Critical Dialogue in Architecture Studio: Peer Interaction and Feedback

Most tutors in architecture education regard studio-based learning to be rich in feedback due to is dialogic nature. Yet, student perceptions communicated via audits such as the UK National Student Survey appear to contradict this assumption and challenge the efficacy of design studio as a truly discursive learning setting. This paper presents findings from a collaborative study that was undertaken by the Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, and Queen’s University Belfast that develop a deeper understanding of the role that peer interaction and dialogue plays within feedback processes, and the value that students attribute to these within the overall learning experience.

The paper adopts a broad definition of feedback, with emphasis on formative processes, and including the various kinds of dialogue that typify studio-based learning, and which constitute forms of guidance, direction, and reflection. The study adopted an ethnographic approach, gathering data on student and staff perceptions over the course of an academic year, and utilising methods embracing both quantitative and qualitative data.

The study found that the informal, socially-based peer interaction that characterises the studio is complementary to, and quite distinct from, the learning derived through tutor interaction. The findings also articulate the respective properties of informal and formally derived feedback and the contribution each makes to the quality of studio-based learning. It also identifies limitations in the use or value of peer learning, understanding of which is valuable to enhancing studio learning in architecture.

Making geography mobile: using location aware technology to improve student performance in physical geography

With the increased availability of new technologies, geography educators are revisiting their pedagogical approaches to teaching and calling for opportunities to share local and international practices which will enhance the learning experience and improve students’ performance. This paper reports on the use of handheld mobile devices, fitted with GPS, by secondary (high) school pupils in geography. Two location-aware activities were completed over one academic year (one per semester) and pre-test and post-test scores for both topics revealed a statistically significant increase in pupils’ performance as measured by the standard national assessments. A learner centred educational approach was adopted with the first mobile learning activity being created by the teacher as an exemplar of effective mobile learning design. Pupils built on their experiences of using mobile learning when they were required to created their own location aware learning task for peer use. An analysis of the qualitative data from the pupils’ journals, group diaries and focus group interviews revealed the five pillars of learner centred education are addressed when using location aware technologies and the use of handheld mobile devices offered greater flexibility and autonomy to the pupils thus altering the level of power and control away from the teacher. Due to the relatively small number of participants in the study, the results are more informative than generalisable however in light of the growing interest in geo-spatial technologies in geography education, this paper offers encouragement and insight into the use of location aware technology in a compulsory school context

Evaluation of the contribution of theatre attendance to medical undergraduate neuroscience teaching - a pilot study.

Introduction: Medical students often attend the neurosurgical theatre during their clinical neurosciences attachment. However, few studies have been performed to objectively assess the value of this theatre-based learning experience. The main aim of this study was to explore student perceptions on the contribution of neurosurgical theatre attendance to clinical neuroscience teaching.

Materials and Methods: Third-year medical students undergoing their 2-week clinical neurosciences rotation at the Royal Hospitals Belfast were invited to participate in this study. A multi-method strategy was employed using a survey questionnaire comprising of closed and open-ended questions followed by semi-structured interviews to gain a greater 'in-depth' analysis of the potential contribution of neurosurgical theatre attendance to neuroscience teaching.

Results: Based on the completed survey responses of 22 students, the overall experience of neurosurgical theatre-based learning was a positive one. 'In-depth' analysis from semi-structured interviews indicated that students felt that some aspects of their neurosurgical theatre attendance could be improved. Better preparation such as reading up on the case in hand and an introduction to simple theatre etiquette to put the student at ease (in particular, for students who had never attended theatre previously), would improve the learning experience. In addition, having an expectation of what students are expected to learn in theatre making it more learning outcomes-based would probably make it feel a more positive experience by the student.

Conclusions: The vast majority of students acknowledged the positive learning outcomes of neurosurgical theatre attendance and felt that it should be made a mandatory component of the curriculum.

