999 resultados para Função Expositiva
Resumo:
This paper proves the following theorems on the gamma function: Theorem I The integral ∫O∞ t u e-t dt = Γ ( u + 1 ) , where u, real or complex, is such that R (u) > -1, will not change its value if we substitute z = Q (cos φ + i sen φ) for the real variable t, being jconstant and such that - Π/2 < φ < Π/2 , Theorem II The integral ∫-∞∞ w2u + 1 e -w² dw = Γ ( u + 1 ) , where 2u + 1 is supposed to be a non negative even integer, will not change its value if we substitute z = w + fi, f being a real constant, for the real variable w. The proof of both theorems is obtained by means of the well known Cauchy theorem on contour integrals on the complex plane, as suggested by CRAMÉR (1, p. 126) and LEVY (3, p. 178).
Resumo:
This paper describes the data obtained for the growth of sugar cane, Variety Co 419, and the amount and rate of absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and silicon, according to the age of the plant, in the soil and climate conditions of the state of S. Paulo, Brazil. An experiment was installed in the Estação Experimental de Cana de Açúcar "Dr. José Vizioli", at Piracicaba, state of S. Paulo, Brazil, and the soil "tèrra-roxa misturada" presented the following composition: Sand (more than 0,2 mm)........................................................................ 8.40 % Fine sand (from 0,2 to less than 0,02 mm)................................................. 24.90 % Silt (from 0,02 to less than 0,002 mm)...................................................... 16.40 % Clay (form 0,002 mm and less)................................................................ 50.20 % pH 10 g of soil and 25 ml of distilled water)..................................................... 5.20 %C (g of carbon per 100 g of soil)................................................................. 1.00 %N (g of nitrogen per 100 g of soil)............................................................... 0.15 P0(4)-³ (me. per 100 g of soil, soluble in 0,05 normal H2SO4) ............................... 0.06 K+ (exchangeable, me. per 100 g of soil)....... 0.18 Ca+² (exchangeable, me. per 100 g of soil)...... 2.00 Mg+² (exchangeable, me. per 100 g of soil)...... 0.66 The monthly rainfall and mean temperature from January 1956 to August 1957 are presented in Table 1, in Portuguese. The experiment consisted of 3 replications of the treatments: without fertilizer and with fertilizer (40 Kg of N, from ammonium sulfate; 100 Kg of P(2)0(5) from superphosphate and 40 Kg K2 O, from potassium chloride). Four complete stools (stalks and leaves) were harvested from each treatment, and the plants separated in stalks and leaves, weighed, dried and analysed every month from 6 up to 15 months of age. The data obtained for fresh and dry matter production are presented in table 2, and in figure land 2, in Portuguese. The curves for fresh and dry matter production showed that fertilized and no fertilized sugar cane with 6 months of age presents only 5% of its total weight at 15 months of age. The most intense period of growth in this experiment is located, between 8 and 12 months of age, that is between December 1956 and April 1957. The dry matter production of sugar cane with 8 and 12 months of age was, respectively, 12,5% and 87,5% of the total weight at 15 months of age. The growth of sugar cane in relation to its age follows a sigmoid curve, according to the figures 1, 2 and 3. The increase of dry matter production promoted by using fertilizer was 62,5% when sugar cane was 15 months of age. The concentration of the elements (tables 4 and 5 in Portuguese) present a general trend of decreasing as the cane grows older. In the stalks this is true for all elements studied in this experiment. But in the leaves, somme elements, like sulfur and silicon, appears to increase with the increasing of age. Others, like calcium and magnesium do not show large variations, and finally a third group, formed by nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium seems to decrease at the beginning and later presents a light increasing. The concentration of the elements was higher in the leaves than in the stalks from 6 up to 15 months of age. There were some exceptions. Potassium, magnesium and sulfur were higher in the stalks than in the leaves from 6 up to 8 or 9 months of age. After 9 months, the leaves presented more potassium, magnesium and sulfur than the stalks. The percentage of nitrogen in the leaves was lower in the plants that received fertilizer than in the plants without fertilizer with 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 13 months of age. This can be explained by "dilution effect". The uptake of elements by 4 stools (stalks and leaves) of sugar cane according to the plant age is showed in table 6, in Portuguese. The absorption of all studied elements, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and silicon, was higher in plants that received fertilizer. The trend of uptake of nitrogen and potassium is similar to the trend of production of dry matter, that is, the maximum absorption of those two nutrients occurs between 9 and 13 months of age. Finaly, the maxima amounts of elements absorbed by 4 stools (stalks and leaves) of sugar cane plants that received fertilizer are condensed in the following table: Element Maximum absorption in grams Age of the plants in months Nitrogen (N) 81.0 14 Phosphorus (P) 6.8 15 Potassium (K) 81.5 15 Calcium (Ca) 19.2 15 Magnesium (Mg) 13.9 13 Sulfur (S) 9.3 15 Silicon (Si) 61.8 15 It is very interesting to note the low absorption of phosphorus even with 100 kg of P2O5 per hectare, aplied as superphosphate. The uptake of phosphorus was lower than calcium, magnesium and sulfur. Also, it is noteworthy the large amount of silicon absorbed by sugar cane.
