Contributos do Ensino Recorrente para o desenvolvimento socioeducativo e económico dos jovens e adultos: Um estudo no concelho de Vila Nova de Paiva

As elevadas taxas de analfabetismo entre certos grupos etários da população portuguesa em idade activa, nomeadamente nas regiões rurais e interiores do país, levou à criação do Ensino Recorrente (E.R.), uma modalidade de educação escolar vocacionada especialmente para a formação de adultos que abandonaram precocemente o sistema escolar e, ainda, para jovens que deixaram os cursos regulares, nomeadamente por razões de ordem laboral. Tendo desenvolvido, entre 1999 e 2004, a actividade profissional no concelho de Vila Nova de Paiva, no sector do E.R. ao nível da educação básica de adultos, 1º e 2º ciclos, procurámos averiguar se a frequência desta valência de educação de adultos trouxe algum contributo para o desenvolvimento socioeducativo e para a melhoria das condições económicas e laborais dos jovens e adultos deste concelho. Através de um estudo exploratório, de carácter descritivo, concluímos que a formação recebida constituiu uma mais-valia para os sujeitos que frequentaram o E.R., na medida em que contribuiu para a melhoria das suas condições de vida, traduzidas no aumento de conhecimentos úteis para o dia-a-dia, no desenvolvimento de comportamentos benéficos para a saúde e prevenção, numa maior consciência cívica, na sensibilizarão pelas questões ambientais, no incremento das condições económicas e da sua situação laboral, em geral.

Melhoria da Atenção à Saúde de Crianças, Adolescentes e Jovens na Escola Zélia Rodrigues Furtado, Caxias do Sul - RS

No cenário da atenção básica no Brasil, a escola pode se tornar uma das mais importantes aliadas para a informação e educação em todos os aspectos, é o local ideal para o desenvolvimento da atenção primária de saúde. Nesta intervenção, objetivou-se melhorar a atenção à saúde de crianças, adolescentes e jovens na Escola Municipal Zélia Rodrigues Furtado na cidade de Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, concretizando-se através do desenvolvimento de ações clínicas e educativas baseadas em quatro eixos pedagógicos conforme preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde. Foram assistidos na intervenção cerca de 520 alunos matriculados na escola no período de agosto a novembro do ano de 2014, entre cinco e 17 anos. Os escolares foram avaliados quanto à acuidade visual, a audição, ao estado nutricional, a saúde bucal, a aferição da pressão arterial e atualização do calendário vacinal. As ações educativas abordaram assuntos relacionados à saúde bucal e nutricional, benefício da atividade física, sexualidade, gravidez na adolescência, DST/AIDS e métodos contraceptivos, à cultura da paz e seus direitos e deveres perante a sociedade. Com essa intervenção, constata-se que as ações na escola são relevantes, alcançando níveis de 100% da meta de cobertura, 96,7% dos escolares avaliados quanto acuidade visual, 98,6% acuidade auditiva, 95,4% avaliação nutricional, 89,7% na bucal, 68,5% receberam atualização do calendário vacinal, destacando a identificação precoce das alterações de saúde, buscando encaminhar o escolar ao atendimento especializado. Nesse viés, é imperativo que os profissionais da educação e saúde se sensibilizem quanto à importância dessa parceria para a formação integral dos estudantes da rede básica.

