Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference-2012: Recommendations to Reduce Morbidity and Mortality in Intrathecal Drug Delivery in the Treatment of Chronic Pain.

Introduction:  Targeted intrathecal drug infusion to treat moderate to severe chronic pain has become a standard part of treatment algorithms when more conservative options fail. This therapy is well established in the literature, has shown efficacy, and is an important tool for the treatment of both cancer and noncancer pain; however, it has become clear in recent years that intrathecal drug delivery is associated with risks for serious morbidity and mortality. Methods:  The Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference is a meeting of experienced implanting physicians who strive to improve care in those receiving implantable devices. Employing data generated through an extensive literature search combined with clinical experience, this work group formulated recommendations regarding awareness, education, and mitigation of the morbidity and mortality associated with intrathecal therapy to establish best practices for targeted intrathecal drug delivery systems. Results:  Best practices for improved patient care and outcomes with targeted intrathecal infusion are recommended to minimize the risk of morbidity and mortality. Areas of focus include respiratory depression, infection, granuloma, device-related complications, endocrinopathies, and human error. Specific guidance is given with each of these issues and the general use of the therapy. Conclusions:  Targeted intrathecal drug delivery systems are associated with risks for morbidity and mortality that can be devastating. The panel has given guidance to treating physicians and healthcare providers to reduce the incidence of these problems and to improve outcomes when problems occur.

La paciente embarazada: repercusión en la cavidad bucal y consideraciones respecto al tratamiento odontológico

El embarazo conlleva una serie de cambios orgánicos, fisiológicos (del sistema cardiovascular y gastrointestinal, de la función pulmonar, hematológicos...) y de conducta que pueden repercutir en la cavidad bucal. El granuloma gravídico se considera una entidad patológica propia del embarazo. Podremos observar también en las pacientes gestantes un aumento en la incidencia de caries, asociado fundamentalmente a un incremento de Jos factores locales cariogénicos (descuido de la higiene bucal, cambio de Jos hábitos dietéticos y horarios...), y un posible empeoramiento de la patología gingival y periodontal asociado a las variaciones hormonales que acompañan al embarazo y a factores locales irritativos. El segundo trimestre de gestación será el momento ideal para llevar a cabo cualquier tratamiento dental rutinario. Deberemos ir con sumo cuidado en lo que se refiere a la administración de fármacos (penicilina, eritromicina, cefalosporinas de primera generación, paracetamol y lidocaína con vasoconstrictor se consideran fármacos de prescripción segura durante el embarazo) y la realización de radiografías dentales (es imprescindible colocar un delantal plomado a la paciente).

Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase protects against liver injury induced by mycobacterial infection and endotoxins.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) infection causes hepatic injury following granuloma formation and secretion of cytokines which render mice highly sensitive to endotoxin-mediated hepatotoxicity. This work investigates the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in liver damage induced by BCG and endotoxins in BCG-infected mice. METHODS: Liver injury and cytokine activation induced by BCG and by LPS upon BCG infection (BCG/LPS) were compared in wild-type and iNOS-/- mice. RESULTS: iNOS-/- mice infected with living BCG are protected from hepatic injury when compared to wild-type mice which express iNOS protein in macrophages forming hepatic granulomas. In addition, iNOS-/- mice show a decrease in BCG-induced IFN-gamma serum levels. LPS challenge in BCG-infected mice strongly activates iNOS in the liver and spleen of wild-type mice which show important liver damage associated with a dramatic increase in TNF and IL-6 and also Th1 type cytokines. In contrast, iNOS-/- mice are protected from liver injury after BCG/LPS challenge and their TNF, IL-6 and Th1 type cytokine serum levels raise moderately. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that nitric oxide (NO) from iNOS is involved in hepatotoxicity induced by both mycobacterial infection and endotoxin effects upon BCG infection and that inhibition of NO from iNOS protects from liver injuries.

Osteoid osteoma-like lesions: MDCT features and treatment by radiofrequency ablation : 46

Purpose: To assess the MDCT features of bone lesions that mimic osteoid osteoma (OO-like lesions) and evaluate their treatment by radiofrequency (RF) ablation. Methods and materials: All percutaneous RF ablations performed between May 2002 and June 2009 for a presumed (clinical and MDCT features) diagnosis of OO were retrospectively reviewed. Per-procedural biopsies were always performed and histopathological diagnoses were noted. The following MDCT features of all bone lesions were assessed by two musculoskeletal radiologists in consensus: skeletal distribution and location within the bone, size, central calcification, surrounding osteosclerosis and periosteal reaction. Clinical success was also evaluated. Results: Eighty patients (54 males, 26 females, mean age 24.1 years, range 5-48) underwent RF ablation. The histopathological diagnoses were: 54 non-contributory biopsies, 16 OO, 10 OO-like lesions (5 chronic osteomyelitis, 3 chondroblastoma, 1 eosinophilic granuloma, 1 fibrous dysplasia). The OO-like lesions were significantly greater in size (p = 0.001) and exhibited trends toward medullary location within the bone, moderate surrounding osteosclerosis and less periosteal reaction, compared to OO. Primary clinical success for OO-like lesions was 100% at 1 month, 85.7% at 6 and 12 months, and 66.7% at 24 months. Secondary success was 100%. Conclusion: Greater size, medullary location within the bone, lesser surrounding osteosclerosis and periosteal reaction on MDCT may help differentiate OO-like lesions from OO. OO-like lesions are safely and successfully treated by RF ablation.

