An archaeological approach to the development of the late medieval peasant house

Archaeological excavation has provided an alternative source of evidence for the development of the late medieval peasant house. It is argued that whilst there was a significant change in building techniques in the decades around 1200 with the adoption of ground-set timbers, the most important factor which led to the survival of houses was a fall in real wages during the thirteenth century. This encouraged peasants to repair existing buildings, rather than replace them with new ones. Alternative traditions of building are also investigated. Stone construction was adopted in a number of areas of England, but in spite of the durability of the material, few medieval peasant buildings of this type have survived in use because of the failure to use lime mortar. Decisions about whether to invest in a building’s renovation will depend on the capital initially expended upon it. This interpretation is considered against the data from the fifteenth century and found to conform satisfactorily. Its implications are considered for the period between 1200 and 1350. Data collected from archaeological excavations combined with the results of dendrochronology on a growing number of closely dated standing buildings suggest that there was a significant ‘cull’ of houses in the period after 1350 as new dwellings were constructed.

The inclusion of open-ended questions on quantitative surveys of children: Dealing with unanticipated responses relating to child abuse and neglect

Web surveys have been shown to be a viable, and relatively inexpensive, method of data collection with children. For this reason, the Kids’ Life and Times (KLT) was developed as an annual online survey of 10 and 11 year old children. Each year, approximately 4,000 children participate in the survey. Throughout the six years that KLT has been running, a range of questions has been asked that are both policy-relevant and important to the lives of children. Given the method employed by the survey, no extremely sensitive questions that might cause the children distress are included. The majority of questions on KLT are closed yielding quantitative data that are analysed statistically; however, one regular open-ended question is included at the end of KLT each year so that the children can suggest questions that they think should be asked on the survey the following year. While most of the responses are innocuous, each year a small minority of children suggest questions on child abuse and neglect. This paper reports the responses to this question and reflects on how researchers can, and should, deal with this issue from both a methodological and an ethical perspective.

Does childhood bullying lead to the development of psychotic symptoms? A meta-analysis and review of prospective studies

Purpose: Researchers have demonstrated associations between trauma and psychosis. Childhood trauma, in particular, appears to be an important determinant. Recently, bullying has become considered a traumatic experience in its own right. This review aims to analyse research with prospective designs, which will enable conclusions about whether or not bullying causes psychosis.

Methods: A systematic review of the literature was carried out independently by two reviewers. Eligibility and quality assessment criteria were applied. A meta-analysis and narrative synthesis were then completed.

Results: Ten studies met inclusion criteria. Four used data from the same large database, and were combined as one. The majority provided confirmation that bullying appears to cause later development of psychosis. A meta-analysis yielded an unadjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2.148 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.140–4.044].

Conclusions: The studies reviewed here suggest that bullying does predict the later development of psychotic symptoms. What is lacking from the literature is adequate investigation into other potential mediating factors. The current review highlights the significant role of bullying within this complex interaction. Potential mediating variables are explored, including a dose–response effect for the severity and frequency of victimization. Suggestions for targeting intervention are also suggested alongside clinical implications and recommendations for future research.

Minimising harm from alcohol misuse: Challenges to the development of effective policy

Successive substance misuse strategies in Northern Ireland and elsewhere have
been underpinned by the goal of minimising the harm accruing from the use of alcohol and other drugs. However, what it means for a person’s alcohol use to cause harm is an evolving concept. As the understanding of harm changes, the type of evidence needed to estimate the scale of harm and to evaluate the success of a given initiative changes also.
This paper does three things. We first highlight a recent model by Laslett and
colleagues for estimating the harm of one individual’s alcohol use to other individuals, the centrepiece of a report to the Alcohol Education and Research Foundation (AERF) in 2010. This model has been hugely influential in identifying areas where harms from alcohol use accrue and in attempting to quantify those harms (e.g. the cost of injuries inflicted during intoxication). We suggest three ways in which this model could be improved by accounting for: (a) the influence of one individual’s drinking on the drinking behaviour of their peers; (b) the level of use which triggers a given harm; and (c) the degree of time-lag in each of
the domains of harm.
Secondly, we explore specific challenges to developing effective policy on
adolescents’ drinking behaviours, drawing on research which specifically elicits the perspectives of young people on why they drink.
Thirdly, we examine the relative harms of allowing moderate levels of drinking
among mid-adolescents versus promoting zero use up until late adolescence.

Identification of the cellular and molecular mechanism by which CD2AP, a regulator of neuronal intracellular transport contributes to the development of Alzheimer’s disease

Tese de mestrado. Biologia (Biologia Molecular e Genética). Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências,2014

The Contribution of Academic Scholarship to Management Development.

