A climate change risk analysis for world ecosystems

We quantify the risks of climate-induced changes in key ecosystem processes during the 21st century by forcing a dynamic global vegetation model with multiple scenarios from 16 climate models and mapping the proportions of model runs showing forest/nonforest shifts or exceedance of natural variability in wildfire frequency and freshwater supply. Our analysis does not assign probabilities to scenarios or weights to models. Instead, we consider distribution of outcomes within three sets of model runs grouped by the amount of global warming they simulate: <2°C (including simulations in which atmospheric composition is held constant, i.e., in which the only climate change is due to greenhouse gases already emitted), 2–3°C, and >3°C. High risk of forest loss is shown for Eurasia, eastern China, Canada, Central America, and Amazonia, with forest extensions into the Arctic and semiarid savannas; more frequent wildfire in Amazonia, the far north, and many semiarid regions; more runoff north of 50°N and in tropical Africa and northwestern South America; and less runoff in West Africa, Central America, southern Europe, and the eastern U.S. Substantially larger areas are affected for global warming >3°C than for <2°C; some features appear only at higher warming levels. A land carbon sink of ≈1 Pg of C per yr is simulated for the late 20th century, but for >3°C this sink converts to a carbon source during the 21st century (implying a positive climate feedback) in 44% of cases. The risks continue increasing over the following 200 years, even with atmospheric composition held constant.

The status and challenge of global fire modelling

Biomass burning impacts vegetation dynamics, biogeochemical cycling, atmospheric chemistry, and climate, with sometimes deleterious socio-economic impacts. Under future climate projections it is often expected that the risk of wildfires will increase. Our ability to predict the magnitude and geographic pattern of future fire impacts rests on our ability to model fire regimes, either using well-founded empirical relationships or process-based models with good predictive skill. A large variety of models exist today and it is still unclear which type of model or degree of complexity is required to model fire adequately at regional to global scales. This is the central question underpinning the creation of the Fire Model Intercomparison Project - FireMIP, an international project to compare and evaluate existing global fire models against benchmark data sets for present-day and historical conditions. In this paper we summarise the current state-of-the-art in fire regime modelling and model evaluation, and outline what essons may be learned from FireMIP.

Vesicles with charged domains

This work summarizes results obtained on membranes composed of the ternary mixture dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), egg sphingomyelin (eSM) and cholesterol (Chol). The membrane phase state as a function of composition is characterized from data collected with fluorescence microscopy on giant unilamellar vesicles. The results suggest that the presence of the charged DOPG significantly decreases the composition region of coexistence of liquid ordered and liquid disordered phases as compared to that in the ternary mixture of dioleoylphosphatidycholine, sphingomyelin and cholesterol. The addition of calcium chloride to DOPG:eSM:Chol vesicles, and to a lesser extent the addition of sodium chloride, leads to the stabilization of the two-phase coexistence region, which is expressed in an increase in the miscibility temperature. On the other hand, addition of the chelating agent EDTA has the opposite effect, suggesting that impurities of divalent cations in preparations of giant vesicles contribute to the stabilization of charged domains. We also explore the behavior of these membranes in the presence of extruded unilamellar vesicles made of the positively charged lipid dioleoyltrimethylammoniumpropane (DOTAP). The latter can induce domain formation in DOPG:eSM:Chol vesicles with initial composition in the one-phase region. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Avaliação do desempenho de novilhos suplementados com sais proteinados em pastagem nativa na microrregião da Campanha Ocidental-RS

Foi realizado um experimento para avaliar o efeito da suplementação com sais proteinados sobre o desempenho de novilhos em pastagem nativa diferida(PND). A adição de levedura ativa ao sal proteinado formulado com amirréia resultou em melhores desempenhos dos novilhos pastejando pastagem nativa diferida.

Educação física no PPGCMH/UFRGS : uma visão a partir da análise de citações e perfil dos pesquisadores

