757 resultados para Conceptions and practices


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Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar as concepções e práticas de avaliação de professores portugueses de Ciências Físico-Químicas do ensino básico e conhecer como estes integram a avaliação nas suas aulas no contexto de uma reorganização curricular. Realizaram-se três estudos de caso, em que participaram professores com menos de três anos de serviço. A recolha de dados consistiu na observação naturalista de aulas, entrevistas semiestruturadas e documentos fornecidos pelos participantes. Os resultados evidenciam duas concepções de avaliação das aprendizagens: avaliação da aprendizagem e avaliação para a aprendizagem. Um dos participantes evidencia uma concepção de avaliação da aprendizagem, valorizando uma avaliação de natureza sumativa. Os professores com uma concepção sobre avaliação para a aprendizagem promovem uma avaliação orientada para a melhoria das aprendizagens, valorizando o carácter formativo da avaliação. Relativamente às práticas avaliativas dos três participantes, verificou-se que os critérios de avaliação não são explicitados aos alunos, o feedback é pouco frequente e os alunos têm um papel reduzido no processo de avaliação. Todos os professores demonstram dificuldades na avaliação das competências atitudinais e processuais, sendo que, apenas um dos participantes elabora registos de observação para avaliar estas competências. Os testes constituem o principal instrumento de avaliação nas aulas dos professores participantes neste estudo, o que é coerente com uma concepção de ensino e aprendizagem ainda, marcadamente tradicional.

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Esta tese analisa o papel dos líderes da Igreja católica institucionalizada antes e durante o movimento e guerra do Contestado de 1912 a 1916. Movimento classificado como messiânico-milenarista ocorrido no sul do Brasil numa área litigiosa pleiteada pelos Estados do Paraná e Santa Catarina. Aponta o contexto sócio-econômico-político e religioso que criou condições para que o movimento pudesse emergir. Analisa a formação do catolicismo rústico popular brasileiro e suas expressões na região do Contestado, destacando-se o papel dos monges. Aprofunda a compreensão do catolicismo oficial em processo de romanização e do papel dos frades franciscanos, de suas concepções e práticas na tentativa de enquadrar a religião cabocla dentro dos princípios da reforma. Analisa a reação cabocla diante das mudanças implantadas na região e a explosão da irmandade, denominada Terra Santa , que buscava efetivar uma nova ordem . Aprofunda especialmente o papel dos frades representantes da Igreja católica, tendo em vista dispersar e pacificar o caboclo rebelde e a aliança, que estabeleceram com as forças repressoras, para implantar a ordem e a paz na região contestada, com a conseqüente eliminação radical da irmandade cabocla e de seus redutos .(AU)

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This thesis, part of the research line "Work, Society and Education" analyzes, in a dialectical perspective, in the light of Tragtenberg´s studies, the conception of subject of schoolwork, considering the organization and the complexity of this context and inviting the investigative gaze. Our hypothesis is that the workers of education have, in the schoolwork, a fragile politicization field and overcoming the installed model, accepting themselves as executers with self-organizing difficulties, distanced from the effective participation, autonomy and self-management. We consider studies on the logic of the work, believing that the understanding of schoolwork is constitute into the current societal model, in whom its bureaucratic and hierarchical matrix, linked to articulated / articulators of the dominant socio-economic class interests. Scholars such as Braverman, Frigotto and Tragtenberg, among others, are important contributions to this reflection. We have analyzed the logic of the work also in dialogue with pedagogies differentiated, among them, the Libertarian defended by Tragtenberg, aiming to understand the conceptions and practices of the subjects involved. We accomplished a bibliographical critical analysis, in a dialectical character, focusing on the categories: work, schoolwork, control, autonomy and self-management, in order to understand the complexity of the praxis in study, dialoguing with the pillars categories historicity, contradiction and totality, which transversalize the developed analysis. The consideration of these concepts allows us to uncover the dominant bureaucratic structure and its possible overcoming fields. We believe contribute to problematizing and proposers studies, reflections and discussions, strengthening debates, deconstructing naturalizations and contributing to the political process of the subjects.

