Funcionamento e organização da Educação Infantil : elementos subjetivos de uma equipe municipal

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, 2016.

Manual de técnicas y procedimientos de auditoría y el seguimiento a las acciones correctivas, con base a la normativa internacional ISO 9001 para las empresas que se dedican a prestar servicios educativos.

El manual que se propone en el trabajo presentado, brinda continuidad y énfasis a la cultura organizacional de calidad que caracteriza a las empresas certificadas con Norma ISO 9001:2000, considerando la calidad como un elemento de movilidad continua, es decir, siempre requiere de monitoreo y control para brindar conformidad a la misma. Este trabajo considera la interrelación de recursos técnicos, prácticos, elementos de eficacia y de efectividad. Se pretende brindar un manual que contenga los elementos necesarios y prácticos para el desarrollo de una auditoría a los sistemas de gestión de calidad, por lo cual se incluyen los programas principales que contiene una auditoría que aplique un examen integral a los principales requisitos que exigen las ISO 9001 y que de manera continua evalúe, no solamente la conformidad con los criterios aceptados, sino también que involucre los reglamentos normativos aplicables a las empresa que brindan servicios educativos, de tal forma que se presente una razonable seguridad sobre la correcta aplicación de los mismos. Es de vital importancia considerar que el elemento calidad es un aspecto, hasta cierto punto subjetivo y no cuantitativo, pero que, sin embargo, se concretiza con los resultados al final de un proceso arduo y continuo, que brinda satisfacción tanto a los clientes de las empresas, a las empresas, así como también al personal mismo en la institución, sin el cual no se lograrían los objetivos propuestos. Para llevar a cabo el manual que se presenta, fue necesario realizar una serie de actividades, que se concretizan en cuatro capítulos que contiene este documento. En el capítulo I se presenta el marco teórico sobre auditoría, sistemas de gestión de calidad y Auditoría de calidad, los cuales resultan de suma importancia a fin de sustentar apropiadamente el manual propuesto. En cada una de éstas variables se consideran sus generalidades, la identificación de sus conceptos, su clasificación, las características, hechos históricos sobre los mismos, entre otros elementos considerados. En el capítulo II se desarrolla el contenido de la investigación de campo que sirvió de justificación para la propuesta del manual. Dicha investigación se llevó a cabo en el área metropolitana de San Salvador, y considerando una población de empresas que hasta ese momento se identificaban como certificadas por CONACYT (Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología), ente regulador de las mismas. Este capítulo incluye generalidades de la investigación, los objetivos de la investigación, la justificación, la metodología, la tabulación de la encuesta realizada y el análisis de la información recolectada. En el capítulo III se presenta, la propuesta del “MANUAL DE TÉCNICAS Y PROCEDIMIENTOS DE AUDITORÍA Y EL SEGUIMIENTO A LAS ACCIONES CORRECTIVAS, CON BASE A LA NORMATIVA INTERNACIONAL ISO 9001 PARA LAS EMPRESAS QUE SE DEDICAN A PRESTAR SERVICIOS EDUCATIVOS”. Dicho manual constituye una herramienta que facilita la realización de la auditoría, q u e es un elemento vital para la consecución de los objetivos, pues identifica oportunidades de mejora, realiza examen oportuno y enfatiza una seguridad en la calidad de los servicios educativos brindados. En el capítulo IV se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones que surgieron como resultado de la investigación de campo realizada en las empresas que brindan servicios educativos y que se encuentran certificadas con la Norma ISO 9001. Para finalizar se detalla las fuentes bibliográficas que se consultaron para realizar la investigación.

Comparativo de los sistemas de tributación de Guatemala y El Salvador como base para la toma de decisiones de inversión.

