Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on fatty acid composition in muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue of lambs

Lambs (n = 48) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate effects of inclusion of oil containing PUFA in high-concentrate diets (with or without) and duration of oil supplementation (pre- vs. postweaning) on CLA concentration of muscle and adipose tissue. Lambs were fed preweaning creep diets (with or without oil) corresponding to the dietary lactation treatment diet (with or without oil) of the dam. Dams blocked by lambing date and rearing type were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 lactation dietary treatments with or without oil supplementation. Creep diets contained approximately 70% concentrate and 30% roughage and were provided to lambs for ad libitum intake. At weaning (58.7 ± 2.5 d of age), lambs (n = 48) were randomly assigned within preweaning treatment groups to 1 of 2 postweaning dietary treatments (with or without oil) and 16 pens in a randomized block design, blocked by sex and BW. Postweaning diets were formulated to contain approximately 80% concentrate and 20% roughage and were fed once daily for ad libitum intake. Soybean and linseed oil (2:1, respectively) replaced ground corn and provided 3% additional fat in pre- and postweaning diets. Lambs were slaughtered at 60.3 ± 4.2 kg of BW. A subcutaneous fat (SQ) sample was obtained within 1 h postmortem and a LM sample at the 12th rib was obtained 24 h postmortem, and both were analyzed for fatty acid profile. Feedlot performance and carcass measurements were not affected (P ≥ 0.26) by oil supplementation. Total CLA content of LM and SQ was not affected (P ≥ 0.08) by oil supplementation pre- or postweaning, but trans-10, cis-12 CLA was greater (P = 0.02) in SQ from lambs supplemented with oil postweaning. Total PUFA content in LM was greater (P = 0.02) in lambs supplemented with oil pre- or postweaning as a result of increased concentrations of 18:2cis-9, cis-12 and longer chain PUFA. Conversely, pre- and postweaning oil supplementation resulted in less (P = 0.04) MUFA content in LM. Only postweaning oil supplementation increased (P = 0.001) SQ PUFA content. Feeding oils containing PUFA to lambs pre- and postweaning did not increase CLA content of muscle, whereas postweaning oil supplementation minimally increased CLA concentration of SQ fat. Inclusion of soybean and linseed oil in pre- and postweaning diets increased total PUFA content of SQ fat and muscle tissue without adversely affecting growth performance or carcass characteristics.

Femtosecond pulse shaping using differential evolutionary algorithm and wavelet operators

Evolutionary meta-algorithms for pulse shaping of broadband femtosecond duration laser pulses are proposed. The genetic algorithm searching the evolutionary landscape for desired pulse shapes consists of a population of waveforms (genes), each made from two concatenated vectors, specifying phases and magnitudes, respectively, over a range of frequencies. Frequency domain operators such as mutation, two-point crossover average crossover, polynomial phase mutation, creep and three-point smoothing as well as a time-domain crossover are combined to produce fitter offsprings at each iteration step. The algorithm applies roulette wheel selection; elitists and linear fitness scaling to the gene population. A differential evolution (DE) operator that provides a source of directed mutation and new wavelet operators are proposed. Using properly tuned parameters for DE, the meta-algorithm is used to solve a waveform matching problem. Tuning allows either a greedy directed search near the best known solution or a robust search across the entire parameter space.

A time-invariant visco-elastic windkessel model relating blood flow and blood volume