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Objetivos - O foco deste artigo centra‐se na realidade emergente do consumo de medicamentos e/ou produtos terapêuticos naturais para finalidades de gestão do desempenho pessoal (aqui designados consumos de performance), e tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre as práticas de consumo e as perceções do risco e da eficácia atribuídas aos produtos farmacológicos e naturais para finalidades de melhoria e bem‐estar, por parte da população jovem portuguesa (18‐29 anos). Metodologia - A análise dos resultados empíricos de carácter extensivo resulta da aplicação de um inquérito por questionário a uma amostra de âmbito nacional (n=1.483). Do vasto conjunto de indicadores do questionário aplicado, aqueles que são aqui especificamente mobilizados são os que dizem respeito às perceções de risco associadas a estes consumos; aos escalonamentos de risco atribuídos aos diferentes recursos terapêuticos para finalidades de performance; bem como às experiências (e formas de gestão) do risco e da eficácia resultantes das práticas efetivas de consumo. Resultados - Constata‐se que, apesar de os posicionamentos relativamente ao risco dos consumos de performance fazerem salientar uma visão de valorização da segurança, há variações e diferenciações concretas que são indiciadoras não só de permeabilidades e predisposições ao consumo, mas também de conceções que se redefinem no quadro das experiências de uso, das circunstâncias do consumo e das finalidades da utilização dos diferentes produtos terapêuticos. Conclusões - As conceções sobre o risco associado a estes consumos traduzem uma certa plasticidade social, no sentido em que a ancoragem na experiência e a familiaridade com o próprio consumo constituem‐se como aspetos decisivos para a perceção de um maior controlo na gestão do risco. Torna‐se, por isso, importante aprofundar o conhecimento sobre as especificidades contextuais dos segmentos juvenis onde se constroem as modalidades de gestão prática do risco e da eficácia associadas a estes consumos.

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Trabalho de Projeto apresentado para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Educação: área de especialização em Educação Especial realizado sob a orientação científica de Doutora Helena dos Anjos Serra Diogo Fernandes

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Esta investigação, de natureza qualitativa, visou conhecer as concepções e práticas de professores dos anos iniciais sobre o ensino de ciências e promover reflexões sobre tal ensino. O trabalho teve como base o Processo de Reflexão Orientada, uma estratégia para o desenvolvimento profissional a partir do enfoque de questões da prática docente. As questões de investigação foram: Como professores dos anos iniciais concebem, refletem, planejam e realizam o ensino de Ciências? Como refletem e realizam o ensino de Ciências a partir de um Processo de Reflexão Orientada? E, como a partir de um Processo de Reflexão Orientada para professores dos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental avaliam o seu próprio desenvolvimento profissional? Os dados foram obtidos a partir de questionários, entrevistas, planejamentos escritos e de vídeogravações dos encontros e de aulas ministradas. Sequências de ensino foram planejadas e discutidas, novas reflexões foram realizadas e reelaborações foram propostas. As aulas desenvolvidas evidenciaram um progresso de Lívia com relação à participação dos alunos, com a proposição de uma situação-problema, da consideração das ideias prévias dos alunos, embora apresentasse ainda dificuldades em promover uma discussão orientada, que pudesse favorecer a argumentação dos alunos e a compreensão do fenômeno. Já, nas aulas de Roberta observaram-se atividades que privilegiaram a participação dos alunos. O processo de reflexão orientada mostrou ser uma estratégia importante para o desenvolvimento profissional dessas professoras, possibilitando reflexões significativas sobre a própria prática, bem como a tomada de consciência de uma nova sistematização das ações docentes.

