1000 resultados para Comunitats autònomes -- Relacions exteriors -- Comunitat Econòmica Europea, Països de la
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El trabajo aborda una comparación de los diversos sistemas de penas estatales en Europa, con el objetivo de sistematizar los diversos modelos político-criminales y de calibrar la aflictividad de los mismos. A través de determinados indicadores se pone de relieve que los sistemas jurídicos que abren un mayor espacio a la discrecionalidad judicial en la selección y la determinación de la pena muestran una mayor moderación del rigor punitivo y están en mejores condiciones de dar respuesta a una fenomenología criminal cada vez más diversa.
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Introduction. The current study describes the planning process and aims of the university reforms in Spain and suggests an innovative proposal, namely the design and evaluation of a week-long induction programme for first-year bachelor‟s degree students at the University of Lleida (Spain), organised within the European higher education framework. The purpose of this induction programme is to help new students adapt to university life. Method. A total of 102 students and ten lecturers were involved in the study. These participants responded questionnaires and interviews. We contrasted all the results in order to obtain some results that were useful to evaluate the induction programmee which the University introduced in the first four degrees. Results. Findings of the study revealed that participants gave very positive feedback regarding the programme, and the results also highlighted areas which could be improved. Conclusion. The new proposals clearly require a higher level of staff participation to make them work, highlighting the need for appropriate training of university staff and improving coordination with appropriate systems.
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En este trabajo se estudia el crecimiento de la Producción Bruta Agraria así como de los componentes que la forman: Consumos intermedios (CI), Amortizaciones y Valor Añadido Neto de las explotaciones (VANex). El estudio se realiza para los 12 países que formaban la CEE en el período 1984 a 1995. Se analiza, además, la evolución del grado de desigualdad entre los países. La información estadística utilizada es la que publica la Red de Información Contable Agrícola de la UE. El estudio se realiza individualmente para cada una de las distintas orientaciones productivas de las cuales la RICA publica datos. La metodología utilizada, para realizar la comparación de los distintos grados de dinamismo en el crecimiento, en la evolución de sus agriculturas, de cada uno de los 12 países de la UE es la técnica Shift-Share. A través de la misma, se analizan los efectos siguientes: Efecto Neto Total, Efecto Potencial y Efecto diferencia. Este último, mide el grado de crecimiento particular de cada país. PALABRAS CLAVE: Producción bruta agraria, consumos intermedios, valor añadido neto de las explotaciones, efecto neto total.
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La reciente aprobación de la Directiva 2011/36/UE relativa a la prevención y la lucha contra la trata de seres humanos y a la protección de las víctimas ha supuesto la asunción del paradigma victimocéntrico en la lucha contra el fenómeno de la trata de seres humanos por parte de la Unión Europea. La forma de abordaje que esta nueva norma representa contrasta con la política que hasta el momento había sustentado la Unión. En esta aportación se analizan los hitos de este supuesto viraje en la aproximación a la trata por parte de la Unión, los contenidos esenciales de la nueva norma y los requerimientos de adaptación de nuestro reciente delito de trata de personas derivados de la existencia de nueva normativa comunitaria.
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The aim of this study is to analyze how European integration and, especially, changes in ownership, has affected banking efficiency in Central and Eastern European countries which have recently experimented this process more intensely. Using a stochastic frontier approach (SFA) applied to panel data, we have estimated bank efficiency levels in a sample of 189 banks from 12 countries during the period 2000 to 2008 and we have analyzed the influence of some bank characteristics on these efficiency levels. The results show that European integration has significantly improved the cost efficiency of banks in these countries but profit efficiency has significantly decreased. We have found very small differences between different ownership types and only a very small impact of foreign ownership on cost efficiency, showing that the entry of foreign ownership is not enough to explain the significant variations in banking efficiency after the accession.
