A genome-wide association meta-analysis identifies new childhood obesity loci

Multiple genetic variants have been associated with adult obesity and a few with severe obesity in childhood; however, less progress has been made in establishing genetic influences on common early-onset obesity. We performed a North American, Australian and European collaborative meta-analysis of 14 studies consisting of 5,530 cases (≥95th percentile of body mass index (BMI)) and 8,318 controls (<50th percentile of BMI) of European ancestry. Taking forward the eight newly discovered signals yielding association with P < 5 × 10(-6) in nine independent data sets (2,818 cases and 4,083 controls), we observed two loci that yielded genome-wide significant combined P values near OLFM4 at 13q14 (rs9568856; P = 1.82 × 10(-9); odds ratio (OR) = 1.22) and within HOXB5 at 17q21 (rs9299; P = 3.54 × 10(-9); OR = 1.14). Both loci continued to show association when two extreme childhood obesity cohorts were included (2,214 cases and 2,674 controls). These two loci also yielded directionally consistent associations in a previous meta-analysis of adult BMI(1).

Estratigrafia de seqüências : uso da icnologia, dos argilominerais e da geoquímica em rochas de idade permiana na Bacia do Paraná, Região de Lauro Müller (SC), Brasil

A Icnologia, os Argilominerais e a Geoquímica foram integradas aos estudos de Associação Faciológica com objetivo de testá-las como ferramentas auxiliares na caracterização de Seqüências Deposicionais, segundo os conceitos da Estratigrafia de Seqüências (sentido Exxon). Para isso, foi selecionado o intervalo estratigráfico, compreendido do Sakmariano ao Kunguriano (Permiano), correspondente às formações Rio do Sul, Rio Bonito e base da Formação Palermo. A área de estudo está situada na borda leste da Bacia do Paraná, nos municípios de Orleans e Lauro Müller, região sul do estado de Santa Catarina. Como metodologia de trabalho, foi selecionado um arcabouço estratigráfico considerando uma hierarquia de eventos de 3a e 4a ordem, inseridos em um evento de 2a ordem, correspondente a uma superseqüência. Para isso, foram selecionados dez afloramentos, e os poços PB-18 e PB-20, com testemunhos, totalizando 500 m. Foram interpretadas seis associações faciológicas, representadas, da base para o topo, por rochas glácio-marinha, plataforma marinha dominada por ondas com estrutura “hummocky”, arenito de “shoreface” médio/superior, bioturbados, pelitos marinho/marinhos marginais, flúvio-estuarino e ilha de barreira/laguna. Admitiu-se ainda a formação de vales incisos para as região de Lauro Müller e para a área do poço RL-6, a partir da deposição das rochas flúvio-estuarinas. O uso da Icnologia limitou-se à interface entre o topo da formação Rio do Sul e a base do Membro Triunfo da Formação Rio Bonito, onde a identificação da Icnofábrica de Glossifungites auxiliou na delimitação de limites de seqüência de alta freqüência. Além disso, foram reconhecidas, o predomínio das Icnofábricas de Thalassinoides e Teichichnus e, secundariamente, Planolites, Ophiomorpha, Arenicolites, Cylindrichnus, Monocraterion, Diplocraterion e Rosselia, permitindo posicionar a interface entre estas formações na Icnofácies Skolithos/Cruziana. Helminthopsis, Condrites e Palaeophycus passam a predominar quando da presença de subambientes mais restritos tipo baías e lagunas. Os argilominerais identificados foram a caolinita, a clorita, a ilita e o interestratificado ilita-esmectita (I-S) do tipo ordenado. O predomínio da clorita e da ilita, na Formação Rio do Sul e o da caolinita no Membro Siderópolis, indicam variações paleoclimáticas, onde, inicialmente, existiram condições mais frias e secas, passando para condições de clima mais quente e úmido. Os pelitos transgressivos do Membro Paraguaçu da Formação Rio Bonito foram caracterizados pelos valores relativos mais elevados do interestratificado I-S, e do SiO2 e Na2O e, os menores valores relativos do Al2O3, K2O, Fe2O3, MgO e TiO2. Interpretou-se uma proveniência detrítica para estes argilominerais sendo associados a minerais micáceos e feldspáticos. As relações V/(V+Ni) e V/Cr indicam condições paleoambientais restritas, de caráter redutor, praticamente para todo o intervalo estudado. A relação Sr/Ba mostrou-se boa indicadora de eventos transgressivos no PB-18 e no poço 1-TV-4-SC, perfurado em posição mais distal na bacia. Embora o uso da Taphonomia não tenha sido contemplada no objetivo inicial, a utilização da razão pólens/esporos foi satisfatória. Pulsos transgressivos de alta freqüência puderam também ser balizados pelas razões mais elevadas desta relação, havendo uma correlação razoável com as indicações advindas da curva da razão Sr/Ba. Integrando-se os resultados destas várias ferramentas foi possível dividir o intervalo estratigráfico no PB-18, em sete seqüências deposicionais de 4a ordem e, em cinco seqüências deposicionais, no PB-20. As variações encontradas nos estilos de estaqueamento estratigráfico entre as áreas perfuradas por estes poços, deve-se às variações locais no estilo tectono-sedimentar, dentro do modelo de bacias tipo “foreland” – parte distal, modelo este adotado para a sedimentação destas seqüências e que tiveram, na subsidência e no controle glácio-eustático, os agentes moduladores deste padrão estratigráfico.

