What are the causes of educational inequalities and of their evolution over time in Europe? Evidence from PISA

This paper provides evidence on the sources of differences in inequalities in educational scores in European Union member states, by decomposing them into their determining factors. Using PISA data from the 2000 and 2006 waves, the paper shows that inequalities emerge in all countries and in both period, but decreased in Germany, whilst they increased in France and Italy. Decomposition shows that educational inequalities do not only reflect background related inequality, but especially schools’ characteristics. The findings allow policy makers to target areas that may make a contribution in reducing educational inequalities.

Diet diversity and the risk of laryngeal cancer: a case-control study from Italy and Switzerland.

Diet diversity (defined as the number of different foods consumed) has been considered an indicator of a healthy diet, and favorably related to the risk of several digestive tract cancers. We analyzed the relation between diet diversity and the risk of laryngeal cancer using data from a case-control study carried out between 1992 and 2000 in Italy and Switzerland. The subjects of the study were 527 patients with histologically confirmed incident cancers of the larynx and 1297 patients admitted for acute, non-neoplastic diseases, unrelated to tobacco or alcohol consumption. Total diversity was computed as the number of different foods (overall and within four food groups, i.e., vegetables, fruit, meat, and cereals) consumed at least once per week. A significant inverse association was observed for vegetable diversity (OR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.28-0.59, for the highest versus the lowest quartile) and fruit diversity (OR=0.40, 95% CI: 0.27-0.59). Conversely, a direct association was found for meat diversity (OR=1.67, 95% CI: 1.11-2.50), while no meaningful association was found for total diet and cereal diversity. The results were consistent across strata of age, alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking. This study suggests that a diet not only rich but also varied in fruit and vegetables is related to a decreased risk of laryngeal cancer risk.

Italy's urban waste metabolism

The problem of waste management is causing growing concern due to increasing generation rates, the emissions into soil, water and air, the social conflicts derived from the election of disposal sites and the loss of resources and energy among others. In this work, an innovative methodology is used to enable a better understanding of the waste generation and management system in Italy. Two new waste indicators are built to complement the conventional indicators used by official statistics. Then a multi-scale analysis of the Density of Waste Disposed (DWD) is carried out to highlight the territorial diversity of waste performances and test its contribution to detect plausible risky areas. Starting from Italian regions, the scale down goes on to the provincial level and, only for the region of Campania, the municipal one. First, the analysis shows that the DWD is able to complement the information provided by the conventional waste indicators. Second, the analysis shows the limitations of using a unique institutional solution to waste management problems. In this sense the multi-scale analysis provides with a more realistic picture of Italian waste system than using a single scale.

Accès à l'information médico-sociale dans le canton de Vaud : degré et sources d'information des personnes âgées

Améliorer la coordination des soins est un des points cardinaux de la politique Vieillissement et Santé du canton de Vaud. Ceci se traduit notamment par une volonté d'optimiser l'accès des personnes âgées à l'information médico-sociale. Un des projets qui en découle consiste à mettre en place un guichet intégré, soit un système centralisé, qui permettrait d'être renseigné·e ou orienté·e sur les prestations existantes efficacement et correctement, quelle que soit l'entité à laquelle on s'adresse. C'est dans ce contexte que le Centre d'Observation et d'Analyse du Vieillissement (COAV) a réalisé en 2013 une enquête sur l'accès à l'information médico-sociale auprès des personnes de 65 ans et plus non-institutionnalisées du canton. Ses résultats montrent que : ? Les besoins en prestations médico-sociales sont potentiellement importants car ces dernières sont susceptibles d'intéresser directement, du fait de difficultés fonctionnelles, un peu plus d'un tiers des personnes non institutionnalisées de plus de 65 ans, et indirectement 17 % des personnes du même âge qui sont aussi des aidant·e·s. Les femmes et les personnes bénéficiant de prestations complémentaires à l'assurance vieillesse (PC), étant plus fragiles, sont particulièrement concernées. ? Si cette population a potentiellement d'importants besoins en prestations médico-sociales, les portes d'accès à l'information sur ces prestations restent dans leur ensemble encore mal connues, même si l'on observe de grandes variations selon le type de services en question (selon les prestations, 27% à 57% des personnes interrogées ont déclaré ne pas savoir où s'adresser pour trouver de l'information à leur sujet). ? Les femmes, les personnes recevant des PC, ainsi que les personnes vulnérables et dépendantes sont proportionnellement plus actives dans la recherche d'information. ? Bien que les personnes ayant récemment eu l'occasion de rechercher de l'information sur certaines prestations médico-sociales semblent mieux connaître le système, 7% d'entre elles ont qualifié cette information de plutôt indisponible, 21% d'incomplète, 33% de dispersée et 15% de contradictoire. ? Deux tiers des personnes âgées pensent que l'information médico-sociale devrait être plus accessible sur l'existence de prestations, leur coût et les possibilités d'aide financière pour pouvoir en bénéficier. ? Parmi les personnes n'ayant pas récemment recherché d'information, les habitants de la région Nord sauraient plus souvent où s'adresser pour s'informer que ceux des autres régions. RAISONS DE SANTÉ 221 ? Etre un homme, être défavorisé financièrement (présence de PC) et, au niveau du statut fonctionnel, être vulnérable plutôt que robuste, sont des facteurs de risque d'accès limité à l'information. ? Les mêmes facteurs de risque se retrouvent en conduisant les analyses par type de prestations, excepté pour l'aide relative aux démarches administratives. L'information sur cette aide est mieux connue des personnes recevant des PC parmi celles ayant récemment recherché de l'information. ? Il n'a cependant pas été possible d'identifier un profil-type de la personne à risque face à l'accès à l'information sur la base des données socio-démographiques et fonctionnelles disponibles. ? D'autre part, cette enquête a mis en évidence le fait que le médecin traitant (désigné par 77% des individus) et le CMS (64 %), ainsi que, dans une moindre mesure, la commune (35%), sont les acteurs vers lesquelles les personnes âgées du canton se dirigeraient le plus volontiers pour trouver des informations sur diverses prestations médico-sociales. ? Cependant, au vu des variations constatées en comparant certains sous-groupes, d'autres sources ne sont pas à négliger lors de la mise en place d'un guichet intégré (telles qu'Internet, les EMS, Pro Senectute, les pharmacies, les BRIO, les hôpitaux, la garde médicale, etc.). Cette enquête montre que malgré les efforts entrepris pour faire connaître les prestations médico-sociales, une proportion non négligeable de ces services est peu connue des bénéficiaires potentiels. Ainsi, il serait intéressant de réitérer une telle étude après la mise en place du guichet intégré afin de pouvoir évaluer son impact.

