(Table 1) Crystal sizes of measured samples from the Bush Hill region in the Gulf of Mexico and from ODP Leg 204 at the Hydrate Ridge offshore Oregon

The grain sizes of gas hydrate crystallites are largely unknown in natural samples. Single grains are hardly detectable with electron or optical microscopy. For the first time, we have used high-energy synchrotron diffraction to determine grain sizes of six natural gas hydrates retrieved from the Bush Hill region in the Gulf of Mexico and from ODP Leg 204 at the Hydrate Ridge offshore Oregon from varying depth between 1 and 101 metres below seafloor. High-energy synchrotron radiation provides high photon fluxes as well as high penetration depth and thus allows for investigation of bulk sediment samples. Gas hydrate grain sizes were measured at the Beam Line BW 5 at the HASYLAB/Hamburg. A 'moving area detector method', originally developed for material science applications, was used to obtain both spatial and orientation information about gas hydrate grains within the sample. The gas hydrate crystal sizes appeared to be (log-)normally distributed in the natural samples. All mean grain sizes lay in the range from 300 to 600 µm with a tendency for bigger grains to occur in greater depth. Laboratory-produced methane hydrate, aged for 3 weeks, showed half a log-normal curve with a mean grain size value of c. 40 µm. The grains appeared to be globular shaped.

The stimulus-response curve and motor unit variability in normal subjects and subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

The behavior and stability of motor units (MUs) in response to electrical stimulation of different intensities can be assessed with the stimulus-response curve, which is a graphical representation of the size of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) in relation to stimulus intensity. To examine MU characteristics across the whole stimulus range, the variability of CMAP responses to electrical stimulation, and the differences that occur between normal and disease states, the curve was studied in 11 normal subjects and 16 subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In normal subjects, the curve showed a gradual increase in CMAP size with increasing stimulus intensity, although one or two discrete steps were sometimes observed in the upper half of the curve, indicating the activation of large MUs at higher intensities. In ALS subjects, large discrete steps, due to loss of MUs and collateral sprouting, were frequently present. Variability of the CMAP responses was greater than baseline variability, indicating variability of MU responses, and at certain levels this variability was up to 100 mu Vms. The stimulus-response curve shows differences between normal and ALS subjects and provides information on MU activation and variability throughout the curve.

The topographic distribution of the magnetic P100M to full- and half-field stimulation

Visual evoked magnetic responses were recorded to full-field and left and right half-field stimulation with three check sizes (70′, 34′ and 22′) in five normal subjects. Recordings were made sequentially on a 20-position grid (4 × 5) based on the inion, by means of a single-channel direct current-Superconducting Quantum Interference Device second-order gradiometer. The topographic maps were consistent on the same subjects recorded 2 months apart. The half-field responses produced the strongest signals in the contralateral hemisphere and were consistent with the cruciform model of the calcarine fissure. Right half fields produced upper-left-quadrant outgoing fields and lower-left-quadrant ingoing fields, while the left half field produced the opposite response. The topographic maps also varied with check size, with the larger checks producing positive or negative maximum position more anteriorly than small checks. In addition, with large checks the full-field responses could be explained as the summation of the two half fields, whereas full-field responses to smaller checks were more unpredictable and may be due to sources located at the occipital pole or lateral surface. In addition, dipole sources were located as appropriate with the use of inverse problem solutions. Topographic data will be vital to the clinical use of the visual evoked field but, in addition, provides complementary information to visual evoked potentials, allowing detailed studies of the visual cortex. © 1992 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Pattern integration in the normal and abnormal human visual system