Uso de drogas entre os jovens e adolescentes - da curiosidade à dependência

O uso de substâncias psicoativas tem se tornado nos últimos anos um problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo, pois é cada vez maior o número de pessoas que utilizam destas substâncias e, consequentemente, percebe-se um aumento nos índices de acidentes automobilísticos, violência e transtornos sociais. Sabe-se que o uso precoce de drogas tem se tornado mais comum, evento decisivo no estabelecimento do vício. A adolescência é marcada como o período mais propício a isto, pois é a etapa da vida em que ocorre o desenvolvimento biopsicossocial. Vários fatores podem interferir para a formação psíquica de uma pessoa podendo ser o determinante de uma vida adulta saudável ou não. Dentre estes fatores destaca-se a família e a relação que é estabelecida entre os membros que a compõem, já que é entendida como a instituição responsável na transmissão dos valores sociais e também a responsável em alicerçar o desenvolvimento de cada individuo. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi o de levantar na literatura o uso de drogas ilícitas pelos jovens e adolescentes. Foi utilizada a revisão narrativa da literatura, consultando as bases de dados LILACS e SciELO e publicações do Ministério da Saúde. Os resultados encontrados sobre os fatores de risco foram: influência familiar, curiosidade, genéticos, culturais, ambientais, maior vulnerabilidade dos jovens, meio social, fácil acesso às drogas, ambiente violento, baixas condições socioeconômicas, baixa adesão a atividades religiosas e escolares. Percebeu-se que esta é uma etapa de autoafirmação onde grande parte dos usuários tem o primeiro contato com as drogas e por isso a necessidade de apoio e presença familiar que sirva de auxilio na tomada de decisões. Observou-se, também, que o SUS possui um programa de detecção precoce e atendimento ao usuário a fim de reinseri-lo na sociedade sendo as equipes de saúde da família a porta de entrada deste usuário no sistema.

Governamentalidade democrática e ensino de Filosofia no Brasil contemporâneo

This article takes the concepts of biopower and governmentality as the starting point for an analysis of certain recent Brazilian government documents about the introduction of Philosophy as a subject in secondary school. In the 1980s, this argument centered on Philosophy's so-called criticism and its potential for preparing citizens for a democratic society, was used by the movements aimed to restore democracy in Brazil. This argument appears to have been assimilated by the Brazilian government, because it is stated in the Guidelines and Bases of Education Law, secondary school students should demonstrate knowledge of philosophy necessary for the exercise of citizenship. The argument also appears in documents such as the PCN and PCN+ (National Curricular Parameters) and OCEM (Curriculum Guidelines for Secondary School) in their chapters on Philosophy. These documents are examined here in the light of governmentality, making explicit how Philosophy is equipped to train young people according to what is understood as a modern democratic society.

Carotenóides: propriedades, aplicações e biotransformação para formação de compostos de aroma

Carotenoids are widely distributed in nature, providing yellow, orange or red color in a great number of vegetables, microorganisms and in some animals. Carotenoids act as biological antioxidants and seem to play an important role in human health by protecting cells and tissues from the damaging effects of free radicals and singlet oxygen. Several authors describe the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids in flavor compounds as occuring through chemical or photochemical degradations or through biotechnological processes. Biotransformation of carotenoids seems to be a reasonable alternative to produce flavor compounds since these compounds are considered 'natural' ingredients. In this work we describe the properties of some carotenoids, as well as biotechnological approaches to obtain its oxyfunctionalized derivatives.

Formação das substâncias de reserva durante o desenvolvimento de sementes de urucum (Bixa orellana L. - Bixaceae)

Annatto seeds do not germinate during early stages of their development because of insufficient reserve substances. In situ analysis showed that the principal reserves are proteins and starch, deposited in endosperm cells. During the early stages of development, the starch grains were elliptic, because amylose was the minor component. During development, these grains became more spherical due to an increase in amylose relative to amylopectin. Endosperm cells do not contain protein bodies, but they accumulate proteins dispersed in the cytoplasm. At the final stage of development the proteins became compacted due to the dehydration of the seeds wich is part of the global process of orthodox seeds maturation. Natural fluorescence revealed aromatic amino acids, principally tryptophan and tyrosine in the proteins. The seeds reached their maximum dry weight after moisture contents had declined to around 60%. At this point the seeds presented maximum germination capacity.

Formação de conceitos em crianças cegas: questões teóricas e implicações educacionais

Concept formation depends on language and thought, that promote the integration of information coming from the senses. It is postulated that changes in the person, the objects and events to be known suggest flexible models of concept teaching. It is assumed that the same considerations apply to teaching concepts to blind pupils. Specificities of this process are discussed, including the role of touch as resource, although not as a direct substitute to vision, and the notion of representation as a basis for the elaboration of pedagogical resources for the blind student.