Este trabalho analisa o perfil dos professores e 1.171 citações de teses do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência do Movimento Humano da Escola de Educação Física da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul defendidas entre os anos 2003 e 2004, com os objetivos de detectar as características das fontes de informação utilizadas pelos doutores; contribuir para aos estudos epistemológicos do campo, sob o prisma da ciência da informação; caracterizar os elementos textuais e explorar suas potencialidades, visando ao conhecimento do campo científico da educação física. O estudo está centrado na descoberta de indícios nas citações que possibilitem o conhecimento da área. O referencial teórico está fundamentado em diversificados campos do conhecimento: na história, mais especificamente do método indiciário, utilizado neste estudo; na sociologia do conhecimento, com ênfase na sociologia da ciência; na ciência da informação, salientando a bibliometria, a análise de citações e a comunicação científica, abordando três teorias importantes sobre comunidades científicas (Kuhn, Bordieu e Knorr-Cetina); e, por último, da educação física. Do primeiro campo buscam-se os fundamentos para o uso de dados e fatores indiciários para o desvelamento de uma realidade; do segundo, o caminho que percorrem os saberes para seu estabelecimento no mundo científico e acadêmico, e a origem das citações em documentos. Do terceiro, utilizam-se ferramentas e técnicas, bem como as construções teóricas a respeito de comunicação científica e produção acadêmica. Ao quarto corresponde o objeto desta pesquisa, o campo de conhecimento denominado, por alguns autores, ciência do movimento humano e, por outros, educação física, desenvolvido em seus aspectos históricos gerais e locais. Foram identificados e relacionados os seguintes indicadores: tipo de autoria, autores citados, tipo de documento, idioma, obsolescência, título de periódico e assunto das citações. As 1.171 referências estudadas revelaram que: artigo de periódico é o tipo de documento mais utilizado (49,53%); inglês é o idioma predominante nos documentos das citações (55,85%); as publicações do período de 1991-2000 cobrem 56,02% das citações, com pico em 1998 e provável meia-vida dos documentos da área em torno de cinco anos; 41,76% dos documentos citados são escritos por um único autor; e 54,23%, por mais de um autor. Os assuntos predominantes que fazem a interdisciplinaridade do campo são, nesta ordem: ciências sociais, medicina, biofísica, esportes, educação, filosofia, ensino e forma física. Foram citados 1.825 diferentes autores evidenciando uma grande dispersão na área e entre os mais representativos estão Morin, Foucault e Lapierre. Há dispersão tanto em autores quanto em títulos de periódicos: 80,71% foram citados somente uma vez; e 37,11%, mais de uma vez. Apenas seis periódicos foram citados em mais de uma tese, sendo cinco estrangeiros e um nacional. As linhas de pesquisas predominantes no PPGCMH são da área de concentração Movimento humano, saúde e performance, que privilegia projetos de caráter biológico. O mesmo ocorre com o número de teses, sendo 89% delas da mesma área de concentração. Há necessidade de maior produção nacional em termos teóricos para a área de educação física. A análise realizada propiciou verificar que os campos científicos e as suas respectivas comunidades se desenvolvem de forma contingencial e contextual. O método indiciário possibilitou costurar os indícios apresentados pelas variáveis analisadas e mostrou ser um método possível em estudos de bibliometria e análise de citações. Há indícios de hábitos de citação doméstica e endogenia, mas não foram comprovados neste estudo.

Water masses and circulation in the surface layers of the Caribbean at 66ºW

[EN] A meridional hydrographic section was made in August–September 1997 at 66°W from the coast of Venezuela to Woods Hole aboard the R/V Knorr. In this report, we concentrate on near surface measurements in the Caribbean. The data show two distinct water masses with different origins. From approximately 14°N to Puerto Rico, Caribbean Surface Water and Subtropical Under Water with their source in the North Atlantic are found, as previously observed. From Venezuela to approximately 13°N, a less saline water mass with its source in the Tropics and South Atlantic is found. Within the southern portion of the section, two different velocity patterns are observed, namely, an eastward flow with a subsurface maximum near the coast of Venezuela, and a surface intensified westward jet with Velocities of 130 cm s−1 in midbasin.

