311 resultados para Fonológica
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This study aimed to characterize and to compare the performance of students with an interdisciplinary diagnosis of dyslexia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in students with good academic performance on the reading processes. Sixty students from both genders, from 2nd to 4th grades of municipal public schools in Marília - SP participated in this study, they were distributed as follows: GI, 20 students with interdisciplinary diagnosis of dyslexia; GII, 20 students with ADHD and GIII, 20 students with good academic performance, paired according to gender, age and grade level with GI and GII. The students were submitted to the application of the assessment of reading processes (PROLEC) composed by four processes: letters identification, lexical, syntactical and semantic. The results highlighted that the students of GIII showed superior performance comparing with GI and GII. There was difference between GI and GII only in low frequency word reading and non words reading of the lexical process. The inferior performance from GI and GII in the PROLEC tests can be justified by the difficulty on the coding and decoding abilities. In ADHD students this difficulty was due to impaired interaction between the visual, linguistic, attention and auditory processing and in the dyslexic students was due to failure at the phonological mediation process, which depends on the knowledge of rules of grapheme - phoneme conversion to the acquisition of word reading. These changes affect the reading achievement and the comprehension of the read text.
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OBJECTIVE: the aim of this study was to compare the cognitive-linguistic skills performance and reading of students with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and students without behavioral and/or learning disorders. METHOD: the study included 20 students from 5th to 8th grade of elementary school. The students were divided into: Group I (GI): composed by 10 students with an interdisciplinary diagnosis of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder, and Group II (GII): composed by 10 students without complaints of behavioral and/or learning disorders. The tests of metalinguistic skills and reading (PROHMELE) were used as procedure, composed of syllabic and phonemic identification, syllabic and phonemic manipulation, repetition of nonwords and reading tests. RESULTS: the results showed statistically significant differences between GI and GII, demonstrating that students from GI presented superior performances when compared to the students from GII. CONCLUSION: according to the findings of this study we can conclude that the difficulties presented by students with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder can be attributed to inattention, hyperactivity and disorganization, characteristic of this diagnosis, and not to a disorder of language of phonological basis.
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INTRODUCTION: developmental dyslexia is characterized by impairment in reading and writing of simple words often involving deficits in phonological decoding and spelling. It affects individuals without sensory disabilities, free of significant emotional commitment and adequate educational opportunities. OBJECTIVE: to characterize the performance in activities related to writing observed in children with developmental dyslexia. METHOD: a total of six children (boys and girls) from 3rd to 7th grade from public schools in a city in the state of Sao Paulo, eight to thirteen years of age, participated in this study. Data were collected in CEES - Centro de Estudos de Educação e Saúde of UNESP - in Marília -SP in writing tasks. The results were analyzed descriptively by the score in percentage of correct answers. RESULTS: children with developmental dyslexia presented alterations in relation to the activities: writing of isolated words and writing of dictated words were below expectations for the education level, presenting phonological and orthographic changes. CONCLUSION: it is important that children with school problems make a more specific evaluation concerning these tasks.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Este artigo trata das grafias não convencionais da sílaba com coda nasal encontradasem textos escritos por jovens e adultos. Para a descrição desses dados de escrita, sãoconsideradas duas complexidades: (i) a fonético-fonológica da sílaba, particularmente doelemento nasal em coda, e (ii) a da representação ortográfica da nasalidade em português.Sob o aspecto fonético, a coda corresponde a uma redução de energia, o que pode tornar ossegmentos que preenchem essa posição da sílaba menos audíveis. Sob o aspecto fonológico,a coda pode ser vista como um constituinte não imediato da sílaba cujo preenchimento sofrerestrições. Sob o aspecto ortográfico, são três as possibilidades de registro da nasalidade:
