Dynamical Equations For The Period Vectors In A Periodic System Under Constant External Stress

The purpose of this paper is to derive the dynamical equations for the period vectors of a periodic system under constant external stress. The explicit starting point is Newton’s second law applied to halves of the system. Later statistics over indistinguishable translated states and forces associated with transport of momentum are applied to the resulting dynamical equations. In the final expressions, the period vectors are driven by the imbalance between internal and external stresses. The internal stress is shown to have both full interaction and kinetic-energy terms.

The `Chicken and Egg' of Subjective and Social Factors in Desistance from Crime

It is now widely acknowledged that progression from persistent offending to desistance from crime is the outcome of a complex interaction between subjective/ agency factors and social/environmental factors. A methodological challenge for desistance researchers is to unravel the differential impacts of these internal and external factors and the sequence in which they come into play. Towards this, the present investigation draws on a prospective study of 130 male property offenders, interviewed in the 1990s (the Oxford Recidivism Study), and followed up 10 years later. The analysis supports a `subjective—social model' in which subjective states measured before release have a direct effect on recidivism as well as indirect effects through their impact on social circumstances experienced after release from prison.

Inflammation and Anti-inflammatory strategies for alzheimer disease a mini review

Until recently, the central nervous system (CNS) has been thought to be an immune privileged organ. However, it is now understood that neuroinflammation is linked with the development of several CNS diseases including late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). The development of inflammation is a complex process involving a wide array of molecular interactions which in the CNS remains to be further characterized. The development of neuroinflammation may represent an important link between the early stages of LOAD and its pathological outcome. It is proposed that risks for LOAD, which include genetic, biological and environmental factors can each contribute to impairment of normal CNS regulation and function. The links between risk factors and the development of neuroinflammation are numerous and involve many complex interactions which contribute to vascular compromise, oxidative stress and ultimately neuroinflammation. Once this cascade of events is initiated, the process of neuroinflammation can become overactivated resulting in further cellular damage and loss of neuronal function. Additionally, neuroinflammation has been associated with the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the pathological hallmarks of LOAD. Increased levels of inflammatory markers have been correlated with an advanced cognitive impairment. Based on this knowledge, new therapies aimed at limiting onset of neuroinflammation could arrest or even reverse the development of the disease.

P2Y(1) antagonists: Combining receptor-based modeling and QSAR for a quantitative prediction of the biological activity based on consensus scoring

P2Y(1) is an ADP-activated G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Its antagonists impede platelet aggregation in vivo and are potential antithrombotic agents. Combining ligand and structure-based modeling we generated a consensus model (LIST-CM) correlating antagonist structures with their potencies. We docked 45 antagonists into our rhodopsin-based human P2Y(1) homology model and calculated docking scores and free binding energies with the Linear Interaction Energy (LIE) method in continuum-solvent. The resulting alignment was also used to build QSAR based on CoMFA, CoMSIA, and molecular descriptors. To benefit from the strength of each technique and compensate for their limitations, we generated our LIST-CM with a PLS regression based on the predictions of each methodology. A test set featuring untested substituents was synthesized and assayed in inhibition of 2-MeSADP-stimulated PLC activity and in radioligand binding. LIST-CM outperformed internal and external predictivity of any individual model to predict accurately the potency of 75% of the test set.

Drug and light delivery strategies for photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) of pulmonary pathogens:a pilot study

Pulmonary disease is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) suffers, with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia complex as problematic pathogens in terms of recurrent and unremitting infections. Novel treatment of pulmonary infection is required to improve the prognosis and quality of life for chronically infected patients. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) is a treatment combining exposure to a light reactive drug, with light of a wavelength specific for activation of the drug, in order to induce cell death of bacteria. Previous studies have demonstrated the susceptibility of CF pathogens to PACT in vitro. However, for the treatment to be of clinical use, light and photosensitizer must be able to be delivered successfully to the target tissue. This preliminary study assessed the potential for delivery of 635 nm light and methylene blue to the lung using an ex vivo and in vitro lung model. Using a fibre-optic light delivery device coupled to a helium-neon laser, up to 11% of the total light dose penetrated through full thickness pulmonary parenchymal tissue, which indicates potential for multiple lobe irradiation in vivo. The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of particles generated via methylene blue solution nebulisation was 4.40 µm, which is suitable for targeting the site of infection within the CF lung. The results of this study demonstrate the ability of light and methylene blue to be delivered to the site of infection in the CF lung. PACT remains a viable option for selective killing of CF lung pathogens.