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Numa época em que nos regemos, cada vez mais, pela Ciência e Tecnologia é fundamental que os cidadãos estejam devidamente informados, exercendo uma cidadania plena, tomando decisões fundamentadas e intervindo na sociedade. Para viabilizar estes intentos, é importante que a educação científica se inicie nas escolas o mais cedo possível, para a edificação de futuros cidadãos cientificamente literatos. Apesar das dificuldades manifestadas pelos professores na implementação do ensino das Ciências nas escolas do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (1.º CEB), são várias as potencialidades que têm vindo a ser atribuídas a este campo curricular. Com este estudo pretendeu-se descrever e interpretar as conceções de ensino e aprendizagem de professores do 1.º CEB, no contexto do Programa de Formação em Ensino Experimental das Ciências (PFEEC), bem como averiguar como implementam as atividades práticas de índole experimental e investigativo em sala de aula, e quais as dificuldades sentidas durante a sua realização. Para atingir estas finalidades, utilizou-se uma abordagem metodológica de orientação interpretativa, de base naturalista, recorrendo-se ao método de estudo de casos múltiplos, fazendo-se uso de distintos instrumentos de recolha de dados: observação naturalista, entrevistas, notas de campo e documentos escritos. Participaram neste estudo três professoras do 1.º CEB, pertencentes a duas escolas do concelho de Faro. Os resultados evidenciaram que a maioria das conceções das professoras relativamente às categorias edificadas foram modificadas após a frequência do PFEEC. Contudo, outras aparentam estar fortemente enraizadas. Estas mudanças que ocorreram parecem estar relacionadas com a modificação das ações, atitudes e sentimentos das professoras que se coadunaram com a metodologia de trabalho defendida pelo PFEEC, culminando na modificação das suas práticas letivas. Durante a planificação e implementação das atividades as professoras manifestaram algumas dificuldades e constrangimentos. Todavia, no decorrer do PFEEC, estes obstáculos foram sendo minimizados; IMPACT OF A TRAINING PROGRAMME ON THE CONCEPTIONS AND PRACTICES OF PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS ABSTRACT: In an era in which we are governed, more and more, by Science and Technology, it is fundamental that citizens are properly informed; exercising full citizenship; making fundamental decisions and intervening in society. To enable these intentions, it is important that scientific education takes place in schools as soon as possible, so as to edify future scientifically literate citizens. Despite the teachers' difficulties in implementing Science teaching in Primary Schools, there are many potentialities that have come to be attributed to this curricular field. This study is intended to describe and interpret science learning and teaching conceptions of the Primary School teachers, in the context of the Training Programme in Experimental Science Teaching (PFEEC), as well as determine how they implement the experimental science and inquiry based learning activities in the classroom, and take into account what experienced difficulties occur during their execution. To reach these goals, a methodological approach of interpretive orientation, on a naturalistic basis, using a method of multiple case study, by means of distinct data collection tools was used: naturalistic observation, interviews, field research notes and written documents. Three Primary School teachers of the municipality of Faro took part in this study. The results showed that the majority of the teachers' conceptions in relation to the edified categories were modified after the attendance of the PFEEC. However, others seem to be deeply rooted. These changes that occurred seem to be related to the modification of actions, attitudes and feelings of the teachers who complied with the work methodology defended by the PFEEC, culminating in the modification of their session practices. During the planning and implementation of the activities, the teachers showed some difficulties and constraints. Nevertheless, during the PFEEC, these obstacles were minimized.