Debido a la globalización de las economías del mundo y a las competencias que existen en los mercados actuales, los inversionistas se han visto en la necesidad de expandir sus operaciones en diferentes países, con el propósito de ser más competitivos y poder sobrevivir ante la crisis económica que actualmente estamos viviendo, para ello es indispensable que los inversionistas conozcan los diferentes sistemas de tributación aplicables a los diferentes países de su interés, para ello se vuelve indispensable realizar un estudio de las diferentes legislaciones tributarias aplicables a El Salvador y Guatemala, mediante un análisis comparativo como herramienta como base ante una decisión de inversión. La relación del derecho tributario y las finanzas, es motivada por la razón de que esta no es llevada únicamente por una necesidad económica privada, sino que responde también a las de carácter público y moral en beneficio del Estado, sus titulares y hasta terceras personas. El Estado, se interesa primero por la consecución del tributo y segundo, para obtener información financiera para toma de decisiones, ante una decisión de inversión. En tal sentido, el objetivo consiste en proporcionar, un documento de consulta para conocer la estructura de los sistemas de tributación de ambos países mencionados, así como los beneficios e incentivos fiscales que un inversionista puede adquirir; la investigación se desarrolló bajo el enfoque deductivo, empleando un estudio de tipo analítico explicativo y que mediante técnicas e instrumentos como la sistematización bibliográfica nos permita determinar las valoraciones y conclusiones siguientes: Identificar de forma general los impuestos aplicables a los contribuyentes o sujetos pasivos de ambos países, cargas tributarias sobre la utilidades, beneficios e incentivos fiscales favorables para inversionistas, obligaciones formales y otros requisitos necesarios para evaluar el costo beneficio de la inversión, debido a que algunos países de la región poseen una gran cantidad de obligaciones tributarias aplicables a los sujetos pasivos y para su cumplimiento es necesario contratar suficiente recurso humano, lo cual representa un alto costo y éstas situaciones vienen a contrarrestar utilidades que espera obtener a corto plazo. Se determinó, además, que algunas de las principales causas que los inversionista no consideran parte importante en su análisis como base ante una decisión de inversión, son los sistemas de tributación aplicables a los países de su interés, situación que viene repercutir en los resultados que espera obtener. Partiendo de esto se recomienda la generación de materiales de consulta de fácil comprensión y aplicación con el propósito de apoyar a los inversionistas como una guía ante una decisión de inversión, mediante la profundización de los temas, sobre todo aquellos en los cuales se observa un mayor grado de dificultad para su conocimiento, por lo tanto, se sugiere tomar como base algunos elementos importantes que en el presente documento de investigación se presenta sobre la estructura de los sistemas de tributación, sin olvidar que para lograr un mayor grado de aprendizaje es necesario profundizar en libros y trabajos de mayor especialización.

Encephalization And Diversification Of The Cranial Base In Platyrrhine Primates.

The cranial base, composed of the midline and lateral basicranium, is a structurally important region of the skull associated with several key traits, which has been extensively studied in anthropology and primatology. In particular, most studies have focused on the association between midline cranial base flexion and relative brain size, or encephalization. However, variation in lateral basicranial morphology has been studied less thoroughly. Platyrrhines are a group of primates that experienced a major evolutionary radiation accompanied by extensive morphological diversification in Central and South America over a large temporal scale. Previous studies have also suggested that they underwent several evolutionarily independent processes of encephalization. Given these characteristics, platyrrhines present an excellent opportunity to study, on a large phylogenetic scale, the morphological correlates of primate diversification in brain size. In this study we explore the pattern of variation in basicranial morphology and its relationship with phylogenetic branching and with encephalization in platyrrhines. We quantify variation in the 3D shape of the midline and lateral basicranium and endocranial volumes in a large sample of platyrrhine species, employing high-resolution CT-scans and geometric morphometric techniques. We investigate the relationship between basicranial shape and encephalization using phylogenetic regression methods and calculate a measure of phylogenetic signal in the datasets. The results showed that phylogenetic structure is the most important dimension for understanding platyrrhine cranial base diversification; only Aotus species do not show concordance with our molecular phylogeny. Encephalization was only correlated with midline basicranial flexion, and species that exhibit convergence in their relative brain size do not display convergence in lateral basicranial shape. The evolution of basicranial variation in primates is probably more complex than previously believed, and understanding it will require further studies exploring the complex interactions between encephalization, brain shape, cranial base morphology, and ecological dimensions acting along the species divergence process.