Multisystem Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (Hand-Schüller-Christian disease) in an adult: a case report and review of the literature.

Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare and enigmatic clonal disorder that affects mainly children. It is characterized by single or multiple granulomatous mass lesions composed of cells with the Langerhans' cell phenotype. Clinical presentation and behavior are heterogeneous and can range from a solitary lytic bone lesion (i.e., eosinophilic granuloma) with a favorable course to a fatal disseminated leukaemia-like form, with a wide spectrum of intermediate clinical presentations between these two extremes. Although LCH typically involves the bone, lesions can be found in almost all organs. We are reporting the case of a multisystem LCH in a 47-year-old patient who presented with a panhypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus, and who, 5 years later, developed mandibular, mastoid and femoral lesions. The final diagnosis of LCH was made on mandibular biopsy.

Comparison between Radiographic (2-dimensional and 3-dimensional) and Histologic Findings of Periapical Lesions Treated with Apical Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the concordance of 2- and 3-dimensional radiography and histopathology in the diagnosis of periapical lesions. METHODS: Patients were consecutively enrolled in this study provided that preoperative periapical radiography (PR) and cone-beam computed tomographic imaging of the tooth to be treated with apical surgery were performed. The periapical lesional tissue was histologically analyzed by 2 blinded examiners. The final histologic diagnosis was compared with the radiographic assessments of 4 blinded observers. The initial study material included 62 teeth in the same number of patients. RESULTS: Four lesions had to be excluded during processing, resulting in a final number of 58 evaluated cases (31 women and 27 men, mean age = 55 years). The final histologic diagnosis of the periapical lesions included 55 granulomas (94.8%) and 3 cysts (5.2%). Histologic analysis of the tissue samples from the apical lesions exhibited an almost perfect agreement between the 2 experienced investigators with an overall agreement of 94.83% (kappa = 0.8011). Radiographic assessment overestimated cysts by 28.4% (cone-beam computed tomographic imaging) and 20.7% (periapical radiography), respectively. Comparing the correlation of the radiographic diagnosis of 4 observers with the final histologic diagnosis, 2-dimensional (kappa = 0.104) and 3-dimensional imaging (kappa = 0.111) provided only minimum agreement. CONCLUSIONS: To establish a final diagnosis of an apical radiolucency, the tissue specimen should be evaluated histologically and specified as a granuloma (with/without epithelium) or a cyst. Analysis of 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional radiographic images alike results only in a tentative diagnosis that should be confirmed with biopsy.

Características de imagem na ressonância magnética de gossipiboma intracraniano: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

Vários trabalhos têm descrito as características de gossipibomas por meio de radiografias convencionais e tomografia computadorizada, porém, seus achados na ressonância magnética são menos conhecidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as características de imagem de gossipibomas, ilustrando um caso de uma paciente com quadro clínico de febre e confusão mental com antecedente de cirurgia encefálica.

Tuberculose hepática pseudotumoral

Tuberculous involvement of the liver is usually a diffuse process, associated with miliary tuberculosis. However localized tuberculosis of the liver producing a macronodular tuberculoma or an abscess is rare. The authors present a case of pseudotumoral hepatic tuberculosis in a 34-year old woman. This patient presented a 2 month history of fever weight loss of 4Kg and right upper quadrant abdominal pain. She denied jaundice, choluria, or acholia. Laboratory investigation, including renal and liver function tests. revealed normal levels. Chest X-ray was normal. Abdominal ultrasonography demonstrated a hypoechoic nodule in the right hepatic lobe. CT scan showed hypodense areas in the same place and no retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. Due to the inespecificity of the signs, symptoms and image findings, a diagnostic laparoscopy was performed, it was however inconclusive. Then, the patient was submitted to a laparotomy with ressection of the lesion. Histological examination revealed a tuberculoid granulomatous lesion with caseous necrosis. Postoperatively, the patient was placed on antituberculous chemotherapy with rifampin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide. Eight months later the patient is asymptomatic.

Pseudotumor de pâncreas por corpo estranho

The diagnosis of pancreatic masses represents a great challenger for imaging studies. However the occurrence of pancreatic masses have been reported more frequently in the last years due to advances in imaging diagnostic methods. During the last decade, the surgical approach of pancreatic masses was limited to an attempt of establishing histological diagnosis, staging and evaluation of resection of these masses. Recently, the approach and staging of pancreatic masses was facilitated by sophisticated methods of diagnosis, especially, ultrasound, dynamic computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (/RM), angiography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (CPRE), endoscopic ultrasound, laparoscopy and biochemical tumors markers. The present paper reports a case of a pancreatic mass due to foreign body in which the imaging study helped to determine out this rare etiological agent that has not been previouly described in literature.