Purpose: This paper explores the impact of academic scholarship on the development and practice of experienced managers. Design / Methodology: Semi-structured interviews with experienced managers, modelled on the critical incident technique. ‘Intertextuality’ and framework analysis technique are used to examine whether the use of academic scholarship is a sub-conscious phenomenon. Findings: Experienced managers make little direct use of academic scholarship, using it only occasionally to provide retrospective confirmation of decisions or a technique they can apply. However, academic scholarship informs their practice in an indirect way, their understanding of the ‘gist’ of scholarship comprising one of many sources which they synthesise and evaluate as part of their development process. Practical implications: Managers and management development practitioners should focus upon developing skills of synthesising the ‘gist’ of academic scholarship with other sources of data, rather than upon the detailed remembering, understanding and application of specific scholarship, and upon finding / providing the time and space for that ‘gisting’ and synthesis to take place. Originality / Value: The paper addresses contemporary concerns about the appropriateness of the material delivered on management education programmes for management development. It is original in doing this from the perspective of experienced managers, and in using intertextual analysis to reveal not only the direct but also the indirect uses of they make of such scholarship. The finding of the importance of understanding the ‘gist’ rather than the detail of academic theory represents a key conceptual innovation.

Urban planning issues related to the development of rail freight

Este trabalho é o relatório de estágio profissional realizado numa companhia francesa de arquitetura, especializado no planeamento urbano, que se-­‐chama AREP. O trabalho desenvolvido teve como objectivo identificar os problemas dos transportes de mercadorias e de logística nas áreas urbanas e da intervenção do planeamento urbano para a mitigação daqueles problemas. Os transportes urbanos de mercadorias são uma prioridade para a definição de políticas num mundo cada vez mais urbanizado. As áreas urbanas necessitam cada vez mais da entrega e recolha de grandes quantidades de mercadorias, resultando na procura de com custos externos elevados e a degradação da qualidade de vida dos residentes. Em 2012, a OECD estimava que as atividades ligadas ao transporte de mercadorias iriam crescer entre 50% e 130% entre 2010 e 2050 nos países da daquela organização. Nos países que não fazem parte da OECD estimava que as atividades iriam crescer entre 250% e 550% durante o mesmo período. Com os problemas já existentes e com o crescimento que está previsto, é importante encontrar soluções que limitem os custos externos e que se encontrem alternativas mais sustentáveis. Tradicionalmente, os formuladores de políticas urbanas tendem a ver os transportes de mercadorias nas áreas urbanas como um problema, em vez de os considerar como um componente essencial do desenvolvimento urbano. Em consequência disso, as políticas implementadas foram desenvolvidas no sentido da restrição na atividade de distribuição de mercadorias. Ao mesmo tempo, os operadores de transporte têm continuado a desenvolver a sua função adequando-­‐se às condições impostas com maiores níveis de eficiência. No entanto, este sucesso tem tido muitos custos externos negativos para a economia, a sociedade e o ambiente. Por isso, os transportes urbanos de mercadorias encontram-­‐se numa tensão constante entre uma logística eficiente e um desenvolvimento urbano sustentável. Hoje, os decisores políticos começam a alterar a perspectiva sobre a intervenção sobre a circulação de transportes de mercadorias, atendendo à sua importância para a economia urbana e, simultaneamente, à necessidade de reduzir os impactes negativos associados ao transporte de mercadorias. Um dos desafios principais é o de compatibilizar as atividades logísticas e os transportes de mercadorias e a preservação das áreas urbanas, minimizando os impactes, garantindo uma boa qualidade de vida para os residentes. Trata-­‐se de um assunto complexo pelos diferentes atores com interesses muitas das vezes conflituantes. A conciliação dos interesses constitui um dos problemas, nomeadamente nas soluções de curto prazo. O espaço disponível para os transportes e as atividades de comércio e serviços emáreas urbanas é limitado. Existe uma grande concorrência sobre o uso do solo urbano entre os diferentes atores.. A necessidade de espaço, conduz a que o sector da logística saía das cidades e se instale nas suas periferias. Esta tendência chama-­‐se ‘logistic sprawl’ e tem vários efeitos negativos, por exemplo, o facto de os veículos terem de percorrer maiores distâncias para os seus clientes nas áreas urbanas. Ao mesmo tempo, os residentes, como consumidores, exigem ter uma grande variedade de produtos disponíveis, esquecendo que para isso há a necessidade de os transportar para e dentro da cidade. Quando as políticas de transportes de passageiros em áreas urbanas se tem vindo a concentrar na alteração modal, do transporte em automóvel para os transportes públicos, ou para a utilização da bicicleta ou a marcha a pé, as políticas de transportes de mercadorias devem igualmente potenciar a utilização de transportes alternativos mais sustentáveis do que o transporte em veículos de mercadorias com motores de combustão interna. Hoje em dia, 75% de todos os transportes de mercadorias por via terrestre a distâncias médias ou longas (mais de 50km), são realizados por via rodoviária. A distâncias mais reduzidas (last mile) essa percentagem é de quase 100%. Estes valores não são compatíveis com um desenvolvimento sustentável. O esforço desenvolvido no sentido da promoção dos modos mais sustentáveis, como a ferrovia e a utilização das vias navegáveis, têm encontrado a oposição das empresas de transporte de mercadorias pois a rodovia é mais flexível (entrega porta-­‐a-­‐porta), com reduzidos custos de utilização de infraestrutura e com custos-­‐fixos mais baixos. Uma cooperação integrada e holística entre os diferentes níveis de governação do território é fundamental, sendo desejável uma maior cooperação entre o sector público e privado. As medidas a implementar têm que ter em conta os problemas a curto e longo prazo. Uma grande variedade de medidas (de regulação, de gestão da infraestrutura, de gestão e ordenamento do território, de promoção e de informação, etc.) têm que ser implementadas e coordenadas em conjunto com o sector privado. As medidas isoladas não resolverão os problemas de transporte de mercadorias na cidade, por isso, o desafio é o de implementar um pacote de medidas diferentes que contribua para uma distribuição das mercadorias mais sustentável, tornando as cidades mais habitáveis. Neste relatório, são discutidas e analisadas as diferentes medidas que podem ser implementadas pelos distintos níveis de governança, incluindo a apresentação de alguns case-­‐studies.