New synthetic strategies towards indolizines and pyrroles

Indolizines and pyrroles are considered as “privileged” structures since their skeletons were found in many biologically active natural products and they possess a wide range of pharmaceutical properties. Syntheses of these small drug-like molecules are very important in medicinal chemistry. However, most existent methodologies are usually limited to specific substitution patterns or require impractical starting materials or expensive catalysts. Therefore, developing new methodologies for the synthesis of indolizines and pyrroles from commercially available or readily accessible sources is highly desirable.rnIn this PhD thesis, several methods has been described for the synthesis of indolizines and pyrroles. In the first part, indolizines carrying substituents in positions 1-3 were synthesized via a formal [3+2]-cycloaddition of pyridinium ylides and nitroalkenes. Pyridinium salts were prepared by N-alkylation of pyridines with cyanohydrin triflates which could be prepared from corresponding aldehydes via a Strecker reaction followed by O-triflylation. Nitroalkenes were simply prepared from the corresponding aldehydes and nitroalkanes in a nitroaldol condensation. Overall, this modular approach allows to construct the indolizine framework with various substitution patterns starting from a pyridine, two different aldehydes and a nitroalkane. In contrast to reported methods, the produced indolizines do not have to contain an electron-withdrawing group.rnIt has also been found that nitrile-stabilized 2-alkylpyridinium ylides cyclize to unstable 2-aminoindolizines via an intramolecular 5-exo-dig cyclization. Using an in situ acetylation of the amino group, N-protected 2-aminoindolizines could be synthesized. As a less common substitution pattern, indolizines carrying substituents in positions 5–8 were synthesized from enones and 2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)nitriles obtained from α-aminonitriles using a modified Paal-Knorr pyrrole synthesis. The decoration of the pyridine unit in the indolizine skeleton has been achieved by a one-pot conjugate addition/cycloaromatization sequence.rnIn the second part of the thesis, the diversity-oriented synthesis of pyrroles from 3,5-diaryl substituted 2H-pyrrole-2-carbonitriles (cyanopyrrolines) obtained in a cyclocondensation of enones with aminoacetonitrile hydrochloride is being discussed. 2,4-Di-, 2,3,5-trisubstituted pyrroles, pyrrole-2-carbonitriles and 2,2’-bipyrroles were synthesized in a one- or two-step protocol. While the microwave-assisted thermal elimination of HCN from cyanopyrrolines gave 2,4-disubstituted pyrroles, DDQ-oxidation of the same intermediates furnished pyrrole-2-carbonitriles. Furthermore, 2,3,5-trisubstituted pyrroles were obtained via a C-2-alkylation of the deprotonated cyanopyrrolines followed by the elimination of HCN. Finally, it has also been found that tetraaryl substituted 2,2’-bipyrroles could be synthesized by the oxidative dimerization of cyanopyrrolines using copper (II) acetate at 100 °C.rn

Molecular analysis of carbohydrate N-acetylgalactosamine 4-O sulfotransferase 8 (CHST8) as a candidate gene for bovine spongiform encephalopathy susceptibility

Endogenous prion proteins (PrP) play the central role in the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The carbohydrate N-acetylgalactosamine 4-O sulfotransferase 8 (CHST8) promotes the conversion of the cellular PrP(C) into the pathogenic PrP(d). Six sequence variants within the CHST8 gene were identified by comparative sequencing and genotyped for a sample of 623 animals comprising bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)-affected and healthy control cows representing German Fleckvieh (German Simmental), German Holstein (Holstein-Friesian) and Brown Swiss. Significant differences in the allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies between BSE-affected and healthy cows indicate an association of sequence variant g.37254017G>T with the development of the disease in Brown Swiss cattle.

Effects of probiotic bacteria in dogs with food responsive diarrhoea treated with an elimination diet

We evaluated whether a probiotic supplementation in dogs with food responsive diarrhoea (FRD) has beneficial effects on intestinal cytokine patterns and on microbiota. Twenty-one client-owned dogs with FRD were presented for clinically needed duodeno- and colonoscopy and were enrolled in a prospective placebo (PL)-controlled probiotic trial. Intestinal tissue samples and faeces were collected during endoscopy. Intestinal mRNA abundance of interleukin (IL)-5, -10, -12p40 and -13, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta1 and interferon (IFN)-gamma were analysed and numbers of Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Enterococcus spp. and Enterobacteriaceae and supplemented probiotic bacteria were determined in faeces. The Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity Index, a scoring system comprising general attitude, appetite, faecal consistency, defecation frequency, and vomitus, decreased in all dogs (p < 0.0001). Duodenal IL-10 mRNA levels decreased (p = 0.1) and colonic IFN-gamma mRNA levels increased (p = 0.08) after probiotic treatment. Numbers of Enterobacteriaceae decreased in FRD dogs receiving probiotic cocktail (FRD(PC)) and FRD dogs fed PL (FRD(PL)) during treatment (p < 0.05), numbers of Lactobacillus spp. increased in FRD(PC after) when compared with FRD(PC before) (p < 0.1). One strain of PC was detected in five of eight FRD(PC) dogs after probiotic supplementation. In conclusion, all dogs clinically improved after treatment, but cytokine patterns were not associated with the clinical features irrespective of the dietary supplementation.

Kabbala Denudata : seu doctrina Hebraeorum transcendentalis et metaphysica atque teologica ; opus antiquissimae philosophicae barbaricae variis speciminibus refertissimum ...

[Hrsg.: Christian Freiherr Knorr von Rosenroth]

Der Spinozismus im Jüdenthumb, oder, Die von dem heütigen Jüdenthumb und dessen Geheimen Kabbala vergötterte Welt : an Mose Germano sonsten Johan Peter Speeth ...

befunden und widerleget von Johann Georg Wachter

Marktplatz in Posen [Illustration] : Gemälde

Julius Knorr

Marktplatz in Posen [Illustration] : Gemälde

Julius Knorr