Leiomiossarcoma de jejuno

We describe a case of leiomyosarcoma of the jejunum in which abdominal computed tomography showed an intestinal tumor with a "sui generis" metalic artefact inside, which made us think of a benign disease (foreign body granuloma), because the patient lived in the rural area and he had a manioc flour mill, which is one the basic foods of the majority of the population of the north in Brazil. Because of the aspect of the tumor, we decided on a large scale resection, considering the possibility of a malignant tumor since we don't have frozen sections. This assured us of an adequate treatment for the tumor. This type of pathology should be remembered even though it only accounts for 0,2-2% of the intestinal tract tumors.

Efeitos do sulfato de bário na cavidade pleural de ratos

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do sulfato de bário na cavidade pleural de ratos. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados, experimentalmente, os efeitos do sulfato de bário a 100% na cavidade pleural de 43 ratos. Sob anestesia inalatória com éter, foi realizada injeção de contraste radiológico (1ml) na cavidade pleural direita após punção com agulha romba pela via subxifóide. Os ratos, divididos em três grupos, foram mortos em câmara fechada com éter, após 24h (13 ratos), 48h (16 ratos) e 21 dias (14 ratos), respectivamente. Através de esternotomia longitudinal e laparotomia alta, foram retiradas a pleura parietal e visceral, juntas com o gradil costal e o pulmão direito. No grupo-controle, de 22 ratos, foi injetado 1ml de soro fisiológico a 0,9% na cavidade pleural direita. RESULTADOS: Não houve mortes entre os 43 ratos em que foi injetado sulfato de bário e no grupo-controle. As alterações encontradas na cavidade pleural dos grupos injetados com sulfato de bário e mortos com 24h e 48h foram semelhantes: leve e difusa hiperemia na pleura parietal, sulfato de bário livre, derrame pleural inflamatório com predomínio de polimorfonucleares; macrófagos na pleura fagocitando sulfato de bário e pleura com infiltrado predominantemente polimorfonuclear. Com 21 dias, o sulfato de bário estava localizado e bloqueado na região retroesternal e havia formação de sínfises pleurais intensas. No exame histopatológico das pleuras havia grande quantidade de macrófagos repletos de sulfato de bário, raros pigmentos de sulfato de bário no meio extracelular, importante proliferação fibroblástica em 13/14 (92%) casos e não ocorreu formação de granulomas. No grupo-controle (22 ratos), o exame histopatológico foi normal em todas as fases do experimento. CONCLUSÕES: a) o sulfato de bário causou derrame pleural inflamatório em todos os casos; b) com 21 dias ocorreu formação de sínfises pleurais em 100% dos casos; c) não houve formação de granuloma; d) em todas as fases do experimento não ocorreram óbitos.

Apendicectomia pelas técnicas de ligadura simples e de sepultamento sem ligadura do coto apendicular: estudo comparativo em coelhos

OBJETIVO: Comparar as técnicas operatórias de ligadura simples (A) e de sepultamento sem ligadura do coto apendicular (B). MÉTODO: Foram utilizados 36 coelhos da linhagem Nova Zelândia, machos, distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de 18, divididos respectivamente em subgrupos de seis animais cada um e praticada a eutanásia decorrido o tempo pós-operatório de sete, 14 e 21 dias. Foram avaliados macroscopicamente conforme a ferida operatória estivesse limpa, tivessem abscesso ou deiscência e a cavidade abdominal pela presença de aderências peritoneais. Foi feita avaliação histológica pela presença ou ausência dos seguintes parâmetros: infiltrado inflamatório agudo e crônico, fibrose, granuloma de corpo estranho, necrose e integridade da camada mucosa. RESULTADOS: Nos achados macroscópicos não foram observadas diferenças significantes no sétimo, 14º e 21º P.O. quanto à presença de abscesso e deiscência da ferida operatória entre os grupos A e B; o mesmo ocorreu quanto à presença de aderências peritoneais entre alças intestinais. Nos achados microscópicos houve diferença significante no 21º P.O. quanto ao infiltrado inflamatório agudo maior no grupo B, e à integridade da camada mucosa, maior no A. Na contagem de fibras colágenas houve diferença significante no 21º P.O., maior no grupo B. CONCLUSÃO: Do ponto de vista histológico a técnica de ligadura simples é superior à de sepultamento sem ligadura do coto apendicular.

Forma pseudotumoral intra-abdominal da esquistossomose mansônica

The authors present a case of non-frequent intra-abdominal pseudotumor form of mansoni schistosomiasis in which the only symptom was a dull pain in hypogastric. Both ultrasonography and tomography (CT san) demonstrated a solid mass on the left side of the bladder. At laparotomy a solid tumor was shown, pediculated and adhered to the sigmoid colon. A schistosomotic pseudotumor was revealed after microscopic pathological examination.

Sarcoidose testicular: um diagnóstico a ser considerado

Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown etiology, characterized by the presence of noncaseating granulomas in multiple organs. We present a case of testicular sarcoidosis in a white, 55-year-old man who has come to our department complaining of bilateral testicular discomfort and weight loss.