Feeding habits of the shortnose guitarfish, Zapteryx brevirostris (Müller and Henle, 1841) (Elasmobranchii, Rhinobatidae) in southeastern Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A obra de triangulis omnimodis libri quinque de Johann Müller Regiomontanus (1436 1476): uma contribuição para o desenvolvimento da trigonometria

Trigonometry, branch of mathematics related to the study of triangles, developed from practical needs, especially relating to astronomy, Surveying and Navigation. Johann Müller, the Regiomontanus (1436-1476) mathematician and astronomer of the fifteenth century played an important role in the development of this science. His work titled De Triangulis Omnimodis Libri Quinque written around 1464, and published posthumously in 1533, presents the first systematic exposure of European plane and spherical trigonometry, a treatment independent of astronomy. In this study we present a description, translation and analysis of some aspects of this important work in the history of trigonometry. Therefore, the translation was performed using a version of the book Regiomontanus on Triangles of Barnabas Hughes, 1967. In it you will find the original work in Latin and an English translation. For this study, we use for most of our translation in Portuguese, the English version, but some doubt utterance, statement and figures were made by the original Latin. In this work, we can see that trigonometry is considered as a branch of mathematics which is subordinated to geometry, that is, toward the study of triangles. Regiomontanus provides a large number of theorems as the original trigonometric formula for the area of a triangle. Use algebra to solve geometric problems and mainly shows the first practical theorem for the law of cosines in spherical trigonometry. Thus, this study shows some of the development of the trigonometry in the fifteenth century, especially with regard to concepts such as sine and cosine (sine reverse), the work discussed above, is of paramount importance for the research in the history of mathematics more specifically in the area of historical analysis and critique of literary sources or studying the work of a particular mathematician

Proleptus acutus Dujardin, 1845 (Nematoda, Physalopteridae) parasite of rays Zapteryx brevirostris Müller & Henle, 1841 (Rhinobatiformes, Rhinobatidae) in Brazil

Relata-se a ocorrência de Proleptus acutus Dujardin, 1845 (Nematoda, Physalopteridae) parasitando Zapteryx brevirostris Müller & Henle, 1841 (Rhinobatiformes, Rhinobatidae) em Ubatuba, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Vinte raias foram analisadas e P. acutus foi encontrado no estômago e intestinos de 14 (70%) animais. Este é o primeiro relato da ocorrência dessa espécie de nematóide em Z. brevirostris no Brasil.