Resumo:
In this paper the authors have studied the manganese absorption by the sugar cane plant, variety Co 419, in samples cut monthly, from the 6th to 15th month of life in the climate prevailing at Piracicaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. From October to February (6 th to 10 th month of the plant life), which coincided with the rainy season, the manganese content was higher in the stalk than in the leaves, for both treatments, fertilized and unfertilized. There was a sharp decrease in manganese content in the stalks, after February, in both reatments. In the leaves there was little variation in manganese content throughout the plant tissue. The stalks from the unfertilized plots had a larger variation in manganese content, specially from the 6 th to the 10 th month. In the leaves of the sugar cane from the unfertilized plots, the manganese content varied from 116 to 220 ppm, whereas in the fertilized treatments thire was a variation from 150 to 220 ppm. From these results, althoug not being a foliar analyses, and considering the easy availability of manganese in acid soils, there must be enough of it, if we consider 40 ppm (EVANS, 1955) as a minimum for healthy plants.
Resumo:
The status of zinc in sugar cane, variety Co 419, troughout its life cyle, was studid in samples cut monthly, from the 6th to 15th month, from an experiment carried on under the conditions of soil and climate prevailing in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The experiment consisted of 6plots, 3 fertilized and 3 unfertilized. The fertilized ones received 40 kg of N (ammonium sulfate), 100 kg P2O5 (superphosphate) and 40 kg K2O (potassium cloride) per hectare, just before planting. The zinc content was determined by the Zincon method, after separation of zinc from other ions by means of the ion Exchange Resin III, Merck. The results obtained show that there was a tendency to decrease the zinc level in the stalks, whereas it kept more or less constant in the leaves; there was an exception in January, when the zinc level in the stalks had a sharp raise: 38-90-20 and 28-60-23 ppm for the fertilized an unfertilized treatments. There was a parallelism in the absorption of zinc by the plants from 4 hills of both treatments, through the whole - plantcycle but, the total amount taken up was higher with the fertilized plot due to its greater mass production.
Resumo:
This paper describes the results obtained from the determination of iron in sugar cane according to the age of the plant, in the soil and climate conditions of the state of S. Paulo, Brazil. The iron was determined by 1-10- phenanthroline method, in samples cut monthly from 7th to 15th month from an experiment consisted de 3 plots fertilized with amonium sulfate, superphosphate and potassium cloride. The concentration of iron in the stalks and in the leaves varies according to the age of the plant. A ton of fresh stalks 15 months old contains 78,71 g of iron.
