundatum parasitizing Paleosuchus palpebrosus. This record was made during a herpetofaunal study carried out in high-elevation habitats that are under protection in the mountain range "Serra do Amolar", located in the western border of Brazilian Pantanal, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.

Morphological Organization of the Dorsal Protuberance of Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868) Ant's Larvae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Primeiro registro de predação de Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859 e Phalloceros caudimaculatus (Hensel, 1868) por Noctilio leporinus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chiroptera, Noctilionidae)

Noctilio leporinus (Chiroptera, Noctilionidae) has adaptations to piscivorous feeding habits, but also consumes crustaceans and insects. Between June 2005 and May 2006, bats were surveyed with mist nets during two evenings per month in the gallery forest of Corrego dos Tenentes, Pindorama, São Paulo State, Brazil. The objectives were to collect fecal samples and identify the fish species that were consumed by N. leporinus in this fragmented forest landscape. We documented two new fish species to its diet, the guppy Poecilia reticulata, Peters, 1859 and the "guaru" Phalloceros caudimaculatus (Hensel, 1868). Both fish species forage near the surface of water for insects and zooplankton, which is an area also utilized by N. leporinus when foraging for insects, crustaceans and fishs.