Improving Patient Safety Through Formal and Informal Learning Networks

This paper explores a novel perspective on patient safety improvements, which draws on
contemporary social network and learning theories. A case study was conducted at a Portuguese
acute university hospital. Data collection followed a staged approach, whereby 46 interviews
were conducted involving 49 respondents from a broad array of departments and professional
backgrounds. This case study highlights the importance of two major interlinked factors in
contributing to patient safety improvements. The first of these is the crucial role of formal and
informal, internal and external social networks. The second is the importance and the possible
advantage of combining formal and informal learning. The analysis suggests that initiatives
rooted in formal learning approaches alone do not necessarily lead to the creation of long-term
grounded internal safety networks, and that patient safety improvements can crucially depend on
bottom-up initiatives of communities of practice and informal learning. Traditional research on
patient safety places a strong emphasis on top-down and managerialist approaches and is often
based on the assumption that „safety? learning is primarily formal and context-independent. This
paper suggests that bottom-up initiatives and a combination of formal and informal learning can
make a major contribute to patient safety improvements.

Survey of challenges and best practice strategies for participant recruitment to research projects in northern ireland

Participant recruitment is understood to be one of the most difficult aspects of the research process. Researchers are now devoting increasing amounts of time and resources to understand how participants decide to take part in research and what researchers can do to make their work appeal to potential participants. The purpose of the study is to assess the problems experienced by researchers in Northern Ireland when recruiting human participants into trials and studies and to gain insight into how researchers handle and overcome these issues. The main research question being addressed by this research is to develop an understanding of the problems experienced by staff when recruiting human participants to research projects. Methods used to increase study recruitment were also examined. The participants in this research are investigators and other associated staff on research studies based in Northern Ireland. Potential participants were identified through contacts with research active organizations such as the academic researchers in Queen’s University Belfast and research physicians and clinical trialists employed by the Belfast Health and Social Care Trust. Each organization forwarded on the survey request via email or newsletters. Researchers willing to take part accessed the questionnaire through the Survey Monkey website. This study utilised a cross-sectional questionnaire design.

Political Posturing or Real Powers: Control of Genetically Modified Crops by the Member States and their Regions

The cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops in the EU is highly harmonised, involving a central authorisation procedure that aims to ensure a high level of environmental and human health protection. However conflicts over authority persist and the Commission has responded to a combination of internal and external pressures with a more flexible approach to coexistence, a proposed opt-out clause and recently a promise by the head of the Commission to review the existing EU GM legislative regime, providing an opportunity to consider and suggest paths of development. In light of the significance of multilevel governance and subsidiarity for GM cultivation, this paper considers the policy-making powers of the Member States and subnational regions in this regime, focussing upon post-authorisation options in particular. A number of core mechanisms exist, including voluntary measures, safeguard clauses, coexistence measures, a proposed express opt-out and Article 4(2) TEU on ‘national identity. These mechanisms are examined in light of the goals and challenges of multilevel governance, in order to consider whether the relevant powers are located at the appropriate level. Overall, it is apparent that the developments occurring at the EU level are strengthening multilevel governance, but with significant opportunities to improve it further through focussing on the supporting roles and the regional levels in particular.

Particle-in-cell simulation study of the interaction between a relativistically moving leptonic micro-cloud and ambient electrons

Context. The jets of compact accreting objects are composed of electrons and a mixture of positrons and ions. These outflows impinge on the interstellar or intergalactic medium and both plasmas interact via collisionless processes. Filamentation (beam-Weibel) instabilities give rise to the growth of strong electromagnetic fields. These fields thermalize the interpenetrating plasmas. 