Resumo:
According previous studies about longevity in maize by ACCORSI e ADÂMOLI DE BARROS, (1961) the authors presents in this paper the results of work on longevity of seedlings of beans. Seeds were separated in three groups according their weight, as followings: small 80-120 mg; medium 130-140 mg and big 150-200 mg. The sowing of the seeds was made in pure sand and the seedlings were distributed in distil. water and in complete solution of Arnon and Hoagland. Each treatment was made in two replications with eight seedlings by treatment. At present time the following conclusions can be related: 1.°) - Eight days after germination, the cotiledones of all the seedlings started to fell down, fourteen days after, all cotiledones had fell down. 2.°) - Fifteen days after germination, the seedlings in nutritive solution showed better development than those in distil. water. Table I e II gives results. 3.°) - All seedlings in distil. water showed symptoms of N, Ca, Fe deficiencies. 4.°) - Twenty nine days after germination the seedlings in distil. water manifested exhaust trace, by falling of the leaves and death of some plants although the aplicai buds keep green. 5.°) - After thirty-one days the plants in nutritives solution was in better condition than those in distil. water, although some alteration aboved mentioned was observed. The causes of this alteration are being studied. 6.°) - In many plants in complet solution the seminal leaves showed clorosis initial and some with necrosis, although apical buds keeps in ativity. 7.°) - Symptoms of clorosis and necrosis in diferents stages were observed in all leaflet; these symptoms were more strong in the groups of little seed and medium seeds.
Resumo:
O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a determinação da concentração de cobre e o estudo das quantidades absorvidas do elemento citado, pela cana de açúcar Co 419, crescendo em condições de campo na região de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo. As amostras eram provenientes de 3 repetições, de um tratamento no qual as nlantas sofreram adu-bação com nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, variando as plantas de 6 a 15 meses de idade. O método utilizado na determinação do cobre, foi o do dietilditiocarbamato de sódio. A concentração de cobre apresentou um relativo decréscimo, com o aumento de idade da planta, variando os teores de cobre no colmo de 7,4 a 62,8 ppm e na folha de 10,0 a 30,0 ppm. Quanto a absorção do cobre, a planta apresentou um aumento proporcional a idade. A mesma absorveu maior quantidade no 14.° mês, 412,2 miligramas de cobre, por 4 touceiras.
Resumo:
In this paper the authors describe the results obtained from the determination of molybdenum in sugar cane plant, grown in soils and climate prevailing in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The molybdenum was determined in samples cut monthly from the 8th to 14th month, from an experiment consisting of 6 plots, 3 fertilized and 3 unfertilized. The fertilized treatment received 40 kg N (ammonium sulfate) 100 kg P2O3, (superphosphate) and 40 kg K2O (potassium chloride) per hectare, just before planting. Molybdenum was determined by thiocyanate-stannous chloride method, using carbon tetrachloride-butyl alcohol misture, for extrating the colored complex. The results obtained show a parallelism in the absorption of molybdenum by the plants of both treatments. The concentration of molybdenum in the stalks have a tendency to decrease, where as it kept more or less constant in leaves, with a exception in the 14° month when it rised probable because of a migration of molybdenum of the stalks to the leaves. The total amount molybdenum taken up was higher with the fertilized plot due its greater mass prodution.
Resumo:
Em estudos teóricos, em amostras geradas em computador, e em desbastes conduzidos em povoamentos florestais, foram determinados os vícios cometidos no cálculo da área basal retirada a partir da média aritmética dos diâmetros. Os resultados contra-indicam êsse tipo de cálculo para a determinação da área basal retirada, devendo ser utilizada a determinação a partir da soma dos quadrados dos diâmetros.
Resumo:
São determinados vícios no cálculo da área basal remanescente a partir da média aritmética dos diâmetros, em comparação com o método de cálculo a partir da soma dos quadrados dos diâmetros. Os estudos são conduzidos tanto teòricamente como em amostras geradas em computador, com confirmações com dados coletados em desbastes de povoamentos florestais. Os resultados mostram-se desfavoráveis ao uso da média aritmética para determinações da área basal remanescente.
