M.A.N. 2-2 1/2 tons kombinerad last- och personautomobil

kuv., 23 x 16 cm

Deregulation’s Impact on the Railway Freight Transport Sector’s Future in the Baltic Sea Region

The European transport market has confronted several changes during the last decade. Due to European Union legislative mandates, the railway freight market was deregulated in 2007. The market followed the trend started by other transport modes as well as other previously regulated industries such as banking, telecommunications and energy. Globally, the first country to deregulate the railway freight market was the United States, with the introduction of the Staggers Rail Act in 1980. Some European countries decided to follow suit already before regulation was mandated; among the forerunners were the United Kingdom, Sweden and Germany. The previous research has concentrated only on these countries, which has provided an interesting research gap for this thesis. The Baltic Sea Region consists of countries with different kinds of liberalization paths, including Sweden and Germany, which have been on the frontline, whereas Lithuania and Finland have only one active railway undertaking, the incumbent. The transport market of the European Union is facing further challenges in the near future, due to the Sulphur Directive, oil dependency and the changing structure of European rail networks. In order to improve the accessibility of this peripheral area, further action is required. This research focuses on topics such as the progression of deregulation, barriers to entry, country-specific features, cooperation and internationalization. Based on the research results, it can be stated that the Baltic Sea Region’s railway freight market is expected to change in the future. Further private railway undertakings are anticipated, and these would change the market structure. The realization of European Union’s plans to increase the improved rail network to cover the Baltic States is strongly hoped for, and railway freight market counterparts inside and among countries are starting to enhance their level of cooperation. The Baltic Sea Region countries have several special national characteristics which influence the market and should be taken into account when companies evaluate possible market entry actions. According to thesis interviews, the Swedish market has a strong level of cooperation in the form of an old-boy network, and is supported by a positive attitude of the incumbent towards the private railway undertakings. This has facilitated the entry process of newcomers, and currently the market has numerous operating railway undertakings. A contrary example was found from Poland, where the incumbent sent old rolling stock to the scrap yard rather than sell it to private railway undertakings. The importance of personal relations is highlighted in Russia, followed by the railway market’s strong political bond with politics. Nonetheless, some barriers to entry are shared by the Baltic Sea Region, the main ones being acquisition of rolling stock, bureaucracy and needed investments. The railway freight market is internationalizing, which is perceived via several alliances as well as the increased number of mergers and acquisitions. After deregulation, markets seem to increase the number of railway undertakings at a rather fast pace, but with the passage of time, the larger operators tend to acquire smaller ones. Therefore, it is expected that in a decade’s time, the number of railway undertakings will start to decrease in the deregulation pioneer countries, while the ones coming from behind might still experience an increase. The Russian market is expected to be totally liberalized, and further alliances between the Russian Railways and European railway undertakings are expected to occur. The Baltic Sea Region’s railway freight market is anticipated to improve, and, based on the interviewees’ comments, attract more cargoes from road to rail.

The growing competition in Brazilian science: rites of passage, stress and burnout

Brazil's scientific community is under pressure. Each year there is an increase in its contribution to international science and in the number of students who are trained to do research and teach at an advanced level. Most of these activities are carried out in state and federal universities, but with government funding that has decreased by more than 70% since 1996. Interviews with graduate students, post-doctoral fellows and professors in one university department with a strong research tradition illustrate the level of stress engendered by the conflict between increasing competition and diminishing resources, and serve to underscore the negative effects on creativity and on the tendency to choose science as a career.

Droplet Deposition in the Last Stage of Steam Turbine

During the expansion of steam in turbine, the steam crosses the saturation line and hence subsequent turbine stages run under wet condition. The stages under wet condition run with low efficiency as compared to stages running with supersaturated steam and the life of the last stage cascade is reduced due to erosion. After the steam crosses the saturation line it does not condense immediately but instead it becomes supersaturated which is a meta-stable state and reversion of equilibrium results in the formation of large number of small droplets in the range of 0.05 - 1 μm. Although these droplets are small enough to follow the stream lines of vapor however some of the fog droplets are deposited on the blade surface. After deposition they coagulate into films and rivulets which are then drawn towards the trailing edge of the blade due to viscous drag of the steam. These large droplets in the range of radius 100 μm are accelerated by steam until they impact on the next blade row causing erosion. The two phenomenon responsible for deposition are inertial impaction and turbulent-diffusion. This work shall discuss the deposition mechanism in steam turbine in detail and numerically model and validate with practical data.

21-3-20, Bry-sur-Marne, [27e] championnat de France de cross-country, un passage de [Joseph] Guillemot et Vignaud : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 58560

21-3-20, Bry-sur-Marne, [27e] championnat de France de cross-country, un passage [dans les bois] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 58559

Au cours de son tour du monde le prince de Galles passe la ligne [de l'Equateur avec son rite de passage] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59719

Au cours de son tour du monde le prince de Galles passe le tropique [ligne de l'Equateur avec son rite de passage] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59720

Au cours de son tour du monde le prince de Galles passe le tropique [ligne de l'Equateur avec son rite de passage] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59721

11/7/20, stade Élysabeth [i. e. Élisabeth] Championnats [de France] féminins, passage du 300 mètres : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59989

11/7/20 [stade Élisabeth], Championnats de France féminins, passage du 1000 m : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59991

« Reconnoissance militaire, faite en décembre 1790 et janvier 1791, sur tout le cours du Rhin, depuis Basle jusqu'à Germersheim, d'après laquelle on indique, avec les dispositions de sûreté à prendre contre les moyens de passage qui menacent notre rive, les points susceptibles de signaux qui éclairent les projets hostiles de l'ennemi sur toute cette frontière ».

On lit, à la fin (fol. 33) : « A Strasbourg, ce 23 février 1791. Loubadere. »