The Japanese Business System: Key Features and Prospects for Change

This paper argues that the Japanese business system cannot be adequately understood without extending the focus of analysis beyond the individual firm to the vertical keiretsu, or business group. The vertical group or keiretsu structure was first identified and studied in the auto and electronics industries, where it is most strongly marked, but it characterizes virtually all sectors, service industries as well as manufacturing. Large industrial vertical keiretsu are composed of subsidiaries engaged in three distinct types of activities (manufacturing, marketing, and quasirelated business). The coordination and control systems are built on the flows of products, financial resources, information and technology, and people across formal company boundaries, with the parent firm controlling the key flows. The paper examines the prevailing explanations first for the emergence and then for the persistence of the vertical group structure, and looks at the current pressures for change and adaptation in the system.

Japanese Scientific And Technology Information in the United States - Public Policy and Private Initiatives

In January 1983 a group of US government, industry and university information specialists gathered at MIT to take stock of efforts to monitor, acquire, assess, and disseminate Japanese scientific and technical information (JSTI). It was agreed that these efforts were uncoordinated and poorly conceived, and that a clearer understanding of Japanese technical information systems and a clearer sense of its importance to end users was necessary. That meeting led to formal technology assessments, Congressinal hearings, and legislation; it also helped stimulate several private initiatives in JSTI provision. Four years later there exist better coordinated and better conceived JSTI programs in both the public and private sectors, but there remains much room for improvement. This paper will recount their development and assess future directions.

Suppliers' Associations in the Japanese Automobile Industry

This paper analyzes the structure and functions of suppliers' associations (kyoryokukai) in the automobile industry in Japan. The bilateral assembler-supplier relationship has received much attention recently as a source of Japanese industrial competitiveness. However, this paper argues that the hitherto neglected area of inter-supplier coordination in technology diffusion is at least as important as the bilateral assembler-supplier relationship in accounting for the overall performance of the Japanese automotive industry. On the basis of company visits and a largescale survey of first-tier suppliers conducted by the author, the paper analyzes the reasons why suppliers' associations were established, why they continue to exist today, and their effects on economic performance.

Coherent forecasting of multiple-decrement life tables: a test using Japanese cause of death data

Planners in public and private institutions would like coherent forecasts of the components of age-specic mortality, such as causes of death. This has been di cult to achieve because the relative values of the forecast components often fail to behave in a way that is coherent with historical experience. In addition, when the group forecasts are combined the result is often incompatible with an all-groups forecast. It has been shown that cause-specic mortality forecasts are pessimistic when compared with all-cause forecasts (Wilmoth, 1995). This paper abandons the conventional approach of using log mortality rates and forecasts the density of deaths in the life table. Since these values obey a unit sum constraint for both conventional single-decrement life tables (only one absorbing state) and multiple-decrement tables (more than one absorbing state), they are intrinsically relative rather than absolute values across decrements as well as ages. Using the methods of Compositional Data Analysis pioneered by Aitchison (1986), death densities are transformed into the real space so that the full range of multivariate statistics can be applied, then back-transformed to positive values so that the unit sum constraint is honoured. The structure of the best-known, single-decrement mortality-rate forecasting model, devised by Lee and Carter (1992), is expressed in compositional form and the results from the two models are compared. The compositional model is extended to a multiple-decrement form and used to forecast mortality by cause of death for Japan

Beetle boy : inspired by Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis.

Una adaptación de La Metamorfosis de Kafka, da pie a esta historia de invisibilidad en la infancia y la capacidad de adaptación para seguir adelante. Gregory Sampson se despierta una mañana y descubre que se ha convertido en un gigante escarabajo. Desconcertado por su extraña situación, Gregory hace recortes en su camisa para sacar los dos nuevos brazos y considera que las piernas extras le ayudarán a contar en clase de matemáticas. Nadie, con excepción de su mejor amigo, advierte su inexplicable transformación. Él sólo necesita atención amorosa, y la única manera que puede llegar a tenerla es subiéndose al techo de su dormitorio y dejar que pasen las horas.