“I miss being spoon-fed”. A comparison of transition from school to university education from the perspective of undergraduate pharmacy students

Background: The transition from school to university can be challenging and there is increasing concern among academics that students are inadequately prepared for entry to university courses.Aims: To investigate students’ views on transition from school to university education.Method: A focus group was conducted with first-year students and analysed using thematic analysis. Students were invited to participate in an electronic questionnaire; responses were analysed via SPSS for Windows. The Mann– Whitney U test was utilised with p<0.05 set as significant.Results: A response rate of 60% (88/147) was obtained for the questionnaire. Differences included staff-student interactions, learning methods, examination preparation and feedback provision. Many (85%) agreed that the main emphasis in school was on examination preparation; 29.6% considered this to be the case at university (z=-8.315; p<0.05). Most students (95.4%) considered the feedback they received at school helped improve performance; this decreased to 50% when asked about feedback at university (z=-8.326; p<0.05).Conclusion: Students appear to be insufficiently prepared for the demands of higher education. They desire various aspects of their university educational experience to be more akin to that of school, including: a greater level of individual attention, increased access to teaching staff, and further clarification and transparency about the standard required to pass exams. Further work can now be done by academic staff to aid the transition and improve the learning experience.

Power, Pedagogy and Participation: ethics and pragmatics in research with young people

This article addresses issues of methodology and ethical reflexivity when attempting to investigate the opinions of young people. Drawing specifically on three studies of young people's understandings of citizenship and their views on topical issues, two from England and one from Lebanon, the authors present ways in which the ethical and practical challenges of such research can be met. While acknowledging the power relationship between researchers and informants, they suggest that what they call ‘pedagogical research approaches’ built on a participative methodology can open up a space where both parties benefit. They argue that, when working in schools, teacher educators can take advantage of this status to present themselves simultaneously as insiders and outsiders. The authors have devised what are intended to be non-exploitative research instruments that permit the gathering of useful qualitative data during a short encounter. They illustrate their approach with examples of classroom activities they have developed to provide simultaneously a valid learning experience and usable data.

Big Ears – sonic art for public ears: Reflections on collaborative training

This text critically reflects on the higher education public engagement training program, entitled ‘Big Ears – sonic art for public ears’. The authors detail the objectives and aims as well as the benefits of this initiative for the enhancement of the student learning experience. We consider Schmidt’s (Schmidt, 2012) notion of mis-listening and Christopher Small’s concept of ‘musicking’ (Small, 1998), and develop a critical argument on how public engagement has changed researchers’ views and attitudes about their own research. The text explores how the creative interaction with a young audience has had great impact on the students’ learning experience as well as on their employability/transferable skills, because Big Ears stresses the importance of pulling practice as research away from the academic argument of why artists should be supported inside an institution, and into the realm of the real – what to do when making art, how to make it relevant and applicable to audiences.

A Transition Study to Support Curriculum Reform

This paper presents details of a project to support the transition from school to university for engineering students in the UK. The initial phases have already been disseminated by the project collaborators. The background, rationale, objectives and outcomes of this latter phase of the project are presented and specific data from a web-based transition diagnostic is discussed which verifies specific learning issues amongst engineering students enrolling in their first year of study. This prompted further investigations into these specific learning issues, which produced relevant data pertinent to enhancing learning through curriculum reform with the ultimate goal of accommodating the transition from school to university, improving the learning experience and increasing retention.

Preparing to prescribe: How do clerkship students learn in the midst of complexity?

Prescribing tasks, which involve pharmacological knowledge, clinical decision-making and practical skill, take place within unpredictable social environments and involve interactions within and between endlessly changing health care teams. Despite this, curriculum designers commonly assume them to be simple to learn and perform. This research used mixed methods to explore how undergraduate medical students learn to prescribe in the 'real world'. It was informed by cognitive psychology, sociocultural theory, and systems thinking. We found that learning to prescribe occurs as a dynamic series of socially negotiated interactions within and between individuals, communities and environments. As well as a thematic analysis, we developed a framework of three conceptual spaces in which learning opportunities for prescribing occur. This illustrates a complex systems view of prescribing education and defines three major system components: the "social space", where the environmental conditions influence or bring about a learning experience; the "process space", describing what happens during the learning experience; and the intra-personal "cognitive space", where the learner may develop aspects of prescribing expertise. This conceptualisation broadens the scope of inquiry of prescribing education research by highlighting the complex interplay between individual and social dimensions of learning. This perspective is also likely to be relevant to students' learning of other clinical competencies.