A formação de personalidades éticas: representações de si e moral

The article presents studies of a current investigation among 75 adolescents from 12 to 15 years old, students of private schools of Campinas city, that have as main objective to notice a possible correspondence among the moral judgments and the representation that individuals have about themselves. From a questionnaire, the studies bring out the representations of these individuals and answer a questioning if they would have an ethical character or not and if these individuals would correspond to their moral judgments. The results point out to a correspondence among those whose self representations are characterized by more evolved ethical contents and judgments related to sensitivity and to the characters feelings involved in the situations described. Such studies validate the intention of this article to discuss the correspondences between ethics (how the individual sees himself/herself) and moral (how he/she judges the situations moral).

Formação de professores: aspectos históricos e teóricos do problema no contexto brasileiro

This article deals with the theme of teacher training from the historical and theoretical perspectives. In the first part, the historical focus is introduced and the trajectory of teacher training in Brazil is examined, dividing it into six periods beginning with the passing of the Law of Schools of First Letters in 1827 and closing with the promulgation of the new law for national education in 1996. The second part deals with theoretical aspects, considering the two basic models of teacher training, their implications for the training of teachers of primary and pre-school education, the dilemma resulting from the contraposition between the two models and the way for overcoming it and concluding with observations on the training of teachers for special education.

A formação humana na perspectiva histórico-ontológica

The theme of human formation is at the centre of the philosophy of education, whose aim is precisely the process of human promotion brought about by education. Starting from the critical vigilance proper to philosophy, the text sketches a phenomenology of the present time, verifying that the ideas prevailing in education at present are centred on the critique of reason and on the notions of truth and objectivity. This neo-pragmatism, which in the attempt to oppose metaphysics becomes deeply metaphysical, reducing everything to language, is contested by the authors with Marx's thoughts as a historicising philosophy that concerns not abstract subjects, but real individuals, historical subjects that are constituted as a synthesis of social relations. To that end, the authors resort to the historical ontological reflection on human formation contained in Marx's Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844. The article concludes by defending the proposition that access to the classics is a necessary condition for human formation.

Autoscopia: um procedimento de pesquisa e de formação

This article considers a procedure for data collection called autoscopy. Autoscopy entails the video recording of a practice with the purpose of allowing analysis and self-evaluation by one of the protagonists of that practice. The objective of the video recording is that of apprehending the actions of the agent (or agents), the scenario, and the plot that make up a situation. The recorded material is subjected to sessions of analysis after the action that aim at the understanding of the reflective process of the agent (or agents) through their verbalizations during the analysis of video recorded scenes. The present text introduces a theoretical basis for the procedure of autoscopy, deals with advantages and limitations of its use, as well as with aspects that deserve attention and, finally, describes the authors' experiences in two studies in which the procedure was employed. Starting from these two experiences, differences and similarities are pointed out between the studies, especially regarding the participants, object, and the time distribution of the video recordings. The authors draw considerations about the formative-reflective potential of the procedure, both for research situations and for the learning and training of various professionals, considering it to be an excellent educational instrument. It is, however, vital to keep in mind the need to recognize and return to the teacher, as an autoscopic participant, his condition as subject of his own profession, thereby promoting, besides the self-evaluation, also the autonomy of his thinking and doing.

História, filosofia e sociologia da educação matemática na formação do professor: um programa de pesquisa

We present and discuss in this article some features of a research program whose central object of investigation is the way in which the recent fields of history, philosophy, and sociology of mathematical education could take part in a critical and qualified manner in the initial and continuing training of teachers in this area. For that, we endorse the viewpoint that the courses for mathematics teacher education should be based on a conception of specificity through which a new pedagogical project could be established. In such project those new fields of investigation would participate, in an organic and clarifying way, in the constitution of multidimensional problematizations of school practices, in which mathematics would be involved, and that would be guided by academic investigations about the issues that currently challenge teachers in the critical work of incorporation, resignification, production, and transmission of mathematical culture in the context of the school institution.