The processing conducted by the visual system requires the combination of signals that are detected at different locations in the visual field. The processes by which these signals are combined are explored here using psychophysical experiments and computer modelling. Most of the work presented in this thesis is concerned with the summation of contrast over space at detection threshold. Previous investigations of this sort have been confounded by the inhomogeneity in contrast sensitivity across the visual field. Experiments performed in this thesis find that the decline in log contrast sensitivity with eccentricity is bilinear, with an initial steep fall-off followed by a shallower decline. This decline is scale-invariant for spatial frequencies of 0.7 to 4 c/deg. A detailed map of the inhomogeneity is developed, and applied to area summation experiments both by incorporating it into models of the visual system and by using it to compensate stimuli in order to factor out the effects of the inhomogeneity. The results of these area summation experiments show that the summation of contrast over area is spatially extensive (occurring over 33 stimulus carrier cycles), and that summation behaviour is the same in the fovea, parafovea, and periphery. Summation occurs according to a fourth-root summation rule, consistent with a “noisy energy” model. This work is extended to investigate the visual deficit in amblyopia, finding that area summation is normal in amblyopic observers. Finally, the methods used to study the summation of threshold contrast over area are adapted to investigate the integration of coherent orientation signals in a texture. The results of this study are described by a two-stage model, with a mandatory local combination stage followed by flexible global pooling of these local outputs. In each study, the results suggest a more extensive combination of signals in vision than has been previously understood.

Modelos de dispersão para extremos de precipitação. Estudo de caso: o nordeste do Brasil

In this thesis used four different methods in order to diagnose the precipitation extremes on Northeastern Brazil (NEB): Generalized Linear Model s via logistic regression and Poisson, extreme value theory analysis via generalized extre me value (GEV) and generalized Pareto (GPD) distributions and Vectorial Generalized Linea r Models via GEV (MVLG GEV). The logistic regression and Poisson models were used to identify the interactions between the precipitation extremes and other variables based on the odds ratios and relative risks. It was found that the outgoing longwave radiation was the indicator variable for the occurrence of extreme precipitation on eastern, northern and semi arid NEB, and the relative humidity was verified on southern NEB. The GEV and GPD distribut ions (based on the 95th percentile) showed that the location and scale parameters were presented the maximum on the eastern and northern coast NEB, the GEV verified a maximum core on western of Pernambuco influenced by weather systems and topography. The GEV and GPD shape parameter, for most regions the data fitted by Weibull negative an d Beta distributions (ξ < 0) , respectively. The levels and return periods of GEV (GPD) on north ern Maranhão (centerrn of Bahia) may occur at least an extreme precipitation event excee ding over of 160.9 mm /day (192.3 mm / day) on next 30 years. The MVLG GEV model found tha t the zonal and meridional wind components, evaporation and Atlantic and Pacific se a surface temperature boost the precipitation extremes. The GEV parameters show the following results: a) location ( ), the highest value was 88.26 ± 6.42 mm on northern Maran hão; b) scale ( σ ), most regions showed positive values, except on southern of Maranhão; an d c) shape ( ξ ), most of the selected regions were adjusted by the Weibull negative distr ibution ( ξ < 0 ). The southern Maranhão and southern Bahia have greater accuracy. The level period, it was estimated that the centern of Bahia may occur at least an extreme precipitatio n event equal to or exceeding over 571.2 mm/day on next 30 years.

Near-infrared and star-forming properties of local luminous infrared galaxies

We use Hubble Space Telescope (HST) NICMOS continuum and Paα observations to study the near-infrared and star formation properties of a representative sample of 30 local (d ~ 35-75 Mpc) luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs, infrared [8-1000 μm] luminosities of log L_IR = 11-11.9 L_☉). The data provide spatial resolutions of 25-50 pc and cover the central ~3.3-7.1 kpc regions of these galaxies. About half of the LIRGs show compact (~1-2 kpc) Paα emission with a high surface brightness in the form of nuclear emission, rings, and minispirals. The rest of the sample show Paα emission along the disk and the spiral arms extending over scales of 3-7 kpc and larger. About half of the sample contains H II regions with Hα luminosities significantly higher than those observed in normal galaxies. There is a linear empirical relationship between the mid-IR 24 μm and hydrogen recombination (extinction-corrected Paα) luminosity for these LIRGs, and the H II regions in the central part of M51. This relation holds over more than four decades in luminosity, suggesting that the mid-IR emission is a good tracer of the star formation rate (SFR). Analogous to the widely used relation between the SFR and total IR luminosity of R. Kennicutt, we derive an empirical calibration of the SFR in terms of the monochromatic 24 μm luminosity that can be used for luminous, dusty galaxies.

