El resultado internacional de las nuevas empresas. Una visión relacional asociada a la orientación al mercado de la red

[ES] Este trabajo profundiza en el estudio de los factores que influyen en la competitividad internacional de las nuevas empresas internacionales y, en consecuencia, en su resultado internacional. Aunando las disciplinas del emprendedurismo y del marketing internacional, se trata de remarcar la importancia del conocimiento relacional a través de la influencia de la orientación al mercado de la red en los resultados internacionales logrados por estas empresas en base al efector mediador de las ventajas competitivas. Los resultados obtenidos del contraste de hipótesis, mediante modelos de ecuaciones estructurales y análisis multi-muestra, confirman que la orientación al mercado de la red resulta determinante en la obtención de resultados internacionales superiores por parte de las nuevas empresas. Esta influencia se produce de forma indirecta a partir del efecto mediador de las ventajas competitivas en diferenciación y costes desarrolladas por las mismas. Este estudio extiende la investigación pasada en torno al emprendedurismo internacional, incluyendo nuevas aportaciones propias de la disciplina del marketing respecto a los antecedentes de la competitividad y los resultados de las nuevas empresas internacionales en los mercados exteriores. Además, los resultados obtenidos animan a emprendedores en el contexto internacional a considerar el valor explícito de otros factores distintos al conocimiento experiencial, que la empresa adquiere de forma gradual conforme se incrementa su experiencia en el mercado exterior, para darse cuenta del valor potencial que el conocimiento relacional asociado a la orientación al mercado de la red tiene como antecedente para la consecución de ventajas competitivas en el mercado internacional.

Fisheries of the Farasan Islands (Red Sea)

The fisheries of the Farasan Islands (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea) are described. The fishery resources are exploited by artisanal, investor and industrial sectors. The artisanal fishery consists mostly of line fishing around coral reefs and about half the fishing effort occurs within the proposed marine protected area (MPA). Activities by investor and industrial fisheries sector include line fishing, gill netting, fish trapping and demersal fish trawling. The relevant resource management issues that need to be addressed as part of a planning study for the establishment of a MPA are also presented. The major issues are: (1) the decline in the catch of the artisanal fishery; (2) by catch and habitat degradation; (3) sustainability in the collection of giant clams and pearl shells; and (4) the lack of information such as the importance of MPA to fisheries, stock assessment and catch and effort data. A significant role in the future management of the fisheries has been identified for the traditional representatives of the artisanal sector.

Genetic diversity and selective breeding of red common carps in China

China has a very rich genetic diversity in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the red common carp plays an important role in Chinese aquaculture and genetic studies. Selective breeding, particularly crossbreeding has been applied successfully to red common carps in China, and the products of these efforts have been in commercial use since the 1970s. However, knowledge of the quantitative and molecular genetics of these carps is limited. Studies were therefore undertaken to: (1) understand the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of red common carps in China; (2) understand the inheritance of color phenotype of Oujiang color carp; (3) select stable Oujiang color carp with fast growth rate and ornamental Oujiang color carp comparable with the Koi common carp from Japan; (4) study the culture performance and culture systems suitable for the Oujiang color carp in cages and paddies; (5) extend better quality fish and appropriate culture systems for small scale fish farmers in poor areas.

Potentials for different models for freshwater aquaculture development in the Red River Delta (Vietnam) using GIS analysis

This study was an attempt to apply land-based GIS analysis for freshwater aquaculture planning in the Red River Delta of Vietnam. It was based on diverse data sources in order to help decision makers at the site and also to contribute to the modelling of selection processes for aquaculture development planning in the region.

History of Alaska Red King Crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus, Bottom Trawl Surveys, 1940–61

Thirteen bottom trawl surveys conducted in Alaska waters for red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus, during 1940–61 are largely forgotten today even though they helped define our current knowledge of this resource. Government publications on six exploratory surveys (1940–49, 1957) included sample locations and some catch composition data, but these documents are rarely referenced. Only brief summaries of the other seven annual (1955–61) grid-patterned trawl surveys from the eastern Bering Sea were published. Although there have been interruptions in sampling and some changes in the trawl survey methods, a version of this grid-patterned survey continues through the present day, making it one of the oldest bottom-trawl surveys in U.S. waters. Unfortunately, many of the specific findings made during these early efforts have been lost to the research community. Here, we report on the methods, results, and significance of these early surveys, which were collated from published reports and the unpublished original data sheets so that researchers might begin incorporating this information into stock assessments, ecosystem trend analyses, and perhaps even revise the baseline population distribution and abundance estimates.

Juvenile Red Rockfish, Sebastes sp., Associations with Sponges in the Gulf of Alaska

In 2001, a research submersible was used to survey seafloor habitat and associated benthos in the northeastern Gulf of Alaska. One inspected site had a uniform sand-silt substrate, punctuated by widely spaced (10–20 m apart) boulders. Two-thirds of the boulders had sponge, Aphrocallistes sp., colonies. Eighty-two juvenile (5–10 cm) red rockfish (Sebastes sp.) were also observed during the dive, and all of these fish were closely associated with the sponges. No juvenile red rockfish were seen in proximity to boulders without sponges, nor were any observed on the sand-silt substrate between boulders.

Injury Rates of Red King Crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus, Passing Under Bottom-trawl Footropes

The rate of injuries sustained by red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus, during passage under several types of bottom trawl footropes was examined using a modified bottom trawl in Bristol Bay, Alaska. Crabs were recaptured and examined for injuries after passing under each of three trawl footropes representing those commonly used in the bottom trawl fisheries of the eastern Bering Sea. Using the injury rate from tows with a floated footrope which minimized crab contact to account for handling injuries, injury rates of 5, 7, and 10% were estimated for crabs passing under the three commercial trawl footropes.