The difference between the rate of change of cerebral blood volume (CBV) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) following stimulation is thought to be due to circumferential stress relaxation in veins (Mandeville, J.B., Marota, J.J.A., Ayata, C., Zaharchuk, G., Moskowitz, M.A., Rosen, B.R., Weisskoff, R.M., 1999. Evidence of a cerebrovascular postarteriole windkessel with delayed compliance. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 19, 679–689). In this paper we explore the visco-elastic properties of blood vessels, and present a dynamic model relating changes in CBF to changes in CBV. We refer to this model as the visco-elastic windkessel (VW) model. A novel feature of this model is that the parameter characterising the pressure–volume relationship of blood vessels is treated as a state variable dependent on the rate of change of CBV, producing hysteresis in the pressure–volume space during vessel dilation and contraction. The VW model is nonlinear time-invariant, and is able to predict the observed differences between the time series of CBV and that of CBF measurements following changes in neural activity. Like the windkessel model derived by Mandeville, J.B., Marota, J.J.A., Ayata, C., Zaharchuk, G., Moskowitz, M.A., Rosen, B.R., Weisskoff, R.M., 1999. Evidence of a cerebrovascular postarteriole windkessel with delayed compliance. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 19, 679–689, the VW model is primarily a model of haemodynamic changes in the venous compartment. The VW model is demonstrated to have the following characteristics typical of visco-elastic materials: (1) hysteresis, (2) creep, and (3) stress relaxation, hence it provides a unified model of the visco-elastic properties of the vasculature. The model will not only contribute to the interpretation of the Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) signals from functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) experiments, but also find applications in the study and modelling of the brain vasculature and the haemodynamics of circulatory and cardiovascular systems.

Extended cusp-like regions and their dependence on the Polar orbit, seasonal variations, and interplanetary conditions

Extended cusp-like regions (ECRs) are surveyed, as observed by the Magnetospheric Ion Composition Sensor (MICS) of the Charge and Mass Magnetospheric Ion Composition Experiment (CAMMICE) instrument aboard Polar between 1996 and 1999. The first of these ECR events was observed on 29 May 1996, an event widely discussed in the literature and initially thought to be caused by tail lobe reconnection due to the coinciding prolonged interval of strong northward IMF. ECRs are characterized here by intense fluxes of magnetosheath-like ions in the energy-per-charge range of _1 to 10 keV e_1. We investigate the concurrence of ECRs with intervals of prolonged (lasting longer than 1 and 3 hours) orientations of the IMF vector and high solar wind dynamic pressure (PSW). Also investigated is the opposite concurrence, i.e., of the IMF and high PSW with ECRs. (Note that these surveys are asking distinctly different questions.) The former survey indicates that ECRs have no overall preference for any orientation of the IMF. However, the latter survey reveals that during northward IMF, particularly when accompanied by high PSW, ECRs are more likely. We also test for orbital and seasonal effects revealing that Polar has to be in a particular region to observe ECRs and that they occur more frequently around late spring. These results indicate that ECRs have three distinct causes and so can relate to extended intervals in (1) the cusp on open field lines, (2) the magnetosheath, and (3) the magnetopause indentation at the cusp, with the latter allowing magnetosheath plasma to approach close to the Earth without entering the magnetosphere.

On the cause of a magnetospheric flux transfer event

We present a detailed investigation of a magnetospheric flux transfer event (FTE) seen by the Active Magnetospheric Tracer Explorer (AMPTE) UKS and IRM satellites around 1046 UT on October 28, 1984. This event has been discussed many times previously in the literature and has been cited as support for a variety of theories of FTE formation. We make use of a model developed to reproduce ion precipitations seen in the cusp ionosphere. The analysis confirms that the FTE is well explained as a brief excursion into an open low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL), as predicted by two theories of magnetospheric FTEs: namely, that they are bulges in the open LLBL due to reconnection rate enhancements or that they are indentations of the magnetopause by magnetosheath pressure increases (but in the presence of ongoing steady reconnection). The indentation of the inner edge of the open LLBL that these two models seek to explain is found to be shallow for this event. The ion model reproduces the continuous evolution of the ion distribution function between the sheath-like population at the event center and the surrounding magnetospheric populations; it also provides an explanation of the high-pressure core of the event as comprising field lines that were reconnected considerably earlier than those that are draped over it to give the event boundary layer. The magnetopause transition parameter is used to isolate a field rotation on the boundaries of the core, which is subjected to the tangential stress balance test. The test identifies this to be a convecting structure, which is neither a rotational discontinuity (RD) nor a contact discontinuity, but could possibly be a slow shock. In addition, evidence for ion reflection off a weak RD on the magnetospheric side of this structure is found. The event structure is consistent in many ways with features predicted for the open LLBL by analytic MHD theories and by MHD and hybrid simulations. The de Hoffman-Teller velocity of the structure is significantly different from that of the magnetosheath flow, indicating that it is not an indentation caused by a high-pressure pulse in the sheath but is consistent with the motion of newly opened field lines (different from the sheath flow because of the magnetic tension force) deduced from the best fit to the ion data. However, we cannot here rule out the possibility that the sheath flow pattern has changed in the long interval between the two satellites observing the FTE and subsequently emerging into the magnetosheath; thus this test is not conclusive in this particular case. Analysis of the fitted elapsed time since reconnection shows that the core of the event was reconnected in one pulse and the event boundary layer was reconnected in a subsequent pulse. Between these two pulses is a period of very low (but nonzero) reconnection rate, which lasts about 14 mins. Thus the analysis supports, but does not definitively verify, the concept that the FTE is a partial passage into an open LLBL caused by a traveling bulge in that layer produced by a pulse in reconnection rate.