Avaliação do papel dos polimorfismos em enzimas metabolizadoras e enzimas transportadoras de fármacos em neoplasias hematológicas

O cancro é um dos maiores causadores globais de mortalidade e morbilidade, ocorrendo cerca de 14 milhões de novos casos por ano e 8,2 milhões de mortes anuais com esta patologia, números que tendem a aumentar 70% nas próximas duas décadas. A característica tumoral mais nefasta é a sua capacidade de metastização para outros órgãos, um mecanismo que pode ser despoletado pela falha dos mecanismos normais de controlo de crescimento, proliferação e reparação celulares, que facilita o processo de transformação de células normais em células cancerígenas. A oncogénese processa-se em três etapas, a iniciação, a promoção e a progressão e pode ter origem em células estaminais cancerígenas, que regulam as capacidades de propagação e recidiva do tumor. As neoplasias hematológicas resultam de alterações genéticas e /ou epigenéticas que conduzem à desregulação da proliferação, ao bloqueio da diferenciação e/ou à resitência à apoptose. Para além dos fatores de risco exógenos, como agentes carcinogénicos físicos, químicos e biológicos, existem também fatores endógenos, incluindo características genéticas, que podem alterar a predisposição para o aparecimento de neoplasias, bem como influenciar a resposta à terapêutica. Uma das terapêuticas aplicadas no tratamento do cancro é a quimioterapia. Os fármacos administrados a doentes oncológicos seguem normalmente o percurso de absorção, distribuição, metabolização e eliminação. Este curso pode sofrer alterações caso as proteínas transportadoras e metabolizadoras necessárias não atuem corretamente. Para um melhor conhecimento da influência das alterações provocadas por variações nos genes que codificam proteínas transportadoras de efluxo (MDR1, MRP1), proteínas de influxo (OCTN2) e proteínas metabolizadoras (UCK2), o objetivo deste trabalho consistiu na avaliação de polimorfismos nos genes MDR1, MRP1, OCTN2 e UCK2 e da sua relação com a predisposição para o desenvolvimento de neoplasias hematológicas. Para isto, foram utilizadas amostras de 307 doentes com neoplasias hematológicas, 83 de Síndrome Mielodisplásica (SMD), 63 Leucemia Mieloide Aguda (LMA), 16 de Síndrome Mielodisplásica/Neoplasias Mieloproliferativas (SMD/NMP), 77 de Mieloma Múltiplo (MM) e 68 de Gamapatia Monoclonal de Significado Indeterminado (MGUS) e 164 de controlos não neoplásicos e/ou indivíduos saudáveis. As amostras de ADN foram extraídas do sangue periférico com protocolo adequado. De forma a determinar os genótipos correspondentes a cada amostra, realizaram-se técnicas de RFLP-PCR e ARMS-PCR. Posteriormente, calcularam-se estatisticamente as frequências alélicas e genotípicas relativas às variantes polimórficas dos genes MDR1, MRP1, OCTN2 e UCK2 e verificou-se se estavam em Equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. De seguida, avaliou-se a força de associação entre as formas polimórficas e o risco de desenvolvimento de neoplasias hematológicas, através do cálculo do risco relativo por análise de regressão logística. Avaliaram-se ainda os perfis genéticos e a possível relação com o desenvolvimento e progressão da neoplasia com recurso a regressão logística e análise de Kaplan-Meier. De um modo geral as frequências alélicas e genotípicas não se revelaram alteradas comparativamente ao esperado. A análise do odds ratio associado ao polimorfismo rs1045642 do gene MDR1 revelou que o genótipo CT pode constituir um fator de risco aumentado de 1,84x para o desenvolvimento de Gamapatias Monoclonais e 2,27x para o desenvolvimento de Mieloma Múltiplo. Por outro lado, a presença de genótipos portadores do alelo T têm um efeito protetor no desenvolvimento de MM (OR=0,41). O cálculo do risco associado ao polimorfismo rs4148330 do gene MRP1 revela que o genótipo AG é um fator protetor (OR=0,50) para o desenvolvimento de LMA, assim como o alelo G (OR=0,50). Além disso, verificámos que existe uma associação de risco de desenvolver neoplasia com o polimorfismo rs2185268 do gene UCK2. De facto, a presença dos genótipos CC e AC representam um fator de risco 4,59x aumentado para o desenvolvimento de SMD/NMP. O polimorfismo rs274561 do gene OCTN2 não apresenta relação com o risco relativo de desenvolvimento neoplásico. Da avaliação da influência dos polimorfismos em estudo na sobrevivência global dos doentes, podemos assumir que a presença do genótipo GG relativo ao polimorfismo rs2185268 do gene UCK2 representa uma diminuição da sobrevivência em 11 meses. Os resultados obtidos a partir do nosso estudo permitem-nos concluir que os polimorfismos podem ser fatores relevantes na predisposição para o desenvolvimento de neoplasias hematológicas e na progressão destas doenças.

