Social Services in Times of Economic and Social Crisis: The case of Spain

The financial and economic crisis which originated in 2008 has had a severe impact on the population of the Southern European countries. The economic policies of austerity and public deficit control, as well as the neo-liberal and conservative social policies are redefining the public social protection systems, in particular the Social Services. In order to get to understand the current situation, we shall explain how the Social Services were developed in Spain and analyse the causes and consequences of the economic crisis. The working hypothesis is that the greater the increase on the population’s needs, the more developed the Social Services should be. We carried out a descriptive analysis of the situation as far as the social impacts of the crisis per region are concerned. We tested the hypothesis through a parametric model of analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) triangulating with the non-parametric Kruscal-Wallis test. The working hypothesis failed. The regions with better developed Social Services show a lower level of poverty and social exclusion. The challenges that the public Social Services system faces in times of crisis is three-fold: 1) re-modelling of local administration and transferring of the municipal Social Services responsibilities to the regional administration; 2) an increase of the population at risk of poverty and social exclusion 3) impact on social policies.

Predictors of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) helminth parasite diversity in the provinces of Spain

We analysed the viscera of 321 red foxes collected over the last 30 years in 34 of the 47 provinces of peninsular Spain, and identified their helminth parasites. We measured parasite diversity in each sampled province using four diversity indices: Species richness, Marg a l e f’s species richness index, Shannon’s species diversity index, and inverse Simpson’s index. In order to find geographical, environmental, and/or human-related predictors of fox parasite diversity, we recorded 45 variables related to topography, climate, lithology, habitat heterogeneity, land use, spatial situation, human activity, sampling effort, and fox presence probability (obtained after environmental modelling of fox distribution). We then performed a stepwise linear regression of each diversity index on these variables, to find a minimal subset of statistically significant variables that account for the variation in each diversity index. We found that most parasite diversity indices increase with the mean distance to urban centres, or in other words, foxes in more rural provinces have a more diverse helminth fauna. Sampling effort and fox presence probability (probably related to fox density) also appeared as conditioning variables for some indices, as well as soil permeability (related with water availability). We then extrapolated the models to predict these fox parasite diversity indices in non-sampled provinces and have a view of their geographical trends.

Dell'argenteo imbusto al primo patrono S. Gennaro da re Carlo Secondo di Angiò decretato : con una disquisizione intorno al Libro delle spese della casa dello stesso re, dove s'indagano gli anni ai quali va assegnato se ne classificato le notizie più interessanti, e si fa accurata rassegna dei pesi e delle misure state in uso nel reame di Napoli /

Last leaf blank.

Nell Gwyn.

Mode of access: Internet.

Boscobel:

Mode of access: Internet.

Memoirs of the court of Marie Antoinette, queen of France.

Mode of access: Internet.

Memoirs of the private life of Marie Antoinette, queen of France and Navarre. To which are added, recollections, sketches, and anecdotes, illustrative of the reigns of Louis XIV, Louis XV, and Louis XVI.

"Biographical notice of Madame Campan" signed: F. Barriere.

Memoirs of the private life of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France and Navarre. To which are added, Recollections, sketches and anecdotes, illustrative of the reigns of Louis XIV. Louis XV. and Louis XVI.

"Biographical notice of Madame Campan," signed F. Barriere: p. [i]-xxvii.

The life of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France /

Includes bibliographical references.

Memoirs of Marie Antoinette,

Mode of access: Internet.

Memoirs of the private life of Marie Antoinette, to which are added personal recollections illustrative of the reigns of Louis XIV, Louis XV, and Louis XVI,

"This edition is limited to five hundred and five copies, of which this is no. 143."

Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria, including her private correspondence with Charles the First.

Mode of access: Internet.

Memoirs of the queens of France. Including a memoir of Her Majesty, the late queen of the French (Marie Amelie).

Mode of access: Internet.

Memoirs of Maria Antoinetta, Archduchess of Austria, Queen of France and Navarre : including several important periods of the French Revolution, from its origin to the 16th of October, 1793, the day of Her Majesty's martyrdom, with a narrative of the trial and martyrdom of Madame Elizabeth, the poisoning of Louis XVII in the temple, the liberation of Madame Royale, daughter of Louis XVI, and various subsequent events /

Vol. 2 translated by R. May ; v. 3 by Mrs. Ievers.