The Activity of Breast Milk and Monoclonal HIV-specific Antibodies in Mother-to-Child Transmission

Mother-to-child transmission of HIV is a unique setting that allows us to explore both the correlates of protective immunity and the characteristics of transmitted variants. This thesis first describes the levels and functional capacity of breast milk HIV-specific antibodies in 19 women with high plasma viral loads. Neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) were detected in breast milk supernatant (BMS) of 4 of 19 women examined, were of low potency and were not associated with infant infection. The low NAb activity in BMS was reflected in binding antibody levels with HIV envelope specific IgG titers being 2.2 log10 lower in BMS versus plasma. In contrast, non- neutralizing antibodies (nNAbs) capable of antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) were detected in the BMS from all 19 women. BMS ADCC activity was associated with envelope-specific IgG titers (p = 0.014) and was inversely associated with infant infection risk (p = 0.039). Our data indicate that BMS has limited HIV neutralizing activity, however, BMS ADCC activity is a correlate of transmission that may impact infant infection risk. In the second part of this thesis the neutralization sensitivity of 111 variants of diverse subtypes obtained from mothers and infants was determined against 7 HIVspecific broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (NIH45-46w, VRC01, PGT128, PGT121, PG9 PGT145 and b12). Maternal and infant variants did not differ in their neutralization sensitivity to these mAbs and neither did variants from transmitting versus those from non-transmitting women. However, subtype A viruses were iii significantly more sensitive to neutralization by NIH45-46w and VRC01 (p= 0.0001 in both cases) and PGT145 (p=0.03) compared to non-subtype A viruses. Together, NIH45- 46w and PGT128 neutralization profiles resulted in 100% coverage of the variants tested. These data suggest that the epitopes targeted by these mAbs are present and accessible in both circulating and transmitted variants and that a combination of antibodies would provide maximum coverage against diverse subtypes commonly found in HIV endemic regions. Overall, this data suggest that an antibody based HIV vaccine capable of eliciting antibodies of multiple specificities that can mediate ADCC and/or neutralizing activity can provide protection and conquer the genetic diversity displayed by HIV.

Housing at the neighbourhood level: a review of the initial approaches to neighbourhood development plans under the Localism Act 2011 in England

The Localism Act 2011 created an opportunity for local communities to form neighbourhood forums and to prepare their own neighbourhood development plans in urban and rural areas in England. Initial reactions suggested that, rather than leading to the development of more housing, these initiatives would confirm all the stereotypes of local residents blocking unwanted development in their defined neighbourhoods. However, neighbourhood plans need to be in general conformity with the core strategies of higher-tier plans and often make provision for more new homes than planned before 2011. This article discusses the role and purpose of neighbourhood plans, the evidence base on which they are founded and some of the legal challenges which have helped clarify procedures. It then identifies two types of plan based on the ways housing strategies and evidence of need are reflected in a sample of 10 plans which have been made to date. It concludes that the voluntary nature of localism to date tends to favour more rural and affluent areas and ends with an assessment of the impact of neighbourhood plans on the planning process. It suggests that the implications for spatial planning may be far-reaching.