Aims. Hitherto, the effects imposed by a spatial non-uniformity on filamentation instabilities have remained unexplored. We examine the interaction between spatially uniform background electrons and a minuscule cloud of electrons and positrons. The cloud size is comparable to that created in recent laboratory experiments and such clouds may exist close to internal and external shocks of leptonic jets. The purpose of our study is to determine the prevalent instabilities, their ability to generate electromagnetic fields and the mechanism, by which the lepton micro-cloud transfers energy to the background plasma. 

Methods. A square micro-cloud of equally dense electrons and positrons impinges in our particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation on a spatially uniform plasma at rest. The latter consists of electrons with a temperature of 1 keV and immobile ions. The initially charge- and current neutral micro-cloud has a temperature of 100 keV and a side length of 2.5 plasma skin depths of the micro-cloud. The side length is given in the reference frame of the background plasma. The mean speed of the micro-cloud corresponds to a relativistic factor of 15, which is relevant for laboratory experiments and for relativistic astrophysical outflows. The spatial distributions of the leptons and of the electromagnetic fields are examined at several times. 

Results. A filamentation instability develops between the magnetic field carried by the micro-cloud and the background electrons. The electromagnetic fields, which grow from noise levels, redistribute the electrons and positrons within the cloud, which boosts the peak magnetic field amplitude. The current density and the moduli of the electromagnetic fields grow aperiodically in time and steadily along the direction that is anti-parallel to the cloud's velocity vector. The micro-cloud remains conjoined during the simulation. The instability induces an electrostatic wakefield in the background plasma. 

Conclusions. Relativistic clouds of leptons can generate and amplify magnetic fields even if they have a microscopic size, which implies that the underlying processes can be studied in the laboratory. The interaction of the localized magnetic field and high-energy leptons will give rise to synchrotron jitter radiation. The wakefield in the background plasma dissipates the kinetic energy of the lepton cloud. Even the fastest lepton micro-clouds can be slowed down by this collisionless mechanism. Moderately fast charge- and current neutralized lepton micro-clouds will deposit their energy close to relativistic shocks and hence they do not constitute an energy loss mechanism for the shock.

An Integrated Toolkit for the Conservation of Stone-Built Heritage

Rapid in situ diagnosis of damage is a key issue in the preservation of stone-built cultural heritage. This is evident in the increasing number of congresses, workshops and publications dealing with this issue. With this increased activity has come, however, the realisation that for many culturally significant artefacts it is not possible either to remove samples for analysis or to affix surface markers for measurement. It is for this reason that there has been a growth of interest in non-destructive and minimally invasive techniques for characterising internal and external stone condition. With this interest has come the realisation that no single technique can adequately encompass the wide variety of parameters to be assessed or provide the range of information required to identify appropriate conservation. In this paper we describe a strategy to address these problems through the development of an integrated `tool kit' of measurement and analytical techniques aimed specifically at linking object-specific research to appropriate intervention. The strategy is based initially upon the acquisition of accurate three-dimensional models of stone-built heritage at different scales using a combination of millimetre accurate LiDAR and sub-millimetre accurate Object Scanning that can be exported into a GIS or directly into CAD. These are currently used to overlay information on stone characteristics obtained through a combination of Ground Penetrating Radar, Surface Permeametry, Colorimetry and X-ray Fluorescence, but the possibility exists for adding to this array of techniques as appropriate. In addition to the integrated three-dimensional data array provided by superimposition upon Digital Terrain Models, there is the capability of accurate re-measurement to show patterns of surface loss and changes in material condition over time. Thus it is possible to both record and base-line condition and to identify areas that require either preventive maintenance or more significant pre-emptive intervention. In pursuit of these goals the authors are developing, through a UK Government supported collaboration between University Researchers and Conservation Architects, commercially viable protocols for damage diagnosis, condition monitoring and eventually mechanisms for prioritizing repairs to stone-built heritage. The understanding is, however, that such strategies are not age-constrained and can ultimately be applied to structures of any age.