iLectures - Exploring the interactive lecture using web-based broadcasting technology

The continued use of traditional lecturing across Higher Education as the main teaching and learning approach in many disciplines must be challenged. An increasing number of studies suggest that this approach, compared to more active learning methods, is the least effective. In counterargument, the use of traditional lectures are often justified as necessary given a large student population. By analysing the implementation of a web based broadcasting approach which replaced the traditional lecture within a programming-based module, and thereby removed the student population rationale, it was hoped that the student learning experience would become more active and ultimately enhance learning on the module. The implemented model replaces the traditional approach of students attending an on-campus lecture theatre with a web-based live broadcast approach that focuses on students being active learners rather than passive recipients. Students ‘attend’ by viewing a live broadcast of the lecturer, presented as a talking head, and the lecturer’s desktop, via a web browser. Video and audio communication is primarily from tutor to students, with text-based comments used to provide communication from students to tutor. This approach promotes active learning by allowing student to perform activities on their own computer rather than the passive viewing and listening common encountered in large lecture classes. By analysing this approach over two years (n = 234 students) results indicate that 89.6% of students rated the approach as offering a highly positive learning experience. Comparing student performance across three academic years also indicates a positive change. A small data analytic analysis was conducted into student participation levels and suggests that the student cohort's willingness to engage with the broadcast lectures material is high.

Preparing assessments and examinations. Common errors and good practice.

Assessment forms an important part of the student learning experience and students place a high value on the quality of feedback that they receive from academic staff on where they might improve on their examinations or assignments. However while feedback is important the quality of the actual assessment itself before students undertake an examination or commence writing an assignment is also important. It is imperative that students are clear in their understanding of what is expected of them in order to achieve a particular grade and that there is lack of ambiguity in examinations or assignments. Biggs (2003) highlighted the importance of clarity in what students are expected to be able to do at the end of a unit of study, and that intended learning outcomes should be clearly aligned to the assessment and communicated to students so that they can structure their learning activities to optimize their assessment performance. However as Rust (2002) highlighted there are often inconsistencies in assessment practices ranging from a mis-match of assessment and learning outcomes to the inclusion of additional learning criteria and lack of clarity in the instructions. Such inconsistencies and unacceptable errors in examination papers can undermine student confidence in the assessment process
In order to try and minimise such inconsistencies an internal assessment group was set up October 2013 within the School of Nursing and Midwifery at Queens University Belfast, consisting of representative academic staff from across the range of undergraduate and post graduate courses in nursing and midwifery. The assessment group was to be a point of reference for all school examinations with a particular remit to develop an assessment strategy for all nursing and midwifery programmes and to ensure that all assessments comply with current best practice and with Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) requirements.
Aim
This paper aims to highlight some examples of good practice and common errors that were found in assignments and examinations that were submitted to the assessment group for review.
References

Biggs. J. (2003) Teaching for Quality Learning at University – What the Student Does 2nd Edition SRHE / Open University Press, Buckingham.
Rust, C.( 2002) The impact of assessment on student learning, Active Learning in Higher education Vol3(2):145-158

