The characteristics of six species of living hollow-bearing trees and their importance for arboreal marsupials in the dry sclerophyll forests of southeast Queensland, Australia

Six species of trees located in the dry sclerophyll forests of southeast Queensland were studied to ascertain which was most suitable to be retained as hollow-bearing trees for nesting and denning by arboreal marsupials. Generally for all tree species, the number of entrances to hollows was positively correlated with the diameter at breast height (DBH) and the growth stage, and entrance diameters also increased in trees with a larger DBH. However, there were differences between the species; Corymbia citriodora had few hollows until the individuals were very large while Eucalyptus crebra had low numbers of hollows throughout its entire size range. It was concluded that a mixture of tree species provided a range of hollow sizes and positions that would be suitable for nesting and denning by arboreal marsupials in those forests. There were large differences between tree species in the relationship between tree size and estimated age. Five of the tree species took between 186 and 230 years to begin to produce hollows while E. crebra took up to 324 years. This suggests that tree species other than E. crebra may be the most preferred for retention in areas where hollow-bearing tree densities are lower than the prescribed level. Other data also suggests there are likely to be enough trees in larger size classes that would begin to form hollows within the next 50 years to compensate for an expected loss of hollow-bearing stags during that same period. In terms of forest operation, the retention of six hollow-bearing trees/ha would represent an estimated loss of 7.3-15% wood production. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

ASSÉDIO MORAL OU PSICOLÓGICO NO DIREITO CONSTITUCIONAL PORTUGUÊS

1 O direio constitucional português ao trabalho: introdução; 1.1 Alguns direitos e deveres constitucionais no contexto do Direito constitucional do trabalho português; 2 Algumas ideias sobre o assédio moral ou psicológico; 3 Conclusão.Resumo – Abstract: tanto o assédio moral, como uma das suas espécies, o assédio sexual, tornaram-se numa espécie de ilícito, quer em termos civis, quer, por exemplo, em termos criminais, que cada vez se torna mais comum no local de trabalho e/ou estudo, e com graves consequências para os mais básicos direitos fundamentais individuais e colectivos. Determinados direitos, liberdades e garantias passam a estar em perigo ou não bastasse a sua consagração constitucional apenas teórica.

Poderá ser a criminalização do assédio moral e/ou mobbing, rectius no trabalho, respeitadora dos princípios constitucionais da necessidade, adequação, proporcionalidade e intervenção mínima penais? - A lesão dos direitos fundamentais constitucionais dos trabalhadores: o caso português1

Resumo: O direito constitucional português ao trabalho: introdução § Algumas ideias sobre o assédio moral ou psicológico: as principais vítimas, as diferenças do bullying (e/ou intimidação ou tiranizar), os fundamentos, o seu estudo § O contexto do ordenamento jurídico português: algumas consequências do assédio moral § O direito geral à personalidade § A distinção entre o assédio moral e outras figuras § O assédio sexual faz parte do assédio moral em sentido amplo § Dentro do problema do “assédio moral”, da “liberdade moral” e, nomeadamente, dos crimes contra a liberdade sexual e autodeterminação sexual, algumas notas, de Direito penal, sobre a “coação sexual”: responsabilidade penal § O assédio moral no ordenamento jurídico português e, designadamente, no contexto do Direito do trabalho § O assédio moral como doença profissional, a hipótese de ocorrer suicídio e a eventual responsabilidade civil § Conclusão § “Ideia final” § Abstract: The Portuguese constitucional law to the work (labour): introduction § Some ideas on the moral or psychological siege (general mobbing): the main victims, the differences of bullying (and/or intimidation or “the labour tyrant”), the beddings, its study § The context of the Portuguese legal system § The context of the Portuguese legal system: some effects of the moral siege (general mobbing) § The general right to the personality § The distinction between the moral siege (general mobbing) and other figures § The sexual siege (sexual harassement or sexual mobbing) is part of the moral siege(general mobbing) in ample direction § Inside of the problem of the “moral siege” (general mobbing), “moral freedom” e, nominated, of the crimes against the sexual freedom and sexual self-determination, some notes, of Criminal law, on the “sexual coercion”: criminal liability § The moral siege (general mobbing) in Portuguese legal system and, appointedly, in the context of the Law of the work (labour law) § The moral siege (general mobbing) as ocupational disease, the hypothesis to occur suicide and the eventual civil liability § Conclusion § “Final Idea”

Do we need a “new” international convention that helps to avoid trafficking in organs? Some “criminal (and civil) law aspects” - Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine – updated or outdated?

