Reproductive biology of freshwater crab, Paratelphusa spinigera, Wood Mason (Crustacea-Decapoda)

This study was aimed to analyze the annual reproductive cycle of the freshwater crab Paratelphusa spinigera (Wood Mason, 1871). P. spinigera breeds only once in a year; hence, it is a monovoltine species. Gonad maturation, changes in abdomen shape, size and female maturity index (FMI) marked the onset of sexual maturity of female P. spinigera. The occurrence of berried females marked the onset of breeding season. The fecundity of P. spinigera ranged from 533 to 1306 in number, with an average of 699.11 ± 217.38. The correlation of fecundity with carapace width and body weight was also found to be positively significant (r = 0. 780 and 0.933, respectively). The eggs were carried on the pleopods and nurtured for approximately 30-35 days, until the eggs hatch, showing perfect maternal care. The FMI values ranging between 0.70 and 0.80 represented immature stage of gonadal development. When the FMI ranged from 0.91 to 1.00, all stages of gonadal development, i.e. developing, maturing and mature stages were observed. The females with fully ripe ovary had FMI values greater than 1.00.

motilin,ghrelin基因在哺乳动物进化早期经历插曲式的快速进化

motilin,ghrelin是一对结构相似,功能相关的多肽类荷尔蒙.尽管彼此有所区别,二者都在胃肠消化道行使功能,参与调控能量动态平衡和生长激素的释放.研究发现,编码这两种荷尔蒙前体的基因在哺乳动物进化的早期经历了插曲式的快速进化,期间积累了许多改变氨基酸性质(电荷、极性、及空间容量)的非同义替换.值得注意的是,有功能活性的obestatin多肽荷尔蒙很可能是这一插曲式快速进化后才演化出现的.在哺乳动物进化的早期,发生了一系列复杂的变化,与此同时,我们观察到在相关过程中承担重要功能的motilin,ghrelin基因编码区经历了插曲式的快速进化,提示这可能对世系特异的适应性变化有所贡献.

Among the Sioux : a story of the Twin Cities and the two Dakotas / by R.J. Creswell ; introduction by David R. Breed.

http://www.archive.org/details/amongsiouxstoryo00cresiala

Diary of David Zeisberger a Moravian missionary among the Indians of Ohio

http://www.archive.org/details/diaryofdavid01zeisrich http://www.archive.org/details/diaryofdavid02zeisrich

The life of Rev. David Brainerd, chiefly extracted from his diary. By President Edwards. Somewhat abridged. Embracing, in the chronological order, Brainerd's public journal of the most successful year of his missionary labors.

http://www.archive.org/details/lifeofrevdavidbr00braiiala

The life of John Brainerd, the brother of David Brainerd, and his successor as missionary to the Indians of New Jersey ... By Rev. Thomas Brainerd.

http://name.umdl.umich.edu/ABB4262

An account of the life of Mr. David Brainerd : missionary from the Society for Propagating Christian Knowledge, & pastor of a church of Christian Indians in New-Jersey / published by Jonathan Edwards ; with Mr. Brainerd's public journal ; to this edition is added, Mr. Beatty's mission to the westward of the Allegheny Mountains.

http://www.archive.org/details/accountoflifeofm00brairich

Thinking inside the box: the World Bank position on the private and public sector

An analysis of how the World Bank has maintained a position supportive of mutlinational strategies for privatisation of water. (Brief version).