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Network neutrality is a growing policy controversy. Traffic management techniques affect not only high-speed, high-money content, but by extension all other content too. Internet regulators and users may tolerate much more discrimination in the interests of innovation. For instance, in the absence of regulatory oversight, ISPs could use Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) to block some content altogether, if they decide it is not to the benefit of ISPs, copyright holders, parents or the government. ISP blocking is currently widespread in controlling spam email, and in some countries in blocking sexually graphic illegal images. In 1999 this led to scrutiny of foreclosure of Instant Messaging and video and cable-telephony horizontal merger. Fourteen years later, there were in 2013 net neutrality laws implemented in Slovenia, the Netherlands, Chile and Finland, regulation in the United States and Canada , co-regulation in Norway, and self-regulation in Japan, the United Kingdom and many other European countries . Both Germany and France in mid-2013 debated new net neutrality legislation, and the European Commission announced on 11 September 2013 that it would aim to introduce legislation in early 2014. This paper analyses these legal developments, and in particular the difficulty in assessing reasonable traffic management and ‘specialized’ (i.e. unregulated) faster services in both EU and US law. It also assesses net neutrality law against the international legal norms for user privacy and freedom of expression
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Trata de abordar una forma exhaustiva de mirar la frontera, donde las condiciones del paso, del exilio etc., se enraízan en formas de refugio, de éxodo o de exilio así como de otras categorías migratorias construidas a lo largo del siglo XX (lo que conlleva un esfuerzo de memoria histórica), pero también se remontan a los años previos a la supresión de las aduanas europeas. Y se trata igualmente de trazar una perspectiva que incluya el cierre de las fronteras externas de la Unión Europea, considerando asimismo una interpretación crítica de lo que supone el desdibujamiento de las fronteras internas de la Unión, tanto desde una mirada retrospectiva como desde las fronteras Schengen en el marco de la UE
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Global warming mitigation has recently become a priority worldwide. A large body of literature dealing with energy related problems has focused on reducing greenhouse gases emissions at an engineering scale. In contrast, the minimization of climate change at a wider macroeconomic level has so far received much less attention. We investigate here the issue of how to mitigate global warming by performing changes in an economy. To this end, we make use of a systematic tool that combines three methods: linear programming, environmentally extended input output models, and life cycle assessment principles. The problem of identifying key economic sectors that contribute significantly to global warming is posed in mathematical terms as a bi criteria linear program that seeks to optimize simultaneously the total economic output and the total life cycle CO2 emissions. We have applied this approach to the European Union economy, finding that significant reductions in global warming potential can be attained by regulating specific economic sectors. Our tool is intended to aid policymakers in the design of more effective public policies for achieving the environmental and economic targets sought.
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We examine the trajectories of the real unit labour costs (RULCs) in a selection of Eurozone economies. Strong asymmetries in the convergence process of the RULCs and its components —real wages, capital intensity, and technology— are uncovered through decomposition and cluster analyses. In the last three decades, the PIIGS (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, and Spain) succeeded in reducing their RULCs by more than their northern partners. With the exception of Ireland, however, technological progress was weak; it was through capital intensification that periphery economies gained efficiency and competitiveness. Cluster heterogeneity, and lack of robustness in cluster composition, is a reflection of the difficulties in achieving real convergence and, by extension, nominal convergence. We conclude by outlining technology as the key convergence factor, and call for a renewed attention to real convergence indicators to strengthen the process of European integration.
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UANL
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La progressiva creació de l'Espai Europeu d'Educació Superior porta la Universitat de Girona a un procés de reflexió i renovació de l'organització acadèmica i docent dels estudis. Volem que la societat gironina participi activament en la definició de les noves titulacions que han d'oferir la formació adequada perquè els estudiants assoleixin amb èxit les competències professionals que el món laboral demana. Aquestes pàgines tenen l'objectiu de divulgar, a grans trets, el perquè, el què, el com i el quan de la reforma de l'educació superior que estem començant
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Aquest quadern és el primer lliurement de les Orientacions per a l’adaptació a l’espai europeu d’educació superior. Té l’origen en el debat de la Comissió de seguiment del Pla pilot d’adaptació a l’espai europeu d’educació superior de la UdG i del grup de treball que s’ha constituït l’hivern 2005-2006 expressament per tractar el tema de les competències
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Aquest quadern forma part de la Guia per a l'adaptació a l'espai europeu d'educació superior
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Aquest quadern forma part de la Guia per a l'adaptació a l'espai europeu d'educació superior