Peer tutoring in a medical school: perceptions of tutors and tutees

Background: Peer tutoring has been described as “people from similar social groupings who are not professional teachers helping each other to learn and learning themselves by teaching”. Peer tutoring is well accepted as a source of support in many medical curricula, where participation and learning involve a process of socialisation.
Peer tutoring can ease the transition of the junior students from the university class environment to the hospital workplace. In this paper, we apply the Experienced Based Learning (ExBL) model to explore medical students’ perceptions of their experience of taking part in a newly established peer tutoring program at a hospital based
clinical school.
Methods: In 2014, all students at Sydney Medical School – Central, located at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital were invited to voluntarily participate in the peer tutoring program. Year 3 students (n = 46) were invited to act as tutors for Year 1 students (n = 50), and Year 4 students (n = 60) were invited to act as tutors for Year 2 students (n = 51). Similarly, the ‘tutees’ were invited to take part on a voluntary basis. Students were invited to attend focus groups, which were held at the end of the program. Framework analysis was used to code and categorise data into themes.
Results: In total, 108/207 (52 %) students participated in the program. A total of 42/106 (40 %) of Year 3 and 4 students took part as tutors; and of 66/101 (65 %) of Year 1 and 2 students took part as tutees. Five focus groups were held, with 50/108 (46 %) of students voluntarily participating. Senior students (tutors) valued the opportunity to practice and improve their medical knowledge and teaching skills. Junior students (tutees) valued the opportunity for additional practice and patient interaction, within a relaxed, small group learning environment.
Conclusion: Students perceived the peer tutoring program as affording opportunities not otherwise available within the curriculum. The peer teaching program provided a framework within the medical curriculum for senior students to practice and improve their medical knowledge and teaching skills. Concurrently, junior students were provided with a valuable learning experience that they reported as being qualitatively different to traditional teaching by faculty.

Teaching Programming - Understanding Lecture Capture YouTube Analytics

ABSTRACT
The proliferation in the use of video lecture capture in universities worldwide presents an opportunity to analyse video watching patterns in an attempt to quantify and qualify how students engage and learn with the videos. It also presents an opportunity to investigate if there are similar student learning patterns during the equivalent physical lecture. The goal of this action based research project was to capture and quantitatively analyse the viewing behaviours and patterns of a series of video lecture captures across several university Java programming modules. It sought to study if a quantitative analysis of viewing behaviours of Lecture Capture videos coupled with a qualitative evaluation from the students and lecturers could be correlated to provide generalised patterns that could then be used to understand the learning experience of students during videos and potentially face to face lectures and, thereby, present opportunities to reflectively enhance lecturer performance and the students’ overall learning experience. The report establishes a baseline understanding of the analytics of videos of several commonly used pedagogical teaching methods used in the delivery of programming courses. It reflects on possible concurrences within live lecture delivery with the potential to inform and improve lecturing performance.

Uma abordagem curricular em matemática no 3º ciclo do ensino básico: um estudo de caso em geometria