An implicit technique for solving 3D low Reynolds number moving free surface flows

This paper describes the development of an implicit finite difference method for solving transient three-dimensional incompressible free surface flows. To reduce the CPU time of explicit low-Reynolds number calculations, we have combined a projection method with an implicit technique for treating the pressure on the free surface. The projection method is employed to uncouple the velocity and the pressure fields, allowing each variable to be solved separately. We employ the normal stress condition on the free surface to derive an implicit technique for calculating the pressure at the free surface. Numerical results demonstrate that this modification is essential for the construction of methods that are more stable than those provided by discretizing the free surface explicitly. In addition, we show that the proposed method can be applied to viscoelastic fluids. Numerical results include the simulation of jet buckling and extrudate swell for Reynolds numbers in the range [0.01, 0.5]. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Quartz recrystallization regimes, c-axis texture transitions and fluid inclusion reequilibration in a prograde greenschist to amphibolite facies mylonite zone (Ribeira Shear Zone, SE Brazil)

The crystal-plastic behavior of quartz mylonites from the Ribeira Shear Zone (SE Brazil), a major strike-slip structure that was active during a prograde metamorphic phase related to the Neoproterozoic Brasiliano-Pan African Orogeny, was investigated using a multi-method approach. Geothermobarometry results indicate deformational conditions ranging from similar to 300 to similar to 630 degrees C and 500-700 MPa. A strong correlation between mapped metamorphic zones and a dominance of different dynamic recrystallization mechanisms of quartz occurs within the mylonite zone. Bulging recrystallization (BLG) dominates within the chlorite zone between 300 and 410 degrees C, subgrain rotation recrystallization (SGR) operates within the biotite zone from 410 to 520 degrees C, and grain boundary migration recrystallization (GBM) dominates in the garnet zone above 520 degrees C. The development of quartz c-axis textures is mainly governed by temperature and dynamic recrystallization mechanisms. Textures from BLG zone mylonites are characterized by maxima around Z; SGR zone mylonites display single girdles or asymmetric type I crossed girdles; and GBM zone mylonites comprise maxima around Y and intermediate between X and Z. The scarcity or absence of water-bearing fluid inclusions in quartz mylonites from the SGR and GBM zones, which are dominated by carbonic inclusions, suggests water-deficient conditions, whereas BLG zone mylonites are dominated by water-bearing inclusions. This evidence indicates that water was available in the protoliths but has been eliminated with increasing deformation and deformation temperature. No effect of the water content variation on the quartz microstructural and recrystallized grain size evolution was detected, and little influence on c-axis texture development was observed. Most of the fluid inclusion densities were reequilibrated during the shear zone exhumation history, recording a decompression in the range of 300-500 MPa, while microstructural reequilibration effects related to the prograde metamorphism are largely preserved. Fluid inclusion microstructures and densities from two SGR zone samples preserved evidence for a near isothermal compression within the interior of the Ribeira Shear Zone during the prograde metamorphism. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Surface Displacement of the Colby Green Retaining Pond Dams

