Comparação e validação de vários métodos de mapeamento cortical para o planeamento pré-cirúrgico por Imagem Funcional de Ressonância Magnética

Na análise funcional de imagens do cérebro podem utilizar-se diferentes métodos na identificação de zonas de activação. Tem havido uma evolução desde o método de correlação [19], para outros métodos [9] [14] até o método baseado no modelo linear generalizado que é mais comum ser utilizado hoje e que levou ao pacote de software SPM [15]. Deve-se principalmente à versatilidade que o método tem em realizar testes com diferentes objectivos. Têm sido publicados alguns estudos comparativos. Poucos têm sido quantitativos [20] e quando o são, o número de métodos testados é reduzido[22]. Há muitos estudos comparativos do ponto de vista da estatística envolvida (da matemática) mas que têm em geral apenas ns académicos. Um objectivo deste estudo é comparar os resultados obtidos por diferentes métodos. É de particular interesse averiguar o comportamento de cada método na fronteira do local de activação. As diferenças serão avaliadas numericamente para os seguintes métodos clássicos: t de Student, coeficiente de correlação e o modelo linear generalizado. Três novos métodos são também propostos - o método de picos de Fourier, o método de sobreposição e o método de amplitude. O segundo pode ser aplicado para o melhoramento dos métodos de t de Student, coe ciente de correlação e modelo linear generalizado. Ele pode no entanto, também manter-se como um método de análise independente. A influência exercida em cada método pelos parâmetros pertinentes é também medida. É adoptado um conjunto de dados clínicos que está amplamente estudado e documentado. Desta forma elimina-se a possibilidade dos resultados obtidos serem interpretados como sendo específicos do caso em estudo. Há situações em que a influência do método utilizado na identificação das áreas de activação de imagens funcionais do cérebro é crucial. Tal acontece, por exemplo, quando um tumor desenvolve-se perto de uma zona de activação responsável por uma função importante . Para o cirurgião tornase indispensável avaliar se existe alguma sobreposição. A escolha de um dos métodos disponíveis poderá ter infuência sobre a decisão final. Se o método escolhido for mais conservador, pode verificar-se sobreposição e eliminar-se a possibilidade de cirurgia. Porém, se o método for mais restritivo a decisão final pode ser favorável à cirurgia. Artigos recentes têm suportado a ideia de que a ressonância magnética funcional é de facto muito útil no processo de decisão pré-operatório [12].O segundo objectivo do estudo é então avaliar a sobreposição entre um volume de activação e o volume do tumor. Os programas informáticos de análise funcional disponíveis são variados em vários aspectos: na plataforma em que funcionam (macintosh, linux, windows ou outras), na linguagem em que foram desenvolvidos (e.g. c+motif, c+matlab, matlab, etc.) no tratamento inicial dos dados (antes da aplicação do método de análise), no formato das imagens e no(s) método(s) de análise escolhido(s). Este facto di culta qualquer tentativa de comparação. À partida esta poderá apenas ser qualitativa. Uma comparação quantitativa implicaria a necessidade de ocorrerem três factos: o utilizador tem acesso ao código do programa, sabe programar nas diferentes linguagens e tem licença de utilização de software comercial (e.g. matlab). Sendo assim foi decidido adoptar uma estratégia unificadora. Ou seja, criar um novo programa desenvolvido numa linguagem independente da plataforma, que não utilize software comercial e que permita aplicar (e comparar quantitativamente) diferentes métodos de análise funcional. A linguagem escolhida foi o JAVA. O programa desenvolvido no âmbito desta tese chama-se Cérebro.

Os impactos das práticas alfabetizadoras no processo de letramento: uma abordagem inovadora para o alfabetismo funcional