Variabilidade espacial e sazonal da concentração de elementos-traço em sedimentos do sistema estuarino de Santos-Cubatão (SP)

Multi-element analyses of sediment samples from the Santos-Cubatão Estuarine System were carried out to investigate the spatial and seasonal variability of trace-element concentrations. The study area contains a rich mangrove ecosystem that is a habitat for tens of thousands of resident and migratory birds, some of them endangered globally. Enrichments of metals in fine-grained surface sediments are, in decreasing order, Hg, Mn, La, Ca, Sr, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ba, Cu, Cr, Fe, Nb, Y, Ni and Ga, relative to pre-industrial background levels. The maximum enrichment ranged from 49 (Hg) to 3.1 (Ga). Mercury concentrations were greater in the Cubatão river than in other sites, while the other elements showed greater concentrations in the Morrão river. Concentrations of Mn were significantly greater in winter and autumn than in summer and spring. However, other elements (e.g. Cd and Pb) showed the opposite, with greater concentrations in summer and spring. This study suggests that seasonal changes in physical and chemical conditions may affect the degree of sediment enrichment and therefore make the assessment of contamination difficult. Consequently, these processes need to be considered when assessing water quality and the potential contamination of biota.

Desenvolvimento e validação de método espectrofotométrico para determinação de corante à base de luteína adicionado em iogurte desnatado

A simple analytical method for extraction and quantification of lutein colorant added to yogurt was developed and validated. The method allowed complete extraction of carotenoids using tetrahydrofuran in vortex, followed by centrifugation, partition to diethyl ether/petroleum ether, and drying. The carotenoids dissolved in ethanol were quantified by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. This method showed linearity in the range tested (1.41-13.42 µg g-1), limits of detection and quantification of 0.42 and 1.28 µg g-1, respectively, low relative standard deviation (3.4%) and recovery ranging from 95 to 103%. The method proved reliable for quantification of lutein added to yogurt.

Projeto de um cortador de base para colhedora de cana-de-açúcar utilizando otimização matemática

A base-cutter represented for a mechanism of four bars, was developed using the Autocad program. The normal force of reaction of the profile in the contact point was determined through the dynamic analysis. The equations of dynamic balance were based on the laws of Newton-Euler. The linkage was subject to an optimization technique that considered the peak value of soil reaction force as the objective function to be minimized while the link lengths and the spring constant varied through a specified range. The Algorithm of Sequential Quadratic Programming-SQP was implemented of the program computational Matlab. Results were very encouraging; the maximum value of the normal reaction force was reduced from 4,250.33 to 237.13 N, making the floating process much less disturbing to the soil and the sugarcane rate. Later, others variables had been incorporated the mechanism optimized and new otimization process was implemented .

Simulação da varredura da superfície por um cortador de base segmentado

Base cutting and feeding into harvesters of plants lying close to the ground surface require an efficient sweeping action of the cutting mechanism. It is not the case of conventional sugarcane harvesters which have rigid blades mounted on discs capable to contaminate the cane with dirt as well as damage the ratoons. The objective of this work was to simulate the sweeping performance of a segmented base cutter. The model was developed using the laws of dynamic. Simulation included two rotational speeds (400 and 600 rpm), two cutting heights (0.12 and 0.13 m) and two disk tilting angles (-10º and -12º). The simulated sweeping angle varied between 56º and 193º, which are very promising as a mean to cutting and feeding cane sticks lying on the ground. Cutting height was the variable that affected sweeping action the most. This behavior indicates the need to have an automatic control of the cutting disk height in order to keep good sweeping performance as the harvester moves forward.