Resumo:
Com a finalidade de se verificar a influência do volume de terra disponível no desenvolvimento vegetativo da berinjela (Solanun melongena L.), conduziu-se um ensaio, em condições de casa de vegetação, no Setor de Horticultura da E.S.A, "Luiz de Queiroz", em Piracicaba, SP, utilizando-se da cultivar híbrida F 100. Foram utilizados recipientes (vasos) de 5 tamanhos diferentes: 200, 450, 3000, 4750 e 9000 cm³ de capacidade. Através dos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que: quanto maior o recipiente utilizado maior o desenvolvimento vegetativo da beringela, até um ponto em que poderia haver uma menor produtividade por unidade de área plantada. Para a berinjela, há a necessidade de recipiente que corresponda a uma capacidade de, no mínimo, 4750 centímetros cúbicos de substrato.
Resumo:
O efeito de níveis de fósforo e zinco na produção de matéria seca, nodulação e absorção de nutrientes pela soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv. 'UFV-1) foi estudado em condições de casa-de-vegetação. Foram testadas três doses de fósforo equivalentes a 0. 200 e 400 kg de P2O5/ha, e três de zinco equivalentes a 0, 15 e 30 kg de sulfato de zinco/ha, em três solos, em vasos contendo 7 kg de terra. Os solos estudados foram os seguintes: Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LV), Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro, textura média (LEm), e Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro (LE). As sementes, no plantio, foram inoculadas com estirpes de Rhizobium japonicum. Foram observados aumentos da produção de materia seca das plantas e da nodulação, com a adubação fosfatada. A fertilização com zinco não alterou estes parâmetros. Produções menores de matéria seca das plantas foram verificadas no LEm, no entanto, este solo e o LV, foram os substratos que propiciaram as maiores nodulações. As concentrações de N, Ca, Mg e Zn decresceram com a adubação fosfatada, sugerindo-se um efeito de diluição, propiciado pelo intenso crescimento das plantas. A fertilização fosfatada, na maior dose, diminuiu o teor de K nas folhas velhas e aumentou-o nas novas e nas hastes, indicando ter havido translocação do referido nutriente.
Resumo:
O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido visando atingir os seguintes objetivos: 1. quantidade de nutrientes extraídos pelas diversas partes da planta; 2. quantidade exportada pela produção. Foi instalado em fatorial 3³ com três repetições em solo da série Guamium em Piracicaba, SP, usando-se a cultivar IAC-2 de hábito de crescimento indeterminado. Foram aplicados no sulco: 0, 20 e 40 kg de N por ha; 0, 60 e 120 kg de p2O5 por ha, e 0, 30 e 60 kg de K2O por ha. Foram colhidas amostras de plantas, em intervalos de 21 dias, a partir da emergência, até a queda parcial das folhas (105 dias) e analisadas para N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S. Os grãos, também foram analisados para os elementos citados. O período de maior velocidade da absorção dos nutrientes pelas folhas e caules esta entre 44 a 58 dias de idade para as folhas e entre 55-76 dias para os caules. As quantidades de nutrientes extraídos foram afetados pelas partes da planta, com exceção de N e Mg e pelas doses de P aplicados. O acumulo de N, P, K e Mg nos grãos foi afetado somente pelas doses de P aplicados. O acúmulo de Ca e S nos grãos não sofreu influência da adubação NPK.
Resumo:
O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido visando atingir o seguinte objetivo: determinação das concentrações dos macronutrientes, nas partes da planta, em função de níveis de adubação fosfatada. Para verificar os parâmetros propostos foi instalado um fatorial 3³ com três repetições em solo da serie Guamium, no município de Piracicaba, SP. Usou-se o cultivar IAC-2 de habito de crescimento indeterminado. Aplicou-se no sulco na ocasião da semeadura as seguintes quantidades de fertilizantes: 0, 20 e 40 kg de N por ha; 0, 60 e 120 kg de P2O5por ha; 0, 30 e 60 kg de K2O por ha. Foram igualmente incorporados 2,7 t de calcário dolomitico por ha. Foram colhidas amostras de plantas em intervalos de 21 dias, a partir da emergência, até a queda parcial das folhas aos 105 dias de idade. Conclusões: concentrações maiores de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e enxofre foram encontradas nas folhas superiores; e as maiores concentrações de cálcio e magnêsio localizaram-se nas folhas inferiores. As variações nas concentrações de fósforo e magnêsio com a idade das plantas, foram afetadas pelas doses de fósforo.