CARACTERÍSTICAS DE QUALIDADE DO CONTRAFILÉ (m. L. dorsi) DE TOUROS JOVENS DA RAÇA NELORE

Quality traits of boneless rib cut (L. dorsi muscle) from Nelore young bulls. To study the meat quality traits of Nelore breed young bulls, and the effect of age (690-780 days) on them, 113 animals were slaughtered after 109 days of intensive feeding with 20% concentrate and 80% roughage. All the carcasses were graded at the slaughter floor by the Federal Inspection and chilled for 24 hours (Tinitial=5°C, Tfinal=2°C). Fifty one half carcasses (right side), type B - B R A S I L `s grading system - from animals of 23 to 26 months were boned and separated into commercial cuts. Two steaks (2.5cm thick) were removed from each boneless rib cut (m. L. dorsi), vacuum packaged and aged for 7 days (0-2°C). The pH varied from 5.44 to 5.83 and only two samples had pH ³ 5.70. The L* (brightness) average value was 34.85. The water and fat content were 75.65% and 1.71%, respectively. The average WB shear force was 6.70kg, and it was not affected by age (690-734 days), but presented a trend (t test, p=0.22) for increasing values between 735 and 780 days. Animal age did not affect other quality traits (t test, p>0.20). It was concluded that the rib cut from Nelore young bulls may not have a good acceptability in exigent markets, and that carcasses graded B, presumed to be the best grade, do not necessarily present the best meat quality characteristics.

A língua inglesa no ensino fundamentl I público: diálogos com Bakhtin por uma formação plurilíngue

This article aims at discussing the contributions of the Bakhtinian Circle theories to foreign language teaching and learning (HALL et al., 2005), as far as the first years of formal education in Brazil are concerned. Up to the present moment, foreign languages, including English, are not officially part of the National Curriculum of the first five schooling years. Due to the importance of English in a globalized world and despite all the controversial socio-educational impacts of such an influence, there has been an increase in the interest in this discipline at the beginning years of Brazilian public education (ROCHA, 2006), which has been happening at an irregular pace and without official parameters. Therefore, the relevance of this work lies on the possible guidelines it may offer to support a more effective, situated and meaningful teaching-learning process in that context. Standing for a pluralistic approach to language education, we take the bakhtinian speech genres as organizers of the educational process. We strongly believe that through a dialogic, pluralistic and trans/intercultural teaching (MAHER, 2007), whose main objective is the development of multi (COPE e KALANTZIS, 2000) and critical (COMBER, 2006) literacies, the hybridization of genres and cultures, as well as the creation of third spaces (KOSTOGRIZ, 2005; KUMARAVADIVELU, 2008) can happen. From this perspective, foreign language teaching and learning play a transformative role in society and English is seen as a boundary object (STAR e GRIESEMER, 1989), in and by which diversity, pluralism and polyphony can naturally find their way.

Success attitudes of young ophthalmologists in the first decade of their career

PURPOSE: To describe the main success attitudes of young ophthalmologists in the first decade of their career. METHODS: This descriptive study comprised subjects selected from a sample of ophthalmologists who were participating in a congress, using a semi-structured questionnaire. The inclusion criteria were as follows: ophthalmologists under the age of 40 years, within 5-10 years from ophthalmology residency conclusion. The subjects were asked about the three main success attitudes in their personal experience during the first years of ophthalmology practice. After the initial results, the 10 most frequently mentioned attitudes were listed and volunteers were again interviewed to choose, within the latter list, the three main attitudes. RESULTS: Forty-eight ophthalmologists were interviewed, 24 (50%) were male; the mean age was 37 years (SD: 2 years, range: 33-40 years) and the mean time from ophthalmology residency conclusion was 8 years (SD: 1 year, range: 5-10 years). The frequency of such mentioned success attitudes were as follows: to invest in professional updating (22.9%), to have a good relationship with patients and professional partners (18.8%), to prioritize individual and family happiness (12.5%), initially to work in an established group (11.1%), to work in public service (9.7%), to have their own business with a homogeneous group (7.6%), to save money (7.6%), to be ready to resume work (4.2%), to get business administration skills (4.2%), and to have professional insurance (0.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The three main success attitudes consisted in investing in professional updating (22.9%), maintaining a good relationship with patients and professional partners (18.8%), and prioritizing individual and family happiness (12.5%). Although these results should not be generalized, they are helpful not only for those ophthalmologists at the beginning of a career but also those who want to reflect on what to prioritize in their professional practice.