Este trabalho debruça-se sobre as práticas de Ensino de Geometria no 3º ciclo do Ensino Básico tendo como principal foco de investigação as práticas de ensino da professora investigadora. O estudo empírico foi realizado em três turmas de 9º ano, da professora investigadora, de Abril a Junho de 2005, numa Escola da região de Trás-os-Montes (designada por Escola A). O trabalho realizado pela professora investigadora com alunos dessas turmas (no 7º em 2002/03, no 8º ano em 2003/04 e no 9º ano até Abril de 2005) constituiu o contexto precursor do estudo. O planeamento, desenvolvimento e reflexão sobre as práticas desenvolvidas foram realizados de forma colaborativa entre a professora investigadora e a critical friend, professora de Matemática a leccionar Matemática a turmas de 9º ano, numa outra Escola, da mesma região de Trás-os-Montes (designada por Escola B). A gestão curricular orientada por pressupostos legais em vigor e por resultados da investigação em Educação e Didáctica da Matemática foi realizada considerando o conhecimento informal e tácito de cada aluno; visou maximizar a aprendizagem matemática de todos os alunos em cada turma mas tendo a preocupação subjacente de proporcionar experiências de aprendizagem diversificadas de forma a favorecer todo o tipo de estilos de aprendizagem. O problema de investigação foi formulado a partir da seguinte questão: Como articular os esforços realizados e desenvolvidos pelo professor na sala de aula, de forma coerente e exequível, para promover aprendizagens significativas nos alunos, nomeadamente no domínio da Geometria? Face ao problema de investigação foram abordadas e estudadas as questões de investigação seguintes: 1. Quais são as características da experiência matemática proporcionada e qual é a sua relação com o que os alunos aprenderam? 2. Quais as características da avaliação implementada enquanto processo regulador das aprendizagens? 3. Qual a relação entre as tarefas de aprendizagem planificadas e as experiências de aprendizagem matemática proporcionadas? 4. Qual o papel das conferências com a critical friend (no desenvolvimento das experiências matemáticas proporcionadas) na gestão curricular? Este trabalho seguiu uma metodologia de investigação de natureza qualitativa baseado num estudo de caso, com uma vertente de investigação-acção, a partir de uma abordagem curricular em Geometria no 3º ciclo do Ensino Básico: a da professora investigadora. A observação participante e uma grande diversidade de documentos recolhidos (tarefas iniciais e reformuladas, cópias de relatórios, diários de bordo, transcrições das gravações áudio das conferências, etc.) constituíram as principais fontes de dados. Também foram considerados dados provenientes de instrumentos mais quantitativos, como de testes e de questionários. A análise de dados tomou como base a unidade de tempo de meio bloco de aulas (45 minutos) e as fases didácticas de realização de tarefas numa escala de investigação meso de forma a respeitar o trabalho na sala de aula e a sua complexidade. A triangulação de diversas fontes de dados permitiu apresentar: i) a experiência matemática proporcionada a partir das tarefas implementadas e os diferentes papéis assumidos pelo professor, pelos pequenos grupos de alunos ou pelo grupo turma; ii) as práticas avaliativas onde foram evidenciadas as diferentes formas de avaliação formativa e o feedback distribuído; iii) o envolvimento induzido e promovido nos alunos relativamente à sua aprendizagem matemática; iv) o papel crucial da critical friend na abordagem curricular em foco. A partir dos testes de competências e do questionário acerca do ensino, da avaliação e do modo de estudar dos alunos (QEAME) foi possível identificar os ganhos e o impacte desta abordagem curricular no desenvolvimento dos três tipos de constelações de competências e as percepções dos alunos relativamente à mediação realizada pela professora investigadora relativamente ao ensino, aprendizagem e métodos de estudo, respectivamente; a Listagem Dinâmica de Perguntas permitiu aumentar a consciência acerca dos itens trabalhados em sala de aula. A principal conclusão deste estudo é de que é possível implementar um currículo que desenvolva e favoreça a aquisição e desenvolvimento de competências na Geometria (desde as mais elementares até às de nível superior – nas diferentes constelações de reprodução, de conexão e de reflexão) onde o trabalho colaborativo entre os professores é fundamental na gestão e desenvolvimento curriculares. Como implicações para a investigação educacional em matemática surge a necessidade de se fomentar estudos investigacionais descritivos e holísticos em salas de aulas normais sobre as opções e razões das práticas de ensino, das actividades de aprendizagem e das diferentes formas de avaliação.

O currículo das ciências físicas e naturais na perspetiva docente: saberes profissionais e possibilidades de ação

