The seasonal evolution of high vertical–mode internal waves in a deep reservoir

The causal mechanism and seasonal evolution of the internal wave field in a deep, warm, monomictic reservoirare examined through the analysis of field observations and numerical techniques. The study period extends fromthe onset of thermal stratification in the spring until midsummer in 2005. During this time, wind forcing wasperiodic, with a period of 24 h (typical of land–sea breezes), and the thermal structure in the lake wascharacterized by the presence of a shallow surface layer overlying a thick metalimnion, typical of small to mediumsized reservoirs with deep outtakes. Basin-scale internal seiches of high vertical mode (ranging from mode V3 toV5) were observed in the metalimnion. The structure of the dominant modes of oscillation changed asstratification evolved on seasonal timescales, but in all cases, their periods were close to that of the local windforcing (i.e., 24 h), suggesting a resonant response. Nonresonant oscillatory modes of type V1 and V2 becamedominant after large frontal events, which disrupted the diurnal periodicity of the wind forcing

Cultural Diffusion Was the Main Driving Mechanism of the Neolithic Transition in Southern Africa

It is well known that the Neolithic transition spread across Europe at a speed of about 1 km/yr. This result has been previously interpreted as a range expansion of the Neolithic driven mainly by demic diffusion (whereas cultural diffusion played a secondary role). However, a long-standing problem is whether this value (1 km/yr) and its interpretation (mainly demic diffusion) are characteristic only of Europe or universal (i.e. intrinsic features of Neolithic transitions all over the world). So far Neolithic spread rates outside Europe have been barely measured, and Neolithic spread rates substantially faster than 1 km/yr have not been previously reported. Here we show that the transition from hunting and gathering into herding in southern Africa spread at a rate of about 2.4 km/yr, i.e. about twice faster than the European Neolithic transition. Thus the value 1 km/yr is not a universal feature of Neolithic transitions in the world. Resorting to a recent demic-cultural wave-of-advance model, we also find that the main mechanism at work in the southern African Neolithic spread was cultural diffusion (whereas demic diffusion played a secondary role). This is in sharp contrast to the European Neolithic. Our results further suggest that Neolithic spread rates could be mainly driven by cultural diffusion in cases where the final state of this transition is herding/pastoralism (such as in southern Africa) rather than farming and stockbreeding (as in Europe)

Análisis económico de una función cuadrática de gastos de producción con coeficientes borrosos

En el ámbito de la Economía de la Empresa tiene mucha importancia el estudio de los gastos de producción E(Q) que se originarán en el proceso y que generalmente vendrán expresados matemáticamente por una dependencia lineal o cuadrática de las unidades Q que se proponen fabricar. Supondremos, además, que esta función está afectada por dos restricciones: una es de productividad, Q1 ≤ Q2 ≤ Q3 , y otra de limitación de gastos máximos permitidos, E(Q) ≤ EM . En el presente artículo partiremos de una función cuadrática nítida, en la cual justificaremos el signo de los coeficientes que hemos empleado. Después, para adentrarnos en el campo fuzzy, la generalizaremos con otra de coeficientes borrosos. Naturalmente, la nueva función borrosa ya no se expresará a través de una única curva, sino que estará constituida por un haz infinito de curvas nítidas, cada una de ellas con un determinado grado de posibilidad. Centramos nuestra atención en las curvas que llamamos central, inferior y superior. El núcleo de nuestro análisis consistirá básicamente en reducir paulatinamente los soportes de los coeficientes hasta hallar un cierto valor k del α-corte, de manera que a partir de él todas las curvas del haz borroso tengan sentido económico y cumplan las dos restricciones impuestas. En último lugar, y a través de un caso numérico, comprobaremos las deducciones teóricas que hemos obtenido en el análisis anterior

Einstein: física, tecnologia i matemàtiques

"L’any 2005 fou declarat Any Mundial de la Física. Coincideix amb el centenari de publicacions d’Albert Einstein sobre el moviment brownià, sobre els quanta de llum i sobre relativitat especial. Les idees d’Einstein publicades fa un segle van canviar per sempre la manera d’entendre la física..."

The permanence of the client under uncertain estimations

Marketing has studied the permanence of a client within an enterprise because it is a key element in the study of the value (economic) of the client (CLV). The research that they have developed is based in deterministic or random models, which allowed estimating the permanence of the client, and the CLV. However, when it is not possible to apply these schemes for not having the panel data that this model requires, the period of time of a client with the enterprise is uncertain data. We consider that the value of the current work is to have an alternative way to estimate the period of time with subjective information proper of the theory of uncertainty.