UAP1 is overexpressed in prostate cancer and is protective against inhibitors of N-linked glycosylation

Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-associated deaths in men, and signaling via a transcription factor called androgen receptor (AR) is an important driver of the disease. Consequently, AR target genes are prominent candidates to be specific for prostate cancer and also important for the survival of the cancer cells. Here we assess the levels of all hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) enzymes in 15 separate clinical gene expression data sets and identify the last enzyme in the pathway, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1 (UAP1), to be highly overexpressed in prostate cancer. We analyzed 3261 prostate cancers on a tissue microarray and found that UAP1 staining correlates negatively with Gleason score (P=0.0039) and positively with high AR expression (P<0.0001). Cells with high UAP1 expression have 10-fold increased levels of the HBP end-product, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). UDP-GlcNAc is essential for N-linked glycosylation occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and high UAP1 expression associates with resistance against inhibitors of N-linked glycosylation (tunicamycin and 2-deoxyglucose) but not with a general ER stress-inducing agent, the calcium ionophore A23187. Knockdown of UAP1 expression re-sensitized cells towards inhibitors of N-linked glycosylation, as measured by proliferation and activation of ER stress markers. Taken together, we have identified an enzyme, UAP1, which is highly overexpressed in prostate cancer and protects cancer cells from ER stress conferring a growth advantage.

Diabetes Distress: Understanding the Hidden Struggles of Living with Diabetes and Exploring Intervention Strategies

Diabetes Distress is a rational emotional response to the threat of a life-changing illness. Distinct from depression, it is rooted in the demands of diabetes management and is a product of psychological adjustment. Diabetes distress has been found to be significantly associated with HbA1c and self-care, which demonstrates its clinical use in treatment outcomes. Interpersonal factors such as perceived support and protectiveness of partners significantly contribute to elevated distress, suggesting that these are valued areas of focus for interventions. Pioneering large-scale research, DAWN2, gives voices to the families of those with diabetes and reaffirms the need to consider psychosocial factors in routine diabetes care. Structured diabetes education programmes are the most widely used in helping individuals cope with diabetes, but they fail to consider the psychological or interpersonal aspects of diabetes management. Psycho-educational approaches are found to be effective in reducing diabetes distress while also improving HbA1c. Certain limitations in the current literature are discussed, along with future directions. Of utmost importance is the need for health practitioners, irrespective of background, to demonstrate an understanding of diabetes distress and actively engage in discussion with individuals struggling to cope with diabetes; to normalize this and integrate it into routine diabetes practice.

Da avaliação do impacte à articulação da investigação - práticas - o caso da articulação na formação didáctica pós-graduada de professores de ciências e desafios futuros