Orientador: Robson Luiz de França

Academia sénior: um contributo para a aptidão funcional dos idosos

A importância da Atividade Física (AF) para os adultos idosos é hoje inquestionável. Praticar um programa de exercício físico regular, organizado, progressivo e adaptado, nesta faixa etária, proporciona efeitos positivos sobre a aptidão funcional (ApF), no bem-estar, qualidade de vida e na redução da morbilidade e mortalidade. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência de um programa de AF para a 3ª Idade (que inclui o treino de força, treino aeróbio, ioga, dança, pilates e tai chi chuan) na ApF de 35 mulheres idosas, ativas, saudáveis e voluntárias, durante um período de 20 semanas. O presente estudo caracteriza-se por uma pesquisa quase-experimental pré e pós testes, e por uma amostra não probabilística consecutiva. Foi utilizada a bateria de testes Sénior Fitness Test de Rikli e Jones (2001) para avaliar os parâmetros da ApF no Momento 1 (pré-teste) e Momento 2 (pós-teste, após a implementação do treino): força dos membros inferiores (levantar e sentar na cadeira) e superiores (flexão do braço), resistência cardiovascular (2 minutos step), flexibilidade dos membros inferiores (sentar e alcançar) e superiores (alcançar atrás das costas), velocidade, agilidade e equilíbrio dinâmico (sentado, caminhar 2,44 metros e voltar a sentar) e composição corporal (estatura e peso). Para avaliar a influência do programa de AF nas várias componentes da ApF, foi utilizado o teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon, para amostras emparelhadas. Todos os cálculos foram efetuados no programa de estatística SPSS versão 18.0. Os resultados obtidos, após a comparação dos dados nos M1 e M2, mostram que grupo de participantes apresentou melhorias estatisticamente significativas (ρ=0,001) em todos os parâmetros da ApF. Podemos, então, concluir que a participação no programa de AF, estava associada à melhoria da ApF nas idosas que nele participaram.

Uma comparação da aptidão funcional de mulheres idosas portuguesas e brasileiras

O objectivo deste estudo transversal foi descrever e comparar os perfis funcionais de duas amostras: 401 idosas portuguesas e 967 brasileiras (Krause et al., 2009), dos 60-79 anos. A aptidão funcional (ApF) foi avaliada usando a bateria Senior Fitness Test (Rikli & Jones 2001). Em ambas as amostras, as idosas dos 60-64 anos apresentaram melhores desempenhos na maioria dos testes de ApF, comparativamente às dos 75-79 anos. As idosas brasileiras foram mais proficientes na aptidão cardio-respiratória e flexibilidade, e as portuguesas, na força do membro superior. Os valores do índice de massa corporal foram superiores nas idosas portuguesas (60-79 anos). Estes resultados poderão ser úteis na identificação precoce de perdas funcionais, e fundamentar a intervenção ao nível da ApF em mulheres idosas.

Caracterização funcional de dois cDNAs homólogos à ciclofilina e à proteína reprimida por auxina (ARP) identificados em bibliotecas subtrativas a para floração em tomateiro

Flowering is a fundamental process in the life cycle for plant. This process is marked by vegetative to reproductive apical meristem conversion, due to interactions between several factors, both internal and external to plant. Therefore, eight subtractive libraries were constructed using apical meristem induced or not induced for two contrasting species: Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom and Solanum pimpinellifolium. Several cDNAs were identified and among these, were selected two cDNAs: one homologous cDNA to cyclophilin (LeCYP1) and the other to Auxin repressed protein (ARP). It has observed that LeCYP1 and ARP genes are important in the developmental process to plants. In silico analysis, were used several databases with the exclusion criterion E-value <1.0x10-15. As a result, conservation was observed for proteins analyzed by means of multiple alignments and the presence of functional domains. Then, overexpression cassettes were constructed for the ARP cDNA in sense and antisense orientations. For this step, it was used the CaMV35S promoter. The cDNA orientation (sense or antisense) in relation to the promoter was determined by restriction enzymes and sequencing. Then, this cassette was transferred to binary vector pZP211 and these cassettes were transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404. S. lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom (MT) and MT-Rg1 plants were transformed. In addition, seedlings were subjected to hormone treatments using a synthetic auxin (- naphthalene acetic acid) and cyclosporin A (cyclophilin inhibitor) treatments and it was found that the hormone treatment there were changes in development of lateral roots pattern, probably related to decreases in auxin signaling caused by reduction of LeCYP1 in MT-dgt plants while cyclosporin A treatments, there was a slight delay in flowering in cv. MT plants. Furthermore, assay with real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) were done for expression level analysis from LeCYP1 and ARP in order to functionally characterize these sequences in tomato plants.