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Este estudo tem como objetivo principal conhecer os hábitos, conceções e práticas de leitura dos alunos dos 2º e 3º ciclos do ensino básico, assim como dos seus professores, encarregados de educação e assistentes operacionais, da EB1,2,3/JI/S Padre Maurício de Freitas, ilha das Flores, arquipélago dos Açores. O enquadramento teórico deste estudo está organizado em três partes: a primeira aborda a leitura como uma competência basilar para aceder ao conhecimento; a segunda incide sobre a formação dos leitores e mediadores nessa construção; a terceira apresenta conceções de alunos, professores, pais e assistentes operacionais sobre a leitura. Tendo em conta a natureza do estudo, enveredámos por um paradigma de investigação interpretativo, numa abordagem mista, recorrendo a dados qualitativos e quantitativos. Realizámos, testámos, reformulámos e aplicámos quatro questionários, destinados a cada grupo participante neste estudo. Os resultados do estudo mostram que o gosto pela leitura é transversal a todos os participantes no estudo, embora a prática da leitura seja pouco sistemática. Durante a infância, a maioria dos alunos teve contacto com atividades de promoção de leitura, desenvolvidas pelos pais, embora de forma pouco constante. As conceções que apresentam nem sempre são coincidentes com as práticas, sugerindo mais um desejo do que uma prática efetiva. A maior parte dos participantes vê a leitura como um ato de prazer e associa-a à aprendizagem e ao conhecimento. O estudo revela também que a generalidade dos inquiridos está convicto de que os hábitos de leitura afetam o desempenho/sucesso escolar. Os professores promovem, sobretudo, a leitura funcional e analítica, mais frequentemente na disciplina de Português. A biblioteca da escola é vista, pelos alunos, essencialmente, como um espaço para passar o tempo, o que é, de certa forma, corroborado pelos professores destacados na biblioteca. A generalidade dos participantes aponta várias atividades para dinamizar este espaço; contudo, são os Assistentes Operacionais que mostram maior disponibilidade para se envolver em atividades de promoção da leitura.

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This paper explores the effects of human resource management (HRM) practices in Swiss small -to-medium enterprises (SMEs). More specifically, the main objective of this study is to assess the impacts of HRM practices developed in Swiss SMEs upon the commitment of knowledge workers. Using data from a survey of over 198 knowledge workers, this study shows the importance of looking closer at HRM practices and, furthermore, to really investigate the impacts of the different HRM practices on employees' commitment. Results show, for example, that organisational support, procedural justice and the reputation of the organisation may clearly influence knowledge workers' commitment, whereas other HRM practices such as involvement in the decision-making, skills management or even the degree of satisfaction with pay do not have any impact on knowledge workers' commitment.

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Objective: To understand school bullying from the perspective of teachers and reflect about the possible actions of the health area when coping with it. The guidelines of the School Health Program of the Ministries of Health and Education were used to reach that purpose. Method: A qualitative study carried out with teachers of a public school in Minas Gerais. Focus groups were used to collect data and the empirical material was decoded from thematic analysis of content, resulting in an analytical category: conceptions and experiences of teachers on bullying. Results: Specific perceptions about the phenomenon and the use of ineffective intervention resources were identified. In the interpretive plan were problematized the health and nursing contributions with resizing the interventions and the continuing training process of teachers. Conclusion: The results point to the construction of intersectoral practices for coping with bullying.