A linha de investigação deste estudo é a ‘articulação da Investigação em Didáctica das Ciências e Práticas de Ensino dos Professores de Ciências’. O seu enquadramento teórico e metodológico inicial assentou nos estudos das áreas ‘Relações entre Investigação e as Práticas’ e ‘Avaliação da Formação Pós-Graduada – vertente impacte/articulação’. Inicialmente, fez-se uma análise histórico-epistemológica da Didáctica desde a sua génese até aos dias de hoje, para se compreender quer as raízes do gap entre académicos e práticos em geral, quer a crescente necessidade de articulação. Posteriormente, avançou-se para a primeira área, partindo da polémica despoletada por Hargreaves, ao defender que o ensino deveria ser uma profissão baseada na investigação. Em seguida, partiu-se de uma análise mais geral sobre a Investigação e as Práticas no contexto educacional em vários países antes se centrar especificamente no contexto da Didáctica das Ciências (impacte da IDC nas Práticas e constrangimentos na articulação). Analisou-se também brevemente as relações entre a IDC e Práticas no contexto da Formação de Professores, e não a área da Formação de Professores, para mantermos sempre o foco nas questões inerentes à articulação. Culminou-se na análise das culturas e epistemologias da acção e da investigação, com especial destaque para o conceito de professorinvestigador na actualidade e para a descrição das barreiras epistemológicas e ontológicas. Concluiu-se que as comunidades da investigação e da acção utilizavam o conceito ‘articulação’ indiscriminadamente como sinónimo de interacções, contacto, aproximação, impacte, etc., o que acabou esvaziando-o do seu verdadeiro significado. No que diz respeito à segunda área, a sua análise partiu da descrição da evolução de dez anos (1997-2007) de estudos sobre a Avaliação do Impacte dos CM nas práticas por ser considerada uma forma eficaz de articular as dimensões da Didáctica em direcção a um novo olhar sobre o conceito ‘articulação’. Além disso, apontou a dificuldade de se avaliar o impacte ao nível macro, por um lado, por não se tratar de uma prática investigativa institucionalizada no estatuto da carreira dos professores dos EB e ES e, por outro, por ainda colidir com diferentes concepções da natureza das investigações realizadas por Professores encontradas em ambas as comunidades, entendida ora como processo cognitivo (para o desenvolvimento profissional dos professores), ora como prática social (para construção de conhecimento no campo da Didáctica). Foram compiladas ainda as sugestões para se potenciar o impacte da IDC nas Práticas e/ou a articulação entre a IDC-Práticas em contexto formativo de diversos estudos avaliativos. Finalizou-se a análise chamando a atenção para cinco aspectos que ainda carecem de maior aprofundamento nesta área. Este longo enquadramento evidenciou a complexidade da problemática ‘articulação’ decorrente da interdependência das várias dimensões (epistemológica, política, ontológica, psicológica, ética, entre outras). Por exemplo, a ausência de consenso sobre critérios para a avaliação da qualidade da investigação produzida por professores (dimensões política e epistemológica) acaba, por vezes, por não conferir legitimidade às mesmas e por influenciar a legitimação pela comunidade académica, o que resulta na necessidade de diferenciação dos contributos e no maior afastamento entre as comunidades (dimensão ontológica), entre outros. Assim, optou-se por iniciar a análise do fenómeno ‘articulação entre IDCPráticas’ através dos primeiros modelos de articulação investigação-ensino, os quais visavam, contudo, fundamentalmente o impacte da IDC nas Práticas de Ensino das Ciências. Posteriormente, foram apresentadas as potencialidades da Avaliação ↔ Feedback, TIC e Colaboração (estratégias/métodos) para potenciar a articulação entre Investigação- Práticas. No que diz respeito à investigação empírica, realizou-se um estudo de caso descritivo e explorativo de natureza mista. O caso único, crítico e instrumental foi o fenómeno “articulação entre a IDC-Práticas na Formação Didáctica Pós- Graduada” no contexto da unidade curricular ‘Metodologia do Ensino da Física’ (MEF) do Curso de Mestrado em Ensino de Física. A técnica de análise geral utilizada foi a “descrição do caso” pelo facto de não se ter um referencial teórico especificamente sobre o caso. O caso contemplou três unidades de análise, a saber: Caracterização dos Professores-Formandos; Funcionamento da Unidade Curricular e Dinâmica dos currículos dos módulos articuladores. Estas unidades de análises permitiram evidenciar de que forma as características e/ou alterações implementadas na disciplina MEF contribuíram (ou podem contribuir) para a articulação da IDC-Práticas e descrever as dinâmicas do currículo (intencional – negociado – acção), evidenciando em que medida promoveram (ou inibiram) a articulação IDC – práticas. O estudo de caso aqui descrito revelou, ainda, a existência de dois níveis de articulação entre a Investigação e as Práticas no contexto formativo. O primeiro nível foi a articulação entre a Investigação sobre o Ensino Superior/Formação de Professores de Ciências (patente nas estratégias/métodos utilizados na disciplina) e a prática formativa dos IF no contexto da disciplina. O segundo nível centrou-se na articulação entre a Investigação sobre o Ensino não-Superior/Didáctica das Ciências e as práticas de Ensino das Ciências, base orientadora do currículo da disciplina aqui analisada, concretizado nos dois módulos articuladores descritos. Destacam-se algumas dimensões de análise descritas na presente investigação empírica, a saber: Utilização das TIC; Avaliação do Ensino baseada no feedback dos alunos; Avaliação Formativa das Aprendizagens e feedback; Trabalho de grupo realizado nos módulos articuladores; Currículo centrado na IDC; Currículo centrado na articulação da IDC-Práticas de Ensino das Ciências; Currículo centrado nas Práticas de Ensino das Ciências; Currículo centrado na articulação da Investigação-Práticas formativas e Currículo centrado nas Políticas Educativas. Relativamente a dinâmica dos currículos (intencional - negociado - acção) dos dois módulos articuladores, foram definidos quatro construtos (objectos de ensino, objectos de aprendizagem, objectivos de ensino e objectivos de aprendizagem) que culminaram na discussão de vários aspectos a serem considerados nos próximos cursos como, por exemplo: 1) Importância de o contrato didáctico prever a inclusão de objectos de aprendizagem; 2) Incompatibilidade do objectivo de aprendizagem ‘compreender a importância da IDC e a sua relevância para as práticas lectivas em contextos específicos’ num quadro formativo articulador; e 3) Importância de os cursos de formação de professores explicitarem quais ferramentas investigativas são necessárias à produção autónoma de conhecimento no contexto escolar e académico (mesmo que não sejam mobilizadas), de forma a que os professores possam delinear previamente planos individuais de formação/investigação. O estudo termina com a apropriação do modelo de articulação entre a Investigação Educacional e Práticas de McIntyre (2005) ao contexto da Didáctica das Ciências evidenciando uma relação dialógica com a investigação empírica. Apesar de este modelo priorizar a dimensão epistemológica (que aceita o gap pela impossibilidade epistemológica do seu total desaparecimento), na sua apropriação foi considerada a influência das outras dimensões. Esta apropriação assentou, portanto, numa visão moderada de articulação e na complexidade inerente à interdependência das dimensões. Foram propostos três caminhos epistemológicos complementares para a articulação entre a IDC-Práticas: 1º) Interacções entre Didáctica Investigativa – Didáctica Profissional; 2º) Utilização de estratégias na IDC especialmente desenhadas para informar as práticas de ensino; e 3º) Realização de IDC pela escola. Em cada um destes caminhos procurou-se enquadrar algumas sugestões e iniciativas já levadas a cabo para potenciar o impacte e/ou articulação e que se encontravam referenciadas na literatura em geral e no contexto português em particular. O primeiro caminho (composto por cinco etapas) evidenciou-se como aquele que leva a maior vantagem pelas inúmeras intervenções possíveis. A investigação empírica aqui apresentada enquadrou-se inclusivamente neste primeiro caminho pelo facto de ter sido uma iniciativa com a intencionalidade explícita de articular a Didáctica Investigativa e Profissional e por ter sido realizada no contexto da Formação Pós-Graduada (cenário considerado privilegiado para a promoção de interacções). Esta iniciativa foi realizada exclusivamente no âmbito curricular da Formação Pós-Graduada (Didáctica Curricular) e procurou articular as dimensões epistemológicas da Didáctica através da utilização de ‘mecanismos potencialmente articuladores’ (Avaliação - feedback, TIC e Colaboração). Foram descritas as quatro etapas deste primeiro caminho percorridas empiricamente com variações no grau de concretização, com excepção da quinta etapa ‘Investigação sobre a prática de ensino com generalização situada’ porque a vertente dissertativa do respectivo curso não fez parte do corpus. Assim, a articulação ocorreu fundamentalmente no nível epistemológico (currículo da disciplina). No que diz respeito ao 2º caminho, é aquele em que a comunidade académica mais tem investido, quer pelas críticas voltadas especificamente para a investigação, quer pelo sucesso na potenciação do impacte nas propostas até agora implementadas. Deve ser utilizado de forma complementar ao 1º, envolvendo, de preferência, os Professores que percorrem frequentemente o 1º caminho na sua prática diária. Esta condição justifica-se pela necessidade de se integrar legitimamente os professores nas equipas de investigação, aumentando concomitantemente a contribuição das Práticas para a construção de conhecimento no campo educacional. Finalmente, o 3º caminho é aquele que ainda não pode ser concretizado porque, para as Escolas serem diferentes das actuais na dimensão epistemológica (tornando-se produtoras de conhecimento didáctico), seriam necessárias medidas estruturais e articuladas nas várias dimensões anteriormente referidas. Entretanto, foram apontadas algumas soluções como, por exemplo, a utilização de investigações de generalização situada nas Escolas e a ligação das Escolas em redes. Estas investigações locais não substituiriam, mas mobilizariam a IDC produzida nas Universidades (centradas na construção do campo Didáctica das Ciências). Este caminho visionário culmina por um lado, com uma análise prospectiva assente na relação de complementaridade entre as evidências científicas e experienciais porque uma prática sem suporte investigativo é imprudente e uma investigação sem suporte experiencial é imatura. Por outro com uma constatação tardia (deveras reconfortante) que os estudos centrados na relação entre a Investigação e Práticas são estudos voltados para a Formação de Investigadores-Seniores por exigirem uma meta-reflexão da prática investigativa e do processo investigativo. As implicações do estudo são: (i) futuras iniciativas de articulação entre IDCPráticas; (ii) implementar e avaliar as sugestões advindas em novos contextos formativos; e (iii) na Educação a distância na área da Didáctica e Formação Didáctica de Professores. Assume-se a limitação estrutural da investigação resultante da alteração do projecto inicial que o restringiu a uma única etapa. Faz-se ainda uma reflexão do processo formativo-investigativo mediante a descrição dos constrangimentos de natureza interna e externa. Explicitam-se as limitações de carácter geral e específico e algumas tentativas de minimização dos respectivos efeitos no estudo. Finaliza-se o estudo com algumas sugestões de trabalhos futuros, a saber: (i) Continuidade dos estudos centrados na articulação entre IDC-Práticas; (ii) Continuidade dos estudos de Avaliação da Formação Pós-Graduada em termos de eficiência, eficácia, impacte e articulação; (iii) Análise da Epistemologia da Prática Docente em comunidades de práticas escolares; (iv) Articulação entre a Investigação sobre a Formação de Professores e as práticas dos formadores e futuros-formadores; e (v) Constituição de “Scholarship of teaching” na Formação de Professores.