Abstract: § 1 «Do we need a “new” international convention that helps to avoid trafficking in organs? Some criminal (and civil) law aspects”» - «Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine – updated or outdated?». § 2 Some important connections: on the one hand, between the 1997 Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine; the 2002 Additional Protocol to the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine concerning Transplantation of Organs and Tissues of Human Origin; and, on the other hand, the problem of trafficking in organs, tissues and cells and trafficking in human beings for the purpose of the removal organs. Some connections. § 3 The «international undisputed principle». § 4 Trafficking in organs, tissues and cells; and trafficking in human beings for the purpose of the removal organs. Criminal Law and Civil Law. § 5 Promote organ donation. § 6 The necessity to collect reliable data on both trafficking cases. § 7 The necessity for an internationally agreed definition of trafficking in OTC: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine – updated or outdated? § 8 The (inter)national and (il)legal organ («tissue and cell») trade: some cases and some conclusions. § 9 Do we need a new international convention to prevent trafficking in organs, tissues and cells (OTC)? § 10 Of course we need a «new» international convention to prevent trafficking in organs, tissues and cells (OTC). § 11 At the present moment, we do not need a «new» international convention to prevent trafficking in human beings for the purpose of the removal organs. § 12 The Portuguese case. § 13 «Final conclusions.» § Resumo: § 1 «Precisamos de uma "nova" convenção internacional que ajude a evitar o tráfico de órgãos? Alguns aspectos de lei criminal (e civil)» - «Convenção sobre Direitos Humanos e Biomedicina - Actualizada ou desactualizada?». § 2 Algumas conexões importantes: por um lado, entre a Convenção do Conselho da Europa de 1997 sobre Direitos Humanos e Biomedicina; o Protocolo Adicional de 2002 à Convenção sobre os Direitos do Homem e da Biomedicina relativo ao transplante de órgãos e tecidos de origem humana, e, por outro lado, o problema do tráfico de órgãos, tecidos e células e tráfico de seres humanos para fins de remoção dos órgãos. § 3 O «indiscutível princípio internacional». § 4 O Tráfico de órgãos, tecidos e células; e o tráfico de seres humanos para fins de remoção dos órgãos. Direito Penal e Direito Civil. § 5 Promover a doação de órgãos. § 6 A necessidade de colectar dados fidedignos sobre os dois casos de tráfico. § 7 A necessidade de uma definição internacionalmente acordada de tráfico de OTC: Convenção sobre Direitos Humanos e Biomedicina - actualizada ou desactualizada? § 8 A (inter)nacional e (il)legal comercialização de órgãos («de tecidos e de células»): alguns casos e algumas conclusões. § 9 Será que precisamos de uma nova convenção internacional para prevenir o tráfico de órgãos, tecidos e células (OTC)? § 10 É claro que precisamos de uma «nova» convenção internacional para prevenir o tráfico de órgãos, tecidos e células (OTC). § 11 No presente momento, não precisamos de uma «nova» convenção internacional para impedir o tráfico de seres humanos para fins de remoção dos órgãos. § 12 O caso Português. § 13 «As conclusões finais.»

La constitució de la naturalesa moral de l'home

En aquest treball filosòfic pretenem reflexionar sobre l'origen natural del fet moral, tot fent una comparació amb fets culturals, com ara, els Drets Humans o la mutilació genital femenina. La conclusió és que la moral es basa en el sentit dels comportaments més que no els comportaments en si mateixos.

Sistema de Protecció del Copyright

L'objectiu d'aquest treball és dissenyar i avaluar un sistema de protecció del copyright mitjançant detecció de còpia amb utilització de marques d'aigua. El producte resultant és un programa capaç d'enterrar la identitat d'un comprador en una imatge determinada.

Protección del copyright de imágenes digitales.

Aquest treball vol oferir una visió general de l'estat de la tècnica d'utilització de les marques d'aigua digitals per a aplicacions de protecció del copyright, de manera que un lector sense coneixements previs d'aquest tema pugui fer-se una idea clara de què són les marques d'aigua digitals, com funcionen, en quines aplicacions troben utilitat i quins problemes tenen, entre altres qüestions. S'incideix especialment en el cas de les imatges digitals.