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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of information and communication technology (ICT) on school from teachers’ and students’ perspectives. The focus was on three main subject matters: on ICT use and competence, on teacher and school community, and on learning environment and teaching practices. The study is closely connected to the national educational policy which has aimed strongly at supporting the implementation of ICT in pedagogical practices at all institutional levels. The phenomena were investigated using a mixed methods approach. The qualitative data from three cases studies and the quantitative data from three statistical studies were combined. In this study, mixed methods were used to investigate the complex phenomena from various stakeholders’ points of view, and to support validation by combining different perspectives in order to give a fuller and more complete picture of the phenomena. The data were used in a complementary manner. The results indicate that the technical resources for using ICT both at school and at homes are very good. In general, students are capable and motivated users of new technology; these skills and attitudes are mainly based on home resources and leisuretime use. Students have the skills to use new kinds of applications and new forms of technology, and their ICT skills are wide, although not necessarily adequate; the working habits might be ineffective and even wrong. Some students have a special kind of ICT-related adaptive expertise which develops in a beneficial interaction between school guidance and challenges, and individual interest and activity. Teachers’ skills are more heterogeneous. The large majority of teachers have sufficient skills for everyday and routine working practices, but many of them still have difficulties in finding a meaningful pedagogical use for technology. The intensive case study indicated that for the majority of teachers the intensive ICT projects offer a possibility for learning new skills and competences intertwined in the work, often also supported by external experts and a collaborative teacher community; a possibility that “ordinary” teachers usually do not have. Further, teachers’ good ICT competence help them to adopt new pedagogical practices and integrate ICT in a meaningful way. The genders differ in their use of and skills in ICT: males show better skills especially in purely technical issues also in schools and classrooms, whereas female students and younger female teachers use ICT in their ordinary practices quite naturally. With time, the technology has become less technical and its communication and creation affordances have become stronger, easier to use, more popular and motivating, all of which has increased female interest in the technology. There is a generation gap in ICT use and competence between teachers and students. This is apparent especially in the ICT-related pedagogical practices in the majority of schools. The new digital affordances not only replace some previous practices; the new functionalities change many of our existing conceptions, values, attitudes and practices. The very different conceptions that generations have about technology leads, in the worst case, to a digital gap in education; the technology used in school is boring and ineffective compared to the ICT use outside school, and it does not provide the competence needed for using advanced technology in learning. The results indicate that in schools which have special ICT projects (“ICT pilot schools”) for improving pedagogy, these have led to true changes in teaching practices. Many teachers adopted student-centred and collaborative, inquiry-oriented teaching practices as well as practices that supported students' authentic activities, independent work, knowledge building, and students' responsibility. This is, indeed, strongly dependent on the ICT-related pedagogical competence of the teacher. However, the daily practices of some teachers still reflected a rather traditional teacher-centred approach. As a matter of fact, very few teachers ever represented solely, e.g. the knowledge building approach; teachers used various approaches or mixed them, based on the situation, teaching and learning goals, and on their pedagogical and technical competence. In general, changes towards pedagogical improvements even in wellorganised developmental projects are slow. As a result, there are two kinds of ICT stories: successful “ICT pilot schools” with pedagogical innovations related to ICT and with school community level agreement about the visions and aims, and “ordinary schools”, which have no particular interest in or external support for using ICT for improvement, and in which ICT is used in a more routine way, and as a tool for individual teachers, not for the school community.

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The future of privacy in the information age is a highly debated topic. In particular, new and emerging technologies such as ICTs and cognitive technologies are seen as threats to privacy. This thesis explores images of the future of privacy among non-experts within the time frame from the present until the year 2050. The aims of the study are to conceptualise privacy as a social and dynamic phenomenon, to understand how privacy is conceptualised among citizens and to analyse ideal-typical images of the future of privacy using the causal layered analysis method. The theoretical background of the thesis combines critical futures studies and critical realism, and the empirical material is drawn from three focus group sessions held in spring 2012 as part of the PRACTIS project. From a critical realist perspective, privacy is conceptualised as a social institution which creates and maintains boundaries between normative circles and preserves the social freedom of individuals. Privacy changes when actors with particular interests engage in technology-enabled practices which challenge current privacy norms. The thesis adopts a position of technological realism as opposed to determinism or neutralism. In the empirical part, the focus group participants are divided into four clusters based on differences in privacy conceptions and perceived threats and solutions. The clusters are fundamentalists, pragmatists, individualists and collectivists. Correspondingly, four ideal-typical images of the future are composed: ‘drift to low privacy’, ‘continuity and benign evolution’, ‘privatised privacy and an uncertain future’, and ‘responsible future or moral decline’. The images are analysed using the four layers of causal layered analysis: litany, system, worldview and myth. Each image has its strengths and weaknesses. The individualistic images tend to be fatalistic in character while the collectivistic images are somewhat utopian. In addition, the images have two common weaknesses: lack of recognition of ongoing developments and simplistic conceptions of privacy based on a dichotomy between the individual and society. The thesis argues for a dialectical understanding of futures as present images of the future and as outcomes of real processes and mechanisms. The first steps in promoting desirable futures are the awareness of privacy as a social institution, the awareness of current images of the future, including their assumptions and weaknesses, and an attitude of responsibility where futures are seen as the consequences of present choices.