Inter layer and cooperative design strategies for green mobile networks

The promise of a truly mobile experience is to have the freedom to roam around anywhere and not be bound to a single location. However, the energy required to keep mobile devices connected to the network over extended periods of time quickly dissipates. In fact, energy is a critical resource in the design of wireless networks since wireless devices are usually powered by batteries. Furthermore, multi-standard mobile devices are allowing users to enjoy higher data rates with ubiquitous connectivity. However, the bene ts gained from multiple interfaces come at a cost in terms of energy consumption having profound e ect on the mobile battery lifetime and standby time. This concern is rea rmed by the fact that battery lifetime is one of the top reasons why consumers are deterred from using advanced multimedia services on their mobile on a frequent basis. In order to secure market penetration for next generation services energy e ciency needs to be placed at the forefront of system design. However, despite recent e orts, energy compliant features in legacy technologies are still in its infancy, and new disruptive architectures coupled with interdisciplinary design approaches are required in order to not only promote the energy gain within a single protocol layer, but to enhance the energy gain from a holistic perspective. A promising approach is cooperative smart systems, that in addition to exploiting context information, are entities that are able to form a coalition and cooperate in order to achieve a common goal. Migrating from this baseline, this thesis investigates how these technology paradigm can be applied towards reducing the energy consumption in mobile networks. In addition, we introduce an additional energy saving dimension by adopting an interlayer design so that protocol layers are designed to work in synergy with the host system, rather than independently, for harnessing energy. In this work, we exploit context information, cooperation and inter-layer design for developing new energy e cient and technology agnostic building blocks for mobile networks. These technology enablers include energy e cient node discovery and short-range cooperation for energy saving in mobile handsets, complemented by energy-aware smart scheduling for promoting energy saving on the network side. Analytical and simulations results were obtained, and veri ed in the lab on a real hardware testbed. Results have shown that up to 50% energy saving could be obtained.