The Colby Green is a campus expansion project which began in October of 2003. The construction would result in three new buildings, additional parking, and an elliptical 75,000-squarefoot green southeast of Mayflower Hill Drive. There were also plans for the construction of three run-off management and sediment ponds below the green, to manage flooding of the green. Three drains in the green transport water to the three retaining ponds which slowly disperse water into the surrounding environment. The ponds were created by constructing earthen dams around the drain outlets. The dams are composed of soil, cobbles, and boulders procured from the surrounding excavation site. Unfortunately, earthen dams are susceptible to many types of erosion which result in their failure. In this case the potential for clay and silt from the underlying Presumpscot Formation to mix with the soil in the earthen dams raised concerns with regards to frost action. In order to monitor the surface displacement of the dams I drove 92 poles into the ground in 8 straight lines across the faces of the dams in the fall of 2005. I returned to the sites during and after the spring thaw of 2006, to check for any signs of movement resulting from frost-heave, surface creep, or any other form of mass wasting. Fortunately, there was no recordable sign of movement in the stakes across any of the retaining ponds. The dams appear to be functioning as designed.

Dimensionamento de pilares esbeltos de concreto armado

O objetivo deste trabalho é o dimensionamento de pilares esbeltos de concreto armado, sob cargas de curta e longa duração, baseado numa análise realística das deformações do mesmo. Apresenta-se três algoritmos numéricos para a obtencão das relações momento fletor-esforço normal-curvatura de uma seção arbitrária de concreto armado, sob flexo-compressão normal. Inclue-se as deformações específicas de fluência e retração do concreto na análise, através de uma alteração nas referidas relações. Apresenta-se alguns critérios de normas, relativos ao dimensionamento de pilares esbeltos de concreto armado e uma comparação dos mesmos, entre si e com o algoritmo numérico desenvolvido. Considerações da NB-1/78 relativas ao projeto de pilares são analisadas, verificando o nivel da precisão obtida. Um procedimento simplificado para a inclusão da fluência do concreto no dimensionamento, proposto pelo CEB, é testado e uma solução para pilares de concreto armado com engastamento elástico simétrico é apresentada, para verificar o nível: do erro cometido ao se estender o conceito de comprimento de flambagem a pilares de concreto armado. Uma série de exemplos experimentais são apresentados, onde a solução numérica para o dimensionamento tem sua precisão verificada. Diversas tabelas foram desenvolvidas para o dimensionamento de pilares esbeltos com secão transversal retangular e armadura simétrica. Todo o estudo é restrito ao caso de flexo-compressão normal.

Um modelo elasto-viscoplástico para análise de peças de concreto estrutural, submetidas a estados planos de tensão, através do método dos elementos finitos

O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um modelo computacional, baseado no método dos elementos finitos, para o estudo de peças de concreto armado e protendido submetidas a estados planos de tensão. O estudo abrange situações de carga de curta e longa duração, onde consideram-se fluência e retração do concreto e relaxação do aço. São utilizados modelos constitutivos elasto-viscoplásticos para descrever o comportamento dos materiais. Implementou-se um modelo de camadas superpostas para melhor representar o comportamento do concreto, onde o material é composto de diversas camadas que sofrem a mesma deformação. Cada camada possui diferentes características materiais e a tensão total é obtida pela soma das diferentes contribuições de cada camada. Para a fissuração da concreto, utilizou-se um modelo de fissuras distribuídas, que leva em conta a contribuição do concreto entre fissuras. Tanto a amadura passiva como a de pratensão são introduzidas no modelo como uma linha de material mais rígido dentro do elemento de concreto. Os deslocamentos ao longo da armadura são referenciados aos deslocamentos nodais do elemento de concreto. Deste modo, obtém-se uma matriz de rigidez para a armadura com as mesmas dimensões que a matriz de rigidez do elemento de concreto, A matriz de rigidez do elemento concreto-aço é a soma das duas matrizes. Considera-se aderência perfeita entre o concreto e o aço. Os resultados obtidos com esse programa computacionai são comparados com valores experimentais disponíveis.