Composite Medicago truncatula plants harbouring Agrobacterium rhizogenes-transformed roots reveal normal mycorrhization by Glomus intraradices

Composite plants consisting of a wild-type shoot and a transgenic root are frequently used for functional genomics in legume research. Although transformation of roots using Agrobacterium rhizogenes leads to morphologically normal roots, the question arises as to whether such roots interact with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the same way as wild-type roots. To address this question, roots transformed with a vector containing the fluorescence marker DsRed were used to analyse AM in terms of mycorrhization rate, morphology of fungal and plant subcellular structures, as well as transcript and secondary metabolite accumulations. Mycorrhization rate, appearance, and developmental stages of arbuscules were identical in both types of roots. Using Mt16kOLI1Plus microarrays, transcript profiling of mycorrhizal roots showed that 222 and 73 genes exhibited at least a 2-fold induction and less than half of the expression, respectively, most of them described as AM regulated in the same direction in wild-type roots. To verify this, typical AM marker genes were analysed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and revealed equal transcript accumulation in transgenic and wild-type roots. Regarding secondary metabolites, several isoflavonoids and apocarotenoids, all known to accumulate in mycorrhizal wild-type roots, have been found to be up-regulated in mycorrhizal in comparison with non-mycorrhizal transgenic roots. This set of data revealed a substantial similarity in mycorrhization of transgenic and wild-type roots of Medicago truncatula, validating the use of composite plants for studying AM-related effects.

A pilot study to determine the normal haematological indices for young Malawian adults in Blantyre, Malawi

Aim To determine the distribution of haematological parameters in healthy individuals residing in Blantyre, Malawi. We also examined the effect of sociodemographic and nutritional factors on the haematological variables. Methods We conducted a proof-of-concept cross-sectional study, involving 105 healthy blood donors at Malawi Blood Transfusion Service in Blantyre. Eligible participants were HIV-negative males and females, aged 19 to 35 years, who did not have any evidence of acute or chronic illness, or bloodborne infection. We performed the haematological tests at the Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust laboratory in Blantyre, and the screening tests at Malawi Blood Transfusion Service laboratories. Results Out of 170 consenting healthy volunteers, haematological results were available for 105 participants. The proportions of results which were below the lower limit of the manufacturer’s reference ranges were 35.2% (37/105) for haemoglobin, 15.2% (16/105) for neutrophils, 23.8% (25/105) for eosinophils, and 88.6 % (93/105) for basophils. The proportions of results that were above the upper limit of the manufacturer’s reference ranges were 9.5% (10/105) for platelets and 12.4% (13/105) for monocytes. We also observed that the mean leucocyte and basophil counts were significantly higher in males than females (p = 0.042 and p = 0.015, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences in haematological results observed among different ethnic, age, and body mass index groups. Conclusions Over half of otherwise healthy study participants had at least one abnormal haematological result, using previously established foreign standards. More detailed studies are needed to establish locally relevant normal ranges for different age groups and other demographic characteristics of the Malawian population. This will lead to accurate interpretation of laboratory results.