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In this article, we present different interpretations to the phenomenon of velar fronting, found in the speech of children. This phenomenon is discussed under both of the following paradigms: the symbolic one – which considers the existence of segments as sources of categorical representations – and the dynamic one, which not only considers different representational units, but also provides an alternative conception of what may be taken as a representation. The analysis focuses on acoustic data produced by children of about three years of age under controlled conditions in a ludic context. The results indicate that the subjects have a covert contrast between alveolars and velars that may be interpreted in light of at least three dynamic hypotheses.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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PURPOSE: The development and application of collective pedagogical activities to assess phonological skills in pre-readers and beginning readers and could serve as potential screening tools to help in the early identification of students at risk for dyslexia. METHODS: The FAE tasks (alternative tools for educators) were built on classical phonological tasks known as sound categorization and in the Protocol for Cognitive-Linguistic Skills. FAE tasks basically consisted of matching pictures as well as pictures to spoken words according to their phonological similarity in the onset (alliteration) or rhyme and were given to 45 students on the first grade, of both genres and 7.3 years old on average. RESULTS: The protocol proved to be effective, confirming that phonological awareness, verbal working memory and rapid naming abilities constitute the main risk factors for dyslexia, and to which the FAE tasks were more strongly correlated jointly with the phonemic discrimination. FAE tasks were also strongly correlated with literacy skills. CONCLUSIONS: Students at risk for dyslexia can be efficiently identified through scientifically developed pedagogical tools, adapted and tested for the Brazilian's educational reality. This is a promising research field with the potential to help in avoiding the currently excessive number of students mistakenly labeled as having learning disabilities and improperly referred to specialized public services, as well as to indicate the more appropriate theoretical-empirical framework to guide our educational policies.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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This dissertation aims to study the adaptation of proper names of (truly or supposedly) foreign origin, investigating the force of the phonological system of the destination language in the process of incorporating foreign words, objecting to bring contributions to the determination of Brazilian Portuguese phonological identity, from the investigation of the limits between what is and what is not considered Portuguese, from the point of view of the pronunciation , to its own native speakers. The objective is to evaluate in which way loans introduce or not a new microsystem in the destination language (CARVALHO, 2009, p. 85) in the phonological level
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O espraiamento da nasalização é um fenômeno observado desde estudos antigos sobre a língua portuguesa. Tanto com as consoantes nasais em posição de coda, quanto com elas em posição de onset, nota-se a interferência gerada nas vogais que as acompanham. O atual estudo aborda como eram percebidas e estudadas as nasais e seu espraiamento, demonstrando como a nasalização pode ser descrita, por seus segmentos fonéticos – demonstrando quais elementos a compõem – e por suas marcas suprassegmentais. Detalha-se também a importância de estudos realizados sobre a nasalidade dentro da geometria de traços. Faz-se levantamento geral do fenômeno do espraiamento da nasalidade, através de estudos gerais da nasalidade e da teoria fonética e fonológica relativa ao fenômeno
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This paper aims to explain certain language phenomena remarkable for example in the Internet. These phenomena are popularly known as “internetês” in Brazilian Portuguese writing texts. A set of texts collected from chats was analyzed based on discoursive and phonological studies. The relationship between spoke and writing is seen as a distinctive character of heterogeneity of writing. In a particular way, the writing of nicknames in these digital interactions is analyzed. It is shown that enunciative complexity came from different linguistic information (phonological, morphological, semantics and enunciative ones). This study aims to contribute for general questions about oral/spoken and literacy/writing in digital context (but not just in those contexts).
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This paper analyzes unconventional segmentation of word found in texts of the sixth grade of Elementary School. Through quantitative and qualitative analysis, we describe the prosodic characteristics that may be motivated the hyper and hippossegmentation of words found in 27,4% of 606 investigated texts. We identified a tendency toward a more text with hippossegmentation than hypersegmentation, characteristic similar to what is reported about children’s text. Taking into account the theoretical framework of Prosodic Phonology, we argue about the relevance of prosodic word and clitic group in the description of the regularities observed in data of unconventional segmentation of word. We note that (i) in cases of hipposegmentation, it predominates the hollow of a clitic followed by a phonological word, (ii) in cases of hypersegmentation, it predominates a segmentation of a prosodic word into a clitic group. We present evidences to be the spelling of clitic elements a challenge to students analyzed. By investigating in the grammatical class that owned the clitics spelled unconventionally, we verified that they are prepositions (“em, de, com”) and pronouns (“me, lhe, lo”), a characteristic that particularize these data in relation to data from students in the early stage of language acquisition.