Análise filogenética e funcional de dois genes de reparo homólogos a AP endonuclease em cana-de-açúcar: ScARP1 e ScARP3

The genome of all organisms constantly suffers the influence of mutagenic factors from endogenous and/or exogenous origin, which may result in damage for the genome. In order to keep the genome integrity there are different DNA repair pathway to detect and correct these lesions. In relation to the plants as being sessile organisms, they are exposed to this damage frequently. The Base Excision DNA Repair (BER) is responsible to detect and repair oxidative lesions. Previous work in sugarcane identified two sequences that were homologous to Arabidopsis thaliana: ScARP1 ScARP3. These two sequences were homologous to AP endonuclease from BER pathway. Then, the aim of this work was to characterize these two sequence using different approaches: phylogenetic analysis, in silico protein organelle localization and by Nicotiana tabacum transgenic plants with overexpression cassette. The in silico data obtained showed a duplication of this sequence in sugarcane and Poaceae probably by a WGD event. Furthermore, in silico analysis showed a new localization in nuclei for ScARP1 protein. The data obtained with transgenic plants showed a change in development and morphology. Transgenic plants had slow development when compared to plants not transformed. Then, these results allowed us to understand better the potential role of this sequence in sugarcane and in plants in general. More work is important to be done in order to confirm the protein localization and protein characterization for ScARP1 and ScARP3

Caracterização funcional de dois cDNAs de cana-de- açúcar : PKCI e SHAGGY

Flowering is controlled by several environmental and endogenous factors, usually associated with a complex network of metabolic mechanisms. The gene characterization in Arabidopsis model has provided much information about the genetic and molecular mechanisms that control flowering process. Some of these genes had been found in rice and maize. However, in sugarcane this processe is not well known. It is known that early flowering may reduce its production up to 60% at northeast conditions. Considering the impact of early flowering in sugarcane production, the aim of this work was to make the gene characterization of two cDNAs previously identified in subtractive cDNA libraries: scPKCI and scSHAGGY. The in silico analysis showed that these two cDNAs presented both their sequence and functional catalytic domains conserved. The results of transgenic plants containing the overexpression of the gene cassette scPKCI in sense orientation showed that this construction had a negative influence on the plant development as it was observed a decrease in plant height and leaf size. For the scPKCI overexpression in antisense orientation it was observed change in the number of branches from T1 transgenic plants, whereas transgenic T2 plants showed slow development during germination and initial stages of development. The other cDNA analyzed had homology to SHAGGY protein. The overexpression construct in sense orientation did not shown any effect on development. The only difference observed it was an increase in stigma structure. These results allowed us to propose a model how these two genes may be interact and affect floweringdevelopment.

Apitidão funcional e comportamentos relacionados à saúde em mulheres idosas do município de Jequié-BA

The identification of the factors that interfere in the decline of functional conditions is useful in the planning of actions addressing the improvement in the conditions of the lives of elderly people. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the relationship between social demographics and health aspects of the functional condition in elderly women of low income of the Brazilian northeast. This crosssectional study involved a representative sample of 222 women with an average age of 70 years (± 7.1), belonging to coexisting groups and that were resident in the urban area of the municipal district of Jequié /Bahia. In order to achieve this objective, a battery of physical tests of functional aptitude was carried out previously tested in pilot study, anthropometric measurements collected with a comparison of the measures referred to the reported weight and height as well as the application of an interview with questions containing subjects related to social demographic variables, clinical conditions and health, physical conditions and behaviors. Descriptive statistics Proceedings (frequency, average, standard deviation and percent distribution) were used for statistic analysis, and the calculation of the respective odds ratio by binary logistics regression, for the analysis of factors hierarchically grouped; p<0.05. The prevalence of 56% (n=122) of women considered with moderated or serious type of functional limitations was found, In which from multi-varied hierarchical analysis, significant association was verified with the age group over 80 years (p=0.02), conditions of widowhood (p=0.04), presence of arterial hypertension (p=0.001), and physical inactivity during leisure time (p=0.03). On the other hand for functional incapacities the prevalence was of 46.8% (n=104) being associated to the increase of the age (p=0.01), hospitalization (p=0.02), absence of physical activities along their lives (p=0.001) and the occurrence of alterations in the cognitive function (p=0.001). The normative table for the parameters of physical fitness generated conducive to health professionals in the diagnosis of health conditions and the prescription of physical exercises. The identified characteristics that are associated with the functional limitations / functional incapacities suggest a complex causal net in the determination of the functional condition in elderly women. However, actions addressed to the incentive of the practice of physical activities in the leisure time and the preservation of the cognitive function can contribute to a life with more quality for these people. This research was multidisciplinary approach to involve elements of psychology, nutrition and Physical Education in the elucidation of the object of study related to the functional condition of elderly women