The California Red Sea Urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, Fishery: Catch, Effort, and Management Trends

California's red sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, catch peaked at 23,577 metric tons (t) in 1988. Since then, catches and CPUE have trended downward at different rates in northern and southern California, with 10,086 t landed statewide in 1995. West coast sea urchin catches and CPUE from British Columbia, Can., to Baja California, Mex., have generally declined during this period which followed a decade of rapid fishery expansion. This expansion was in response to increasing demand from Japan fueled by rising prices based largely on a more favorable export currency exchange rate. West coast stock assessment methods have been based on integrating a combination of fisheries dependent data and population surveys into models at various levels of complexity. California management policy has centered on technical measures such as size limits and seasonal closures and has been largely ineffective in stabilizing declining catches.

Occurrence and Behavior of Juvenile Red Snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, on Commercial Shrimp Fishing Grounds in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico

Red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, is subject to significant overfishing in U.S. Gulf of Mexico waters, and regulations are being implemented to reduce fishing mortality and restore them to a 20% spawning potential ratio by the year 2009. One source of mortality that must be reduced to achieve this goal is the incidental capture ofjuvenile red snappers in shrimp, Penaeus spp., trawls. NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service is conducting research to develop shrimp trawl modifications to reduce the snapper bycatch. An important part of this research is the study of juvenile red snapper behavior on commercial shrimp grounds and in relation to trawling gear. An area of high juvenile red snapper abundance was identified off the coast of Mississippi. Most snappers were observed around structures or objects on the bottom which they appeared to use for refuge or orientation. Those ranging over barren bottom had no apparent point of orientation. When encountered by shrimp trawls, most juvenile snappers rose above the trawl footrope and fell back into the trawl. These observations have directed research toward modifying shrimp trawls to release juvenile red snappers after entry, rather than preventing them from entering a shrimp trawl.

Background Concepts for a Rotating Harvesting Strategy with Particular Reference to the Mediterranean Red Coral, Corallium rubrum

A simple cohort model was used as the basis for selecting the appropriate periodicity and number of separate unit areas in a rotating harvest scheme for a sedentary species, the red coral, Corallium rubrum, in the General Fisheries Management Council for the Mediterranean area. The rotation period in years, and hence the minimum number of unit areas involved, was determined on the basis of the time to maximum biomass by a simple calculation of the yield-per-recruit type, requiring a knowledge of natural mortality and growth rates. Other criteria may be more important, however, and in general for a long-lived species, will result in shorter rotation periods. These criteria may include economic factors, criteria based on the preferred size or quality of product, or criteria that take into account the cumulative risk of illegal fishing of closed areas with time, hence the growing cost of enforcement as harvestable product accumulates. For red coral, although maximum biomass is predicted to be reached after some 15-44 years, the above considerations suggest that a rotation period ofsome 9-15 years would be close to optimal, taking into account a range ofthe above considerations. This article discusses the relative merits of rotating harvest schemes in contrast to quota management for sedentary and semi-sedentary resources or geographically isolated substocks ofa mobile resource, and concludes that this approach may have considerable potential as an alternative approach to resource management.

On the Distribution and Fishery Potential of the Japanese Red Crab Chaceon granulatus in the Palauan Archipelago, Western Caroline Islands

A deep-water trapping survey in the Palauan archipelago, Western Caroline Islands, has revealed an abundance of the Japanese red crab, Chaceon granulatus. The recorded depth range (250-900 m) is similar to that of other geryonids, but the large numbers of females caught below 700 m is atypical. Mean yields in excess of 5 kg crabs plus 1 kg shrimp, Heterocarpus laevigatus, by-catch per trap-night were attainable at optimum depths. Chaceon granulatus is apparently a very large geryonid, with maximum weights of 2.02 kg and 1.51 kg recorded for male and female specimens, respectively. A range of body colors was observed: Orange-red shades appear to dominate the deeper waters (below 500 m) while yellow-tan colors are more abundant in the upper reaches. Preliminary evidence suggests that Chaceon granulatus is highly marketable, and the infrastructure in Palau is such that crabs could either be marketed fresh locally or airfreighted to Japan as a quick-frozen product. The high post-trapping survival rates observed indicate that maintaining crabs in live-holding tanks may be a feasible option. The large catches and quality of deep-water crabs taken suggests that the Palauan population of Chaceon granulatus may be able to support a small-scale fishery. It is not yet known whether this population is unusually large or whether these findings typify the deep forereef fauna of the region.

The Feasibility of Enhancing Red Sea Urchin, Strongylocentrotus iranciscanus, Stocks in California: An Analysis of the Options

The California fishery for red sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, has undergone explosive growth in recent years and is approaching full exploitation. Thus, there is considerable interest in enhancing stocks to maintain a high rate of landings. Fishable stocks of red sea urchins in different areas appear to be limited at three stages in their life history: By the availability of larvae, by the survival of newly settled to mid-sized animals, and by the food available to support growth and reproduction of larger animals. Here I review other efforts, notably the extensive Japanese work, to enhance fishable stocks of benthic marine invertebrates, and consider the potential options for red sea urchins at different points of limitation. These include collecting or culturing seed for outplanting, physical habitat improvement measures, improving the food supply, and conservation measures to protect existing stocks until alternate methods are proven and in place. The options are compared in terms of biological feasibility, capital and labor requirements, and potential implications for change in the structure of the fishing industry.