Derivação e solução de equações modelo da dinâmica de gases rarefeitos

Neste trabalho, duas equações modedlo na área da dinâmica de gases rarefeitos, são derivadas a partir de algumas soluções exatas da equação linearizada de Boltzmann homogênea e não homogênea. Em adição, uma versão analítca do método de ordenadas discretas é usado para resolver problemas clássicos nesta área, descritos pelo "Modelo S". Resultados numéricos são apresentados para os problemas de fluxo de Couette, fluxo de Poiseuille, "Creep" Térmico, Deslizamento Térmico e problema de Kramers.

Soluções unificadas para modelos com freqüência de colisão variável da dinâmica de gases rarefeitos

Neste trabalho, uma versão analítica do método de ordenadas discretas é usada para desenvolver soluções para alguns problemas da dinÂmica de gases rarefeitos, baseado em um modelo com freqüência de colisão variável (modelo CLF) da equação de Boltzmann linearizada. Em particular, resultados numéricos obtidos para os problemas de salto de temperatura, fluxo de Poiseuille, fluxo de Couette, Kramers, creep-térmico e deslizamento térmico são apresentados e discutidos.

Efeitos das substituições químicas na irreversibilidade magnética e magnetocondutividade do supercondutor YBa2 Cu3 O7-[delta]

O presente trabalho consiste da realização de um estudo experimental sobre os efeitos das substituições químicas na irreversibilidade magnética e na magnetocondutividade do supercondutor YBa2Cu3O7-δ. Para tanto, o comportamento da linha de irreversibilidade magnética (LIM) bem como dos regimes de flutuações na magnetocondutividade foram pesquisados em amostras policristalinas e moncristalinas de YBa2-xSrxCu3O7-δ (x = 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.37 e 0.5) e YBa2Cu2.97D0.03O7-δ (D = Zn ou Mg). Além de reduzir drasticamente o valor da temperatura crítica de transição, Tc, os dopantes introduzem um caráter granular nos monocristais. No monocristal puro, o comportamento da LIM é descrito pela lei de potências prevista pelo modelo de "flux creep" gigante para dinâmica de fluxo de Abrikosov convencional. Por outro lado, o comportamento da LIM para as amostras supercondutoras granulares apresenta características própias bastante relevantes. Os dados do limite de irreversibilidade, Tirr(H) seguem a lei de potência ditada pelas teorias de "flux creep" somente em altos campos magnéticos.Na região de baixos campos magnéticos, dois diferentes regimes de dinâmica de fluxo surgem: Nos campos magnéticos mais baixos que 1 kOe, os dados de Tirr(H) seguem uma lei de potência do tipo de Almeida-Thouleess (AT). Perto de 1 kOe, ocorre um "crossover" e em campos magnéticos intermediários passa a ter seu comportamento descrito por uma lei de potências do tipo Gabay-Toulouse (GT). A ocorrência de um comportamento AT-GT na LIM é a assinatura de um sistema frustrado onde a dinâmica de fluxo intergranular ou de Josephson é dominante. Na ausência de teorias específicas para este comportamento em baixos campos, descrevemos o comportamento da LIM de nossos supercondutores granulares, na região de baixo campo, em analogia aos sistemas vidros de spin. No entanto, o comportamento de Tirr(H) na região de altos campos, ocorre de acordo com a teoria de "flux creep" gigante. Particularmente, para valores acima de 20 kOe, a LIM nos monocristais de YBa2-xSrxCu3O7-δ para H // ab, exibe fortes propriedades direcionais para a orientação de H próximo aos planos de maclas (PMCs). Este comportamento é do tipo "cusp", similar ao observado em supercondutores com defeitos colunares, o qual caracteriza uma fase vidro de Bose. Por outro lado, a magnetoresistividade elétrica revela que a transição resistiva dos supercondutores granulares ocorre em duas etapas. Quando a temperatura é decrescida, inicialmente ocorre a transição de pareamento no interior dos grãos. Em temperaturas inferiores, na proximidade do estado de resistência nula, ocorre a transição de coerência, observada pela primeira vez num monocristal. Na transição de coerência, o parâmetro de ordem adquire ordem de longo alcance. Na região de temperaturas imediatamente acima de Tc, nossos resultados de flutuações na magnetocondutividade revelam a ocorrência de regimes críticos e Gaussianos. Abaixo de Tc, na região paracoerente, que antecede à transição de coerência, observaram-se regimes críticos cujo expoente é consistente com o esperado para o modelo 3D-XY com desordem relevante e dinâmica do tipo vidro de spin.