The ranks of the homotopy groups of odd degree of a finite complex

Special Issue in honor of Prof. Hans-Bjørn Foxby

Propuesta para el desarrollo de la estructura organizacional y manual de responsabilidades para la organización ATM LOG S.A.S

48 p.

SIG e distribuição espacial da ferrugem tropical do milho (Physopella zeae) no cenário de mudanças climáticas no Brasil.

A mudança climática é um processo decorrente do efeito acumulativo contínuo das emissões excessivas de gases de efeito estufa e de aerossóis provenientes da intensificação de algumas atividades antrópicas, produzindo mudanças no clima do planeta. Tais mudanças podem alterar a incidência de doenças nas plantas. O conhecimento de técnicas de geoprocessamento pode ser de grande importância para aplicações no setor agrícola, auxiliando na elaboração de estratégias para minimizar prejuízos futuros causados pelos impactos climáticos globais. A ferrugem tropical do milho, causada por Physopella zeae, é responsável por grandes danos na produção nacional. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a distribuição geográfica dessa doença com o uso de ferramentas SIG (Sistema de Informações Geográficas). Foram obtidos mapas de favorabilidade climática para o desenvolvimento da doença na cultura do milho, utilizando condições climáticas propícias definidas por Casela et al. (2006), entre os meses de janeiro a junho, para a normal climatológica (1961-1990) e para o clima futuro de 2080, do IPCC (Painel Intergovernamental de Mudanças Climáticas). Os resultados indicam que haverá um deslocamento da ncidência da doença das regiões Norte, Nordeste para as regiões Sudeste e Sul no futuro, permanecendo também na região Centro-Oeste.

LOGÍSTICA E TERRITÓRIO NO BRASIL – OS COMPLEXOS PORTUÁRIOS DO NORTE FLUMINENSE

No Brasil, a Lei nº.8630 de 1993, conhecida como Lei de Modernização dos Portos, se constituiu como um importante marco institucional no setor o qual resultou, nos anos que se seguiram, dentre outros, na ampliação do número de terminais portuários destinados a atender as demandas do comércio internacional de mercadorias. Novos arranjos institucionais criaram condições para a adequação dos portos brasileiros ao seu novo papel como nó central de uma rede logística que articula as escalas internacional, nacional, regional e local. Contudo, como destaca Dieter Goebel (2002), o foco principal da atividade portuária no Brasil ainda permanece na recepção e no despacho de cargas. Nos principais portos do mundo, os portos, particularmente os de terceira geração, passaram a se constituir como nós da complexa rede de distribuição/produção internacional, centros de serviços de valor agregado e de logística de abrangência internacional, podendo ser transformados em vetores para a redinamização de economias locais. A região norte do estado Rio de Janeiro, conhecida como norte fluminense, a reboque das transformações portuárias no país, recebeu, nos últimos anos, enormes investimentos destinados a instalação de terminais portuários. Destacam-se o Complexo Logístico e Industrial do Açu e o Complexo Logístico e Naval Farol-Barra do Furado. Chama a atenção o fato desta região ser marcada historicamente pelo desenvolvimento de atividades tradicionais de baixa produtividade, como o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar e a pecuária, tendo recebido nos últimos anos recursos provenientes da exploração do petróleo na Bacia de Campos. Neste artigo apresentamos uma análise das transformações ocorridas na estrutura portuária na região, avaliando os motivos para a atração exercida sobre investimentos deste tipo, dadas as características históricas da região.