Comparación de la capacidad predictiva de los modelos de coeficientes fijos frente a variables en los modelos econométricos regionales: un análisis para Cataluña

Durante las últimas décadas se ha producido un creciente interés en nuestro país en relación a las economías regionales dada la necesidad de los gobiernos regionales de obtener información sobre sus economías para así llevar a cabo actuaciones de política económica más efectivas y eficientes. En este marco, los modelos econométricos constituyen una herramienta de utilidad puesto que ofrecen información sobre las relaciones estructurales que se dan en una economía y permiten predecir su evolución. Sin embargo, la utilización de dichos modelos con finalidad predictiva se enfrenta al inconveniente de la elevada inestabilidad a corto plazo que se produce en las relaciones entre variables económicas a nivel regional. Por este motivo, en el presente trabajo se propone la utilización de un modelo de coeficientes variables para recoger dicha inestabilidad y mejorar las predicciones sobre la evolución de las variables del bloque de producción de la economía catalana. Para contrastar la mejora obtenida a partir de la aplicación de dicho modelo, se compara su capacidad predictiva con la de un modelo de coeficientes fijos. Los resultados muestran un mejor comportamiento del modelo de coeficientes variables frente al modelo de coeficientes fijos.

El fotorreactor elíptico

In this paper, the mathematical model of the elliptical photoreactor , an special type of reactor that uses ultraviolet radiation, is presented. In the elliptical photoreactor the cylindrical reactor is irradiated from the outside by placing the lamp and the reactor at the foci of an elliptical reflector. The two main models of radiation -radial and difusse- are studied, an finally the general method of resolution of the mathematical model and its resolution in certain simple cases is shown.

Cálculo de evaporadores de múltiple efecto en paralelo. Parte I: Modelo matemático y análisis del mismo

En el presente artículo se desarrolla el modelo matemático de un sistema de evaporadores de múltiple efecto operando en paralelo. Se analiza asimismo el modelo matemático para hallar el número de grados de libertad del sistema y la forma de consumir esos grados de libertad.

Cálculo de evaporadores de múltiple efecto en paralelo: Parte II. Resolución del modelo matemático y un ejemplo numérico

En el presente artículo se expone la resolución mediante calculador digital, del modelo matemático de evaporadores de múltiple efecto que fue publicado en Química e Industria, en el número del pasado mes de febrero.

La modelización de la propagación de epidemias

Sobre l' estudi de la propagació de les epidèmies utilitzant models matemàtics

Análisis composicional de datos en Ciencias Geoambientales

Compositional data (concentrations) are common in geosciences. Neglecting its character mey lead to erroneous conclusions. Spurious correlation (K. Pearson, 1897) has disastrous consequences. On the basis of the pioneering work by J. Aitchison in the 1980s, a methodology free of these drawbacks is now available. The geometry of the símplex allows the representation of compositions using orthogonal co-ordinares, to which usual statistical methods can be applied, thus facilating computation ans analysis. The use of (log) ratios precludes the interpretation of single concentrations disregarding their relative character. A hydro-chemical data set is used to illustrate the point

Fronts with continuous waiting-time distributions: Theory and application to virus infections

We generalize to arbitrary waiting-time distributions some results which were previously derived for discrete distributions. We show that for any two waiting-time distributions with the same mean delay time, that with higher dispersion will lead to a faster front. Experimental data on the speed of virus infections in a plaque are correctly explained by the theoretical predictions using a Gaussian delay-time distribution, which is more realistic for this system than the Dirac delta distribution considered previously [J. Fort and V. Méndez, Phys. Rev. Lett.89, 178101 (2002)]

Palaeolithic Populations and Waves of Advance

The wave-of-advance model has been previously applied to Neolithic human range expansions, yielding good agreement to the speeds inferred from archaeological data. Here, we apply it for the first time to Palaeolithic human expansions by using reproduction and mobility parameters appropriate to hunter-gatherers (instead of the corresponding values for preindustrial farmers). The order of magnitude of the predicted speed is in agreement with that implied by the AMS radiocarbon dating of the lateglacial human recolonization of northern Europe (14.2–12.5 kyr BP). We argue that this makes it implausible for climate change to have limited the speed of the recolonization front. It is pointed out that a similar value for the speed can be tentatively inferred from the archaeological data on the expansion of modern humans into the Levant and Europe (42–36 kyr BP)

Approximate solution to the speed of spreading viruses

Recently, it has been shown that the speed of virus infections can be explained by time-delayed reactiondiffusion [J. Fort and V. Me´ndez, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 178101 (2002)], but no analytical solutions were found. Here we derive formulas for the front speed, valid in appropriate limits. We also integrate numerically the evolution equations of the system. There is good agreement with both numerical and experimental speeds

Effects of punishment in a mobile population playing the prisoner’s dilemma game

We deal with a system of prisoner’s dilemma players undergoing continuous motion in a two-dimensional plane. In contrast to previous work, we introduce altruistic punishment after the game. We find punishing only a few of the cooperator-defector interactions is enough to lead the system to a cooperative state in environments where otherwise defection would take over the population. This happens even with soft nonsocial punishment (where both cooperators and defectors punish other players, a behavior observed in many human populations). For high enough mobilities or temptations to defect, low rates of social punishment can no longer avoid the breakdown of cooperation