Efeitos de superfície na dinâmica de gases rarefeitos : uma análise baseada no núcleo de espalhamento de Cercignani-Lampis

Neste trabalho, uma versão analítica do método de ordenadas discretas (ADO) é usada para resolver problemas da dinâmica de gases rarefeitos, enfocando a interação do gás com a superfície, que é modulada pela lei de Cercignani-Lampis, a qual inclui a consideração de dois coeficientes de acomodação. Os problemas para uma espécie (Fluxo de Poiseuille, problema Creep Térmico, Fluxo de Couette, problema de Deslizamento Térmico, problema de Deslizamento Viscoso e problema de Salto de Temperatura) são formulados a partir dos modelos BGK e S da equação linearizada de Boltzmann. Para o caso de problemas de mistura binária de gases (problema de Salto de Temperatura, problema de Deslizamento Térmico e problema de Deslizamento Viscoso) é usado o modelo de McCormack. A solução em ordenadas discretas analítica se mostra eficiente e precisa e uma série de resultados é apresentada no sentido de estabelecer uma análise detalhada da influência dos efeitos de superfície para todos os problemas.

Avaliação de misturas asfálticas com incorporação de borracha reciclada de pneus

Este trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa experimental que buscou o entendimento dos fatores influentes no desempenho de misturas asfálticas preparadas com incorporação de borracha reciclada de pneus. Foram estudados tanto os ligantes modificados (asfalto-borracha) e misturas preparadas com tais ligantes, como as misturas tipo agregado-borracha. As misturas de ligantes modificados com borracha (processo úmido) foram preparadas em laboratório e caracterizadas segundo ensaios tradicionais e da Metodologia SUPERPAVETM. Para as misturas agregado-borracha (processo seco) foram preparadas e ensaiadas, misturas tipo concreto asfáltico variando-se os principais fatores intervenientes no desempenho, tais como: granulometria da borracha e do agregado, tempo de digestão da borracha e percentual de borracha. Para caracterização e verificação de desempenho, realizaram-se os ensaios da Metodologia Marshall, ensaios de resistência à tração, módulo de resiliência à compressão diâmetral, fadiga à tensão controlada, adesividade (Metodologia Lottman Modificada), abrasão (Cântabro) e deformação permanente (creep dinâmico e simulador tipo LCPC). Foi construído, também, um pequeno trecho experimental comparativo, para verificação de aspectos executivos e monitoramento de superfície (com borracha-agregado). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a superioridade tanto dos ligantes modificados quanto das misturas asfálticas preparadas com tais ligantes. Pode-se afirmar que a adição de 12 a 18% de borracha ao ligante, leva à produção de misturas com maior resistência à fadiga e a deformações permanentes e maior durabilidade A incorporação de borracha, através do processo seco, melhora as características de resistência à fadiga e ao trincamento térmico, devido à menor sensibilidade a variações de temperatura. O efeito do tempo de digestão mostrou-se altamente relevante no comportamento das misturas. As medidas de macrotextura in situ indicaram que o revestimento tipo borracha-agregado possui características funcionais melhores que as do trecho comparativo em concreto asfáltico convencional. Ficou evidente a existência de viabilidade técnica para execução de revestimentos com a utilização de borracha reciclada, tanto com o emprego do processo úmido quanto seco.