Food resource utilization of the skates Rioraja agassizii (Müller & Henle, 1841) and Psammobatis extenta (Garman, 1913) on the continental shelf off Ubatuba, South-eastern Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Müller cells and diabetic retinopathy.

Müller cells provide nutrition for neural cells. We studied the structure and ultrastructure of Müller cells in the retina of thirty 3-month old Wistar rats, divided equally into 3 groups: normal rats, alloxan diabetic rats and treated alloxan diabetic rats, 1 and 12 months after induction of diabetes. We observed that the Müller cell nuclei under light microscope examination had hexagonal shape and higher density than the other nuclei. Differences between groups could be observed only by electron microscopy. In the diabetic rats, Müller cells presented dispersion of nuclear chromatin and electrondense nuclear granulations, with the presence of increased glycogen, dense bodies and lysosomes in the cytoplasm. The alterations were more frequent in the perivascular region and at 12 months. The treated diabetic rats exhibited some alterations we observed in diabetic rats, but these alterations were less intense. We conclude that, despite the treatment, the diabetic retinopathy continues to evolve.

The reproductive biology and cycle of Rioraja agassizi (Müller and Henle, 1841) (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae) in southeastern Brazil, SW Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of Rioraja agassizi were collected at Guarujá pier, São Paulo State, Brazil, from March 2005 to March 2006. A total of 275 males were captured. Based on the analysis of the clasper length, gonad weight, clasper gland length, alar thorns and lobule diameter, the size-at-maturity was estimated to be 32 cm. There were 1049 females in the record. Size-at-maturity was calculated in 40 cm. Sexual resting females were observed. Gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indexes varied significantly in both sexes throughout the year. However, ovulation, egg-laying and presence of sperm in the seminal vesicle were observed all year round. For this reason, an annual cycle with at least one peak in the sexual activity is proposed for this species.

Measurement of the charge ratio of atmospheric muons with the CMS detector

We present a measurement of the ratio of positive to negative muon fluxes from cosmic ray interactions in the atmosphere, using data collected by the CMS detector both at ground level and in the underground experimental cavern at the CERN LHC. Muons were detected in the momentum range from 5 GeV/. c to 1 TeV/. c. The surface flux ratio is measured to be 1.2766±0.0032(stat.)±0.0032(syst.), independent of the muon momentum, below 100 GeV/. c. This is the most precise measurement to date. At higher momenta the data are consistent with an increase of the charge ratio, in agreement with cosmic ray shower models and compatible with previous measurements by deep-underground experiments. © 2010.

Measurement of the muon stopping power in lead tungstate

A large sample of cosmic ray events collected by the CMS detector is exploited to measure the specific energy loss of muons in the lead tungstate (PbWO4) of the electromagnetic calorimeter. The measurement spans a momentum range from 5 GeV/c to 1 TeV/c. The results are consistent with the expectations over the entire range. The calorimeter energy scale, set with 120 GeV/c electrons, is validated down to the sub-GeV region using energy deposits, of order 100 MeV, associated with low-momentum muons. The muon critical energy in PbWO4 is measured to be 160+5 -68 GeV, in agreement with expectations. This is the first experimental determination of muon critical energy. © 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd and SISSA.

Commissioning of the CMS experiment and the cosmic run at four tesla

The CMS Collaboration conducted a month-long data-taking exercise known as the Cosmic Run At Four Tesla in late 2008 in order to complete the commissioning of the experiment for extended operation. The operational lessons resulting from this exercise were addressed in the subsequent shutdown to better prepare CMS for LHC beams in 2009. The cosmic data collected have been invaluable to study the performance of the detectors, to commission the alignment and calibration techniques, and to make several cosmic ray measurements. The experimental setup, conditions, and principal achievements from this data-taking exercise are described along with a review of the preceding integration activities. © 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd and SISSA.