Protecció del copyright

L'objectiu d'aquest TFC és implementar un sistema senzill de protecció del copyright per a imatges de format BMP mitjançant un esquema de marcatge basat en codis duals de Hamming, que permeten recuperar la marca quan la imatge marcada ha estat sotmesa a certs tipus de processament digital i també en el cas de confabulació de dos compradors.

Proposing a 'Consent Commons' in open education - balancing the desire for openness with the rights of people to refuse or withdraw from participation

A new 'Consent Commons' licensing framework is proposed, complementing Creative Commons, to clarify the permissions given for using and reusing clinical and non-clinical digital recordings of people (patients and non-patients) for educational purposes. Consent Commons is a sophisticated expression of ethically based 'digital professionalism', which recognises the rights of patients, carers, their families, teachers, clinicians, students and members of the public to have some say in how their digital recordings are used (including refusing or withdrawing their consent), and is necessary in order to ensure the long term sustainability of teaching materials, including Open Educational Resources (OER). Consent Commons can ameliorate uncertainty about the status of educational resources depicting people, and protect institutions from legal risk by developing robust and sophisticated policies and promoting best practice in managing their information.

Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Australia

The aim of this study was to search for plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance determinants QnrA and QnrS in fluoroquinolone-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing enterobacterial isolates recovered in Sydney, Australia, in 2002. Twenty-three fluoroquinolone-resistant, of which 16 were also ESBL-positive, enterobacterial and nonrelated isolates were studied. PCR with primers specific for qnrA and qnrS genes and primers specific for a series of ESBL genes were used. A qnrA gene was identified in two ESBL-positive isolates, whereas no qnrS-positive strain was found. The QnrA1 determinant was identified in an Enterobacter cloacae isolate and in a carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate, both of which expressed the same ESBL SHV- 12. Whereas no plasmid was identified in the E. cloacae isolate, K. pneumoniae K149 possessed two conjugative plasmids, one that harbored the qnrA and bla (SHV)-12 genes whereas the other expressed the carbapenemase gene bla (IMP-4). The qnrA gene, was located in both cases downstream of the orf513 recombinase gene and upstream of the qnrA1 gene, a structure identical to that found in sul1-type integron In36 and qnrA-positive strains from Shanghai, China. However, the gene cassettes of the sul1-type integrons were different. This study identified the first plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant in Enterobacteriaceae in Australia.

Cosmopolitan justice and minority rights: the case of minority nations (or Kant again, but different)

Global Justice has usually been understood to mean institutional and social justice (political and redistributive issues on a global scale). In contrast, issues involving different national and cultural identities, are usually marginal in reflections on global justice. This occurs despite the fact that human rights include political social and cultural rights. This paper links a conception of global justice, moral cosmopolitanism, with plurinational democracies. After giving a brief description of moral cosmopolitanism I go on to analyse notions of cosmopolitanism and patriotism in Kant's work and the political significance that the notion of "unsocial sociability" and the "Ideas of Pure Reason" of Kant's first Critique have for cosmopolitanism. Finally, I analyse the relationship between cosmopolitanism and minority nations based on the preceding sections. I postulate the need for a moral and institutional refinement of democracies and international society that is better able to accommodate national pluralism than has so far been achieved by traditional liberal constitutionalism and cosmopolitanism

Contractual allocation of decision rights and incentives: The case of automobile distribution

We analyze empirically the allocation of rights and monetary incentives in automobile franchise contracts. These contracts substantially restrict the decision rights of dealers and grant manufacturers extensive contractual completion and enforcement powers, converting the manufacturers, de facto, in a sort of quasi-judiciary instance. Variation in the allocation of decision rights andincentive intensity is explained by the incidence of moral hazard in the relation. In particular, when the cost of dealer moral hazard is higher and the risk of manufactureropportunism is lower, manufacturers enjoy more discretion in determining the performance required from their dealers and in using mechanisms such as monitoring, termination and monetary incentives to ensure such performance is provided. We also explore the existence of interdependencies between the different elements of the system. and find some complementarities between completion and termination rights, and between monitoring rights and the intensity of incentives.