Caracterização física e mecânica de argamassas à base de cimento Portland e cinza de casca de arroz residual

Rice husk, employed as an energy source at milling industries in Brazil generates, after burning, a dark ash. This residue is not yet conveniently disposed, being currently dumped on large areas, causing environmental problems. This research intended to evaluate the applications of residual rice husk ashes (RHA) as a partial replacement of cement for mortar production. Rice husk ash was chemically characterized through X-ray fluorescence, determination of carbon content, X-ray diffraction, and laser granulometric analysis. Mortar specimens were submitted to two different exposure conditions: internal and external environments at a maximum period of five months. Physical-mechanical testing were compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). Although presenting good mechanical performance, the mortar based on ash (RHA) did not present pozolanicity but it can be employed in cement matrices as inert material (filler).

Saúde dos adolescentes: um estudo de base populacional em Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil

We estimated the prevalence of chronic diseases and other health problems reported by adolescents in relation to social and demographic variables and nutritional status. This cross-sectional population-based survey analyzed data from the Health Survey in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2008. We used descriptive statistics and associations between variables with the chisquare test. Prevalence of chronic diseases among adolescents was 19.17%, with asthma showing the highest prevalence (7.59%), followed by heart disease (1.96%), hypertension (1.07%), and diabetes 0.21%. Prevalence rates were 61.53% for health problems, 40.39% for allergy, and 24.83% for frequent headache or migraine. After multivariate analysis using Poisson regression, the factors associated with chronic disease were age 15 to 19 years (PR = 1.38), not attending school (PR = 1.46), having children (PR = 1.84), and obesity (PR = 1.54). Female gender (PR = 1.12) was statistically associated with health problems. The study illustrates that adolescence is a life stage in which chronic disease and health problems can occur.

Descrição e discriminação de formas de nervuras foliares utilizando a representação polinomial cúbica de Hermite

This paper describes a method for leaf vein shape characterization using Hermite polynomial cubic representation. The elements associated with this representation are used as secondary vein descriptors and their discriminatory potential are analyzed based on the identification of two legume species (Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus Hassl. and L. subglaucescens Mart, ex Benth.). The elements of Hermite geometry influence a curve along all its extension allowing a global description of the secondary vein course by a descriptor of low dimensionality. The obtained results shown the analyzed species can be discriminated by this method and it can be used in addition to commonly considered elements in the taxonomic process.

Programas de educação de jovens e adultos e pesquisa acadêmica: a contribuição dos estudos do letramento

The purpose of this article is to introduce elements that allow building an interface between the academic research and the programs of basic education for youngsters and adults. It discusses contributions to these programs that can be found in the results of qualitative research studies. To this end, results of a five-year long project on teacher education are used, which aim was that of analyzing the interaction between teacher and student in youngster and adult literacy classes. The research project was conducted in natural contexts with the purpose of understanding a given social reality, and not of establishing general laws. Therefore, the credibility of its results was built through the observation of multiple contexts, and the gathering of data was made through various methods, from the perspective of several participants observed during a prolonged period of time. This empirical basis was used to evaluate recommendations contained in the report commissioned by Unesco to the International Literacy Institute for presentation at the World Forum on Education held in 2000 in Dakar. This report proposed that the continuous attendance of students to basic education programs is one of the great challenges of the new millennium. With respect to the problem of adult evasion from courses and programs, the article discusses the motivation and accessibility factors, pointed out in official documents as relevant factors to the success or failure of the programs.

Calcificações dos gânglios da base na infância

We report the study of four children with bilateral basal ganglia calcifications (BGC) visualized on CT scan. Epilepsy was the clinical manifestation of three patients whose laboratory investigation revealed abnormal calcium metabolism. The first aim of this paper is to call attention to a treatable entity that can cause epileptic syndromes in infancy and childhood. The second purpose is to review the literature comparing with our fourth child who presented encephalopathy with BGC.

Adaptação do handebol para a prática em cadeira de rodas

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

O esporte paraolímpico no Brasil : abordagem da sociologia do esporte de Pierre Bourdieu

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física