Influência da dor na capacidade funcional de idosos institucionalizados

The aim of this study was to evaluate the pain influence regarding location, intensity and duration over functional capacity in institutionalized elderly (Fundacao Leur Brito). This is a descriptive exploratory study with a transversal design and quantitative approach. The population of the study was composed of 60 elderly, being 50% males with 60 years-old minimum age and 104 years-old maximum age, with mean age 77,6 (?}11,64) years-old. Data was collected by a structured query formulary divided in four parts: 1) Social, health and demographic characterization; 2) Pain related aspects (time and location); 3) Pain evaluation by numeric scale and 4) Functional capacity measured by Barthel Index. It was observed after evaluation by Squared-chi test (x2) statistical significant difference between pain presence and Barthel Index activities: bath (pvalue=0,015), dressing (p-value= 0,041), intimal hygiene transference (p-value=0,001), chair and bed transference (p-value=0,032), walking (p-value=0,010) and go upstairs (p-value=0,008). It was also observed statistical difference between total Barthel score (dependent/independent) and pain presence, p-value<0, 000. Through data obtained by this study, a multiprofessional approach is necessary to proper pain control and maintenance and/or regain of functional capacity, leading to an increase in life quality with more independence and autonomy to elderly

Modificações introduzidas pelos treinamentos cardiopulmonar e neuromuscular nos níveis séricos basais de fatores de crescimento insulina símile i (igf-1), cortisol, autonomia funcional e qualidade de vida de mulheres idosas

Changes introduced by cardiopulmonar and neuromuscular training on basal serum insulin-like grow factor-1 (IGF-1) and cortisol levels, functional autonomy and quality of life in elderly women The aim of this study was to compare the effects of strength and aerobic training on basal serum IGF-1 and Cortisol levels, functional autonomy (FA) and quality of life (QoL) in elderly women after 12 weeks of training. The subjects were submitted the strength training (75-85% 1-RM) with weight exercises (SG; n=12; age=66.08 ± 3,37 years; BMI=26,77 ± 3,72 kg/m2), aerobic training with aquatic exercises (AG; n=13; age=68,69 ± 4,70 years; BMI=29,19 ± 2,96 kg/m2) and control group (CG; n=10; age=68,80 ± 5,41 years; BMI=29,70 ± 2,82 kg/m2). Fasting blood was analyzed to measure basal IGF-1 and cortisol levels by chemiluminescence method. The t-Student test showed increased IGF-1 in the SG (p<0.05) for intragroup comparison. The Repeated-measure ANOVA presented increased IGF-1 (p<0.05) in the SG compared to the other two groups. There were no differences in cortisol levels. All the FA tests (GDLAM autonomy protocol) presented decreased significant in the time marked in seconds to the SG. The same results were found in the AG, except in the rise from a sitting position test. The autonomy index presented significant improvements (p<0.05) in the SG related to the AG and CG and in the AG to the CG. The SG showed increased QoL (p<0.05) (by WHOQOL-Old questionnaire) in the facet 1 (sensorial functioning) and facet 5 (death and dying). Thus, the SG obtained positive changes on IGF-1 and FA levels when compared to the AG. This suggests that strength training can indicated to decrease the effects of ageing.

Resistência da artéria carótida e autônima funcional em mulheres idosas

High carotid artery resistance indices in the elderly arise mainly as a result of harmful daily lifestyle behavior and poor eating habits. The aim of this multidisciplinary study was to assess and correlate carotid artery resistance and functional autonomy in elderly women. A descriptive, exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample comprising 27 women, enrolled in pastoral programs in the city of Teresina, Brazil. Carotid artery resistance was assessed by a high-resolution Doppler ultrasound device and functional autonomy was evaluated through five protocol tests of the Latin American Development Group for the Elderly (GDLAM), simulating activities of daily life. The data were analyzed by the Shapiro-Wilk test and the correlation by Spearman s test, considering a p-value of <0.05. The sample consisted of women with mean age and standard deviation of (68.67 ± 4.52) years, respectively and carotid resistance index of (0.71 ± 0.07). The general index value of functional autonomy classified the elderly of the study group as weak in the performance of activities of daily living (30.46 ± 6.31). The general index of functional autonomy showed a high level of sedentary behavior in the group studied (p < 0.01). The sample was classified as weak in the performance of activities of daily life. The correlation coefficient between the carotid resistance index and the general GDLAM index was r = 0.998 and p = 0.000, showing a significant correlation. The elderly women assessed had a high carotid artery resistance index and low functional autonomy; a positive correlation was found between the dependent variables studied. To perform this study we formed a team composed of a nurse, who helped in organizing the sample and performing the examinations; a radiologist, who conducted the Doppler examinations; an angiologist, who collaborated in interpreting examination data; in addition to two physical education professors and two physical therapists, who applied the functional autonomy tests and conducted the 34 research along elderly health lines, contributing thus to the multidisciplinary character, fundamental for carrying out the study