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Neste trabalho, o foco de nossa reflexão é a grafia dos dados de escrita não-convencional de palavras, como ‘com tinuou’ e ‘ciesconder’. A questão que formulamos é: em que medida os erros de segmentação não-convencional também são resultados de decisões acerca da grafia das palavras? A resposta a essa questão é dada a partir da análise de erros de segmentação de palavras (tanto de hipossegmentação quanto de hipersegmentação) que ocorreram em textos produzidos por alunos que, à época da produção, cursavam a quinta série de uma escola pública da rede estadual de São Paulo. Os dados deste estudo foram extraídos de 107 textos produzidos a partir de uma mesma proposta de produção textual por alunos pertencentes a três turmas de quinta série. No total, foram identificadas 58 ocorrências de segmentação não-convencional, sendo 27 hipossegmentações, 28 hipersegmentações e 3 rasuras (quando há oscilação entre hipossegmentação e hipersegmentação de uma mesma palavra identificável por meio de algum elemento gráfico). Analisamos todas essas ocorrências de segmentação não-convencional, classificando-as como casos de hiper e hipossegmentação, buscando observar em que medida fatores de natureza ortográfica, juntamente com os de natureza prosódica, poderiam ser motivadores dessas grafias não-convencionais. Para fundamentar nossa resposta, ampliamos o conjunto de dados analisados às ocorrências de palavras que não estão ortograficamente corretas quanto à escolha de letras, mas que estão corretas quanto à segmentação convencional, como ‘emtão’. Ao consideramos a grafia das segmentações não-convencionais, observamos que as hipersegmentações de palavras que têm sílabas pretônicas ‘con’ e ‘en’ – como ‘com tinuou’, ‘com migo’, ‘com sigo’, e ‘em bora’, ‘en tão’, ‘em quanto’ – estão em parte motivadas no fato de essas sílabas poderem ser elementos funcionais – grafados como ‘com e ‘em’, respectivamente – e ainda no fato de, possivelmente, haver, por parte do escrevente, a observação de, pelo menos, duas regras ortográficas: uma que prevê que a letra ‘M’ só ocorre diante de ‘P, B’, dentro de palavra, e outra que prevê que a letra ‘M’ é a letra com que se grafam as preposições ‘com’ e ‘em’. Uma outra evidência de que há a formulação, por parte do aluno, de hipóteses conflitantes sobre a decisão quanto à grafia das palavras está no fato de ocorrer, em um mesmo texto, erros ortográficos relacionados à escolha entre ‘M’ e ‘N’, como ‘emtão’ e ‘en tão’. Vale observar que a grafia das nasais, particularmente em contexto de coda, oferece uma complexidade extra aos escreventes, desde o início do processo de alfabetização, como atestam os resultados de Chacon e Berti (2008), quando analisam dados de Educação Infantil. As ocorrências de hipossegmentação que envolvem o clítico ‘se’, como ‘ciesconder’, ‘cecasar’, chamam a atenção por serem grafadas com a letra ‘C’, que apresenta o valor de [s] somente quando seguida das letras ‘I’ e ‘E’, como em ‘cidade’ e ‘cebola’. Tem-se, pois, a consideração, por parte do aluno escrevente, de uma possibilidade de representação do sistema ortográfico. Assim, a flutuação na forma de grafar itens gramaticais pode ser interpretada como evidência de hipóteses do escrevente sobre o que seja palavra na escrita, particularmente, quando em jogo as formas dependentes (nos termos de CÂMARA Jr., 1970) ou os clíticos prosódicos (nos termos de BISOL, 2000). As hipóteses (conflitantes, por vezes) do que seja palavra na escrita – e que buscamos explicitar – são ancoradas, principalmente, em informações prosódicas, sobre o estatuto prosódico do clítico, e informações letradas, que dizem respeito à colocação de espaços em branco indicadores de palavra na escrita (que não se confunde com a palavra fonológica, nem com o grupo clítico) e à escolha de letras relacionadas às convenções ortográficas.
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The present study focuses on the presence of covert contrasts in the speech of children with a phonological disorder. The hypothesis is that children with phonological disorders manipulate secondary acoustic cues in an attempt to distinguish the phonological contrasts. We used five audio recordings of the speech of five children with speech disorders, between four and five years of age, who showed the so-called “phonic substitution” involving the sound group of the fricatives. The data were edited and analyzed using the software PRAAT. A phonetic transcription of the first repetition of each child was performed by three evaluators, reaching a 66% agreement level. After the transcription, we carried out a contrastive phonological analysis of the production of the five children and, finally, an acoustic analysis of all the “substitutions”, based on six parameters. We discovered the existence of covert contrasts in the productions auditorily regarded as homophones by the evaluators, representing a total of 54% of total substitutions identified through an impressionistic approach by the evaluators. Children with phonological disorders are seen to rely on secondary acoustic cues in an attempt to distinguish fricative phonemes. The data obtained in this study allow us to reflect on the importance of considering the phonetic detail within the phonological models.