BeETLe: Herramienta ETL geo-espacial libre

Las herramientas ETL (Extract, Transform, Load – extraer, transformar, cargar) permiten modelizar flujos de datos, facilitando la ejecución automática de procesos repetitivos. El intercambio de información entre dos modelos de datos heterogéneos es un claro ejemplo del tipo de tareas que pueden abordarse con software ETL. El proyecto Kettle es una herramienta ETL con licencia LGPL (Library General Public License) que utiliza técnicas de computación grid (ejecución paralela y distribuida) para poder procesar grandes cantidades de datos en un tiempo reducido. Kettle combina una potente ejecución en modo servidor con una intuitiva herramienta de escritorio para modelar los procesos y configurar los parámetros de ejecución. GeoKettle es una extensión de Kettle, que añade la posibilidad de tratar datos con componente geográfica, si bien está limitado a datos vectoriales y a ciertas operaciones espaciales muy concreta. El Centro Temático Europeo de Usos del Suelo e Información Espacial (ETC-LUSI) está impulsando un proyecto complementario, llamado BeETLe, que pretende ampliar drásticamente las capacidades de análisis y transformación espacial de GeoKettle. Para ello se ha elegido el proyecto Sextante, una librería de análisis espacial que incluye más de doscientos algoritmos ráster y vectoriales. La intención del proyecto BeETLe es integrar el conjunto de algoritmos de Sextante en GeoKettle, de forma que estén disponibles como transformaciones de GeoKettle. Las principales características de la herramienta BeETLe incluyen: automatización de procesos de análisis espacial o de transformaciones repetitivas de datos espaciales, ejecución paralela y distribuida (grid computing), capacidad para procesar grandes cantidades de datos sin limitaciones de memoria, y soporte de datos ráster y vectorial. Los usuarios actuales de Sextante descubrirán que BeETLe les propone una forma de trabajo sencilla e intuitiva, que añade a Sextante toda la potencia que ofrecen las herramientas ETL para procesar y transformar información en bases de datos

Case study: acquisition of Japanese in aural language by the four year old child whose hearing loss was detected when he was visiting in U. S. with his family

Access to thesis is restricted. Contact Archives and Rare Books. This paper reports the results of language training for a newly diagnosed hearing impaired Japanese child using methods from the CID parent-infant program.

The effects of gravity on the development of otolith organs in the Japanese quail

This paper examines the detailed embryologic development of the otolith organs, part of the vestibular system responsible for balance, in Japanese quail. The data from this study will provide baseline data for comparison with experiments conducted by NASA during space flight.

The role of flower inclination, depth, and height in the preferences of a pollinating beetle (Coleoptera : Glaphyridae)

Amphicoma ( Glaphyridae) beetles are important pollinators of red bowl-shaped flowers in the Mediterranean. The role of color and shape in flower choice is well studied but the roles of inclination, depth, and height have seldom been investigated. Under field conditions, models were used to experimentally manipulate these three characters and visitation rates of beetles were recorded. Models with red horizontal surfaces were visited significantly more often than models with red vertical surfaces. Shallow flower models were visited significantly more than deeper equivalents. Models below or at the height of natural flower populations elicited significantly more landings than models above the height of flowers. Inclination, depth, and height characteristics are all likely to be important components in the flower preferences exhibited by pollinating beetles.

The effects of non-host plant essential oil volatiles on the behaviour of the pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus

The use of semiochemicals for manipulation of the pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) is being investigated for potential incorporation into a push-pull control strategy for this pest, which damages oilseed rape, Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae), throughout Europe. The response of M. aeneus to non-host plant volatiles was investigated in laboratory assays to establish whether they have any effect on host plant location behaviour. Two approaches were used. First a novel, moving-air bioassay using air funnels was developed to compare the response of M. aeneus to several non-host plant essential oils. The beetles avoided the host plant flowers in the presence of non-host volatiles, suggesting that M. aeneus uses olfactory cues in host location and/or acceptance. The results were expressed as 'repellency values' in order to compare the effects of the different oils tested. Lavender (Lavendula angustifolia Miller) (Lamiaceae) essential oil gave the highest repellency value. In addition, a four-arm olfactometer was used to investigate olfactory responses, as this technique eliminated the influence of host plant visual and contact cues. The attraction to host plant volatiles was reduced by the addition of non-host plant volatiles, but in addition to masking the host plant volatiles, the non-host volatiles were avoided when these were presented alone. This is encouraging for the potential use of non-host plants within a push-pull strategy to reduce the pest colonisation of crops. Further testing in more realistic semi-field and field trials is underway.