O atual contexto social de aceleração exponencial, resultante de alterações políticas, económicas e do acesso imediato a um extenso conjunto de informações e a um manancial de desenvolvimentos científicos e tecnológicos, cujas implicações são imprevisíveis e transversais a diferentes setores, está em dissonância com as características do modelo escolar dominante e a naturalizada ‘gramática da escola’ (Formosinho & Machado, 2008; Nóvoa, 2009a; Tyack & Tobin, 1994). Este desfasamento, amplificado em países com sistemas de ensino de matriz centralizada, resvala entre uma ação docente acrítica e executora e, em oposição, uma ação docente de natureza profissional, caracterizada por um alinhamento entre o desenvolvimento profissional e a afirmação da especificidade do conhecimento profissional docente, enquanto saber que se constrói na interação com os outros, com o próprio, nos e sobre os contextos de prática. A implementação do processo de reorganização curricular do ensino básico (Decreto-Lei n.º 6/2001, de 18 de janeiro) redefiniu o currículo nacional segundo duas perspetivas: a nacional e a local, veiculando uma conceção curricular flexível e emancipatória, isto é, uma proposta curricular que confere aos professores autonomia no desenvolvimento e gestão do currículo, instigando-os à realização de práticas curriculares com intencionalidade pedagógica estratégica. Neste sentido, a pretensão desta investigação situou-se ao nível da problematização de saberes profissionais e da concetualização de algumas possibilidades de ação tangenciais à capacidade de autotransformação de cada profissional docente e da escola. As opções metodológicas consideradas visaram, sobretudo, compreender quais os possíveis conhecimentos profissionais mobilizados por professores de Ciências Físicas e Naturais, em particular ao nível do desenvolvimento e gestão do currículo desta área curricular. Assim, perspetivado sob a forma de questão enquadradora, o problema que esteve na génese desta investigação assume a seguinte formulação: Que conhecimento mobilizam professores do ensino básico no desenvolvimento e na gestão do currículo das Ciências Físicas e Naturais? De que forma e com que ações poderá ser potenciado esse conhecimento nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem? O estudo empírico que sustentou este projeto de investigação organizou-se em dois momentos distintos. O primeiro, de natureza predominantemente quantitativa e dimensão de análise extensiva, envolveu a administração de um inquérito por questionário a professores de Ciências Físicas e Naturais que, no ano letivo de 2006/2007, se encontravam a lecionar em escolas públicas com 2.º e 3.º ciclos afetas à Direção Regional de Educação do Norte e ao, anteriormente, designado Centro de Área Educativa de Aveiro. Com um enfoque preponderantemente qualitativo, o segundo momento do estudo decorreu ao longo do ano letivo de 2007/2008 num agrupamento de escolas da região norte do país e consistiu na realização de entrevistas a oito professores de Ciências Físicas e Naturais, à coordenadora do departamento de Matemática e Ciências Experimentais e aos presidentes do Conselho Pedagógico e do Conselho Executivo. Ao longo do ano letivo, os professores de Ciências Físicas e Naturais desenvolveram, igualmente, um percurso formativo cuja ênfase se situava ao nível da adequação do desenvolvimento e gestão do currículo desta área disciplinar. As técnicas de tratamento de dados privilegiadas foram a análise estatística e a análise de conteúdo. Os resultados deste estudo apontam para a prevalência de uma ação docente desprovida de intencionalidades pedagógica e curricular ou de integração na construção do corpo geral do saber, designadamente ao nível dos processos de desenvolvimento e gestão do currículo. Não obstante alguma familiarização com conceitos inerentes à dimensão do conhecimento do currículo, os indicadores de reapropriação ao nível da ação docente foram escassos, denunciando a presença de constrangimentos no domínio teórico das orientações curriculares nacionais e locais, bem como no desenvolvimento de práticas curriculares articuladas e estrategicamente definidas. Por outro lado, o predomínio de uma ação docente tendencialmente acrítica, de matriz executora, associada ao cumprimento de normativos legais e de rotinas e burocracias instituídas, indiciou fragilidades ao nível do conhecimento profissional configurado como mobilização complexa, organizada e coerente de conhecimentos científicos, curriculares, pedagógicos e metodológicos, em função da especificidade de cada situação educativa e cuja finalidade é a otimização da aprendizagem do aluno. O percurso formativo afigurou-se como um espaço de partilha e de reflexão colegial, propício ao desenvolvimento de ações que se inserem numa perspetiva de ‘action learning’, possibilitando a reflexão e a aprendizagem através de ações empreendidas em função de práticas educativas. As possibilidades de ação remetem para a integração da formação contínua em contexto, com intencionalidades pedagógicas e curriculares estrategicamente definidas, e a problematização da formação inicial e contínua dos professores, envolvendo as perspetivas de diferentes atores educativos e de investigadores educacionais.

Um objeto, um ponto de partida : uma exploração em Desenho A, 11º ano

Relatório da Prática de Ensino Supervisionada, Ensino das Artes Visuais, Universidade de Lisboa, 2013