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In Practices of Inclusion and Exclusion in Premodern Culture a group of Finnish cultural historians discuss the meanings of cultural belonging, experiences and practices of construing boundaries between cultures and their others. What were the motives behind these constructions of differences in Premodern cultures? Why and through what kind of practices were differences created in specific cultural contexts? This book deals with Premodern people having multiple ways of construing their relationship to others, simultaneously being active agents in their own lives. Practices of Inclusion and Exclusion in Premodern Culture is suitable for course book for Master's Degree studies of history.

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Researchers have widely recognised and accepted that firm performance is increasingly related to knowledge-based issues. Two separately developed literature streams, intellectual capital (IC) and knowledge management (KM), have been established as the key discussions related to knowledge-based competitive advantage of the firm. Intellectual capital has provided evidence on the strategic key intangible resources of the firm, which could be deployed to create competitive advantage. Knowledge management, in turn, has focused on the managerial processes and practices which can be used to leverage IC to create competitive advantage. Despite extensive literature on both issues, some notable research gaps remain to be closed. In effect, one major gap within the knowledge management research is the lack of understanding related to its influence on firm performance, while IC researchers have articulated a need to utilise more finegrained conceptual models to better understand the key strategic value-creating resources of the firm. In this dissertation, IC is regarded as the entire intellectual capacity, knowledge and competences of the firm that can be leveraged to achieve sustained competitive advantage. KM practices are defined as organisational and managerial activities that enable the firm to leverage its IC to create value. The objective of this dissertation is to answer the research question: “What is the relationship between intellectual capital, knowledge management practices and firm performance?” Five publications have addressed the research question using different approaches. The first two publications were systematic literature reviews of the extant empirical IC and KM research, which established the current state of understanding regarding the relationship between IC, KM practices and firm performance. Publications III and IV were empirical research articles that assessed the developed conceptual model related to IC, KM practices and firm performance. Finally, Publication V was among the first research papers to merge IC and KM disciplines in order to find out which configurations could yield organisational benefits in terms of innovation and market performance outcomes.

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Cette recherche vise à décrire l’évolution des conceptions et des pratiques relatives à la notion de phrase de cinq enseignantes de français vietnamiennes engagées dans une formation sur la syntaxe en grammaire nouvelle et la littérature de jeunesse. Afin d’examiner l’évolution des conceptions sur la phrase des enseignantes, nous avons effectué deux entrevues semi-dirigées, l’une avant et l’autre après la formation. Pour étudier l’évolution des pratiques d’enseignement de la phrase, nous avons observé une seule enseignante à deux reprises après la formation. De plus, celle-ci a décrit ses pratiques sur la phrase lors d’une entrevue téléphonique qui se déroulait à la fin de chaque mois (novembre 2011- mars 2012). Nos résultats montrent que les enseignantes ont changé leurs conceptions sur la phrase à la suite de la formation. En effet, dans la deuxième entrevue, nous avons noté une meilleure réussite dans l’identification des phrases, des critères d’identification plus convaincants, plus de précision dans les commentaires relatifs aux définitions et dans les explications des erreurs chez les cinq enseignantes. Quant aux pratiques, l’enseignante suivie a réalisé des activités autour de la phrase après la formation, ce qui constitue une évolution dans ses pratiques, puisqu’avant la formation, cette notion était négligée. Ses pratiques observées et déclarées indiquent qu’elle a intégré dans sa classe les notions clés de la grammaire nouvelle autour de la phrase et la littérature de jeunesse au service de l’enseignement de cette notion.