Salvation goods and Canonization Logic : On two Popular Cults of Southern Italy

(Summary of the production) The idea that religion has to succeed in a «market», selling «salvation goods», has proved to be extremely attractive to scholars in sociology and the study of religion. Max Weber used the term «salvation good» to compare different religious traditions. Pierre Bourdieu employed the term in order to analyze «religious economy». And recently, an American group of researchers advocating «rational choice of religion» put the theme at the forefront of current debates. This book - the fruit of an International Congress in Lausanne in April 2005 - brings together leading specialists in the fields of sociology and the study of religion who discuss the terms «salvation goods» (or religious goods) and «religious market». The authors test the applicability of these concepts by using specific examples and they either deliberately advocate or criticize Weberian, Bourdieusian or rational-choice perspectives.

Health and Education, Sources of Information

The Institute of Public Health in Ireland (IPH) has produced a series of reviews which look at the health impacts of identified subject areas. Four reviews have been produced in the areas of employment, transport, the built environment and education. All reviews may be found at http://www.publichealth.ie/ireland/hiaresources. This resource supplements the ‘Health Impacts of Eduvation’ report. It highlights a number of organisations whose work considers issues relevant to the relationship between health and education.

Health and the Built Environment, Sources of Information

The Institute of Public Health in Ireland (IPH) has produced a series of reviews which look at the health impacts of identified subject areas. Four reviews have been produced in the areas of employment, transport, the built environment and education. All reviews may be found at http://www.publichealth.ie/ireland/hiaresources. This resource supplements the ‘Health Impacts of Built Environment’ report. It highlights a number of organisations whose work considers issues relevant to the relationship between health and built environment.

Health and Transport, Sources of Information

The Institute of Public Health in Ireland (IPH) has produced a series of reviews which look at the health impacts of identified subject areas. Four reviews have been produced in the areas of employment, transport, the built environment and education. All reviews may be found at http://www.publichealth.ie/ireland/hiaresources. This resource supplements the ‘Health Impacts of Transport’ report. It highlights a number of organisations whose work considers issues relevant to the relationship between health and transport.

Health and Employment, Sources of Information

The Institute of Public Health in Ireland (IPH) has produced a series of reviews which look at the health impacts of identified subject areas. Four reviews have been produced in the areas of employment, transport, the built environment and education. All reviews may be found at http://www.publichealth.ie/ireland/hiaresources. This resource supplements the ‘Health Impacts of Employment’ report. It highlights a number of organisations whose work considers issues relevant to the relationship between health and employment.

All-Ireland Health Data Inventory. Part 1: Metadata for key data sources, version 1.0

The All-Ireland Health Data Inventory. Part 1 is a catalogue of key sources of health data in the Republic and Northern Ireland. It includes relevant datasets from the major information reviews, conducted in the North and South, in the past few years. Information is essential for informed decision making and service provision. This inventory draws together information sources to facilitate such decision making. The inventory is intended as a resource for health professionals, researchers and the general public, providing the first phase of a ‘one-stop’ catalogue of health data. The datasets have been catalogued using an expanding numbering system which will allow for the inclusion of future resources. The Institute of Public Health in Ireland is in the process of expanding the Inventory to include further data sources.

Health Impact Review - Sources of information reports

To support each of the IPH series of Health Impact Reviews, a sources of information report is now avalable for each of the four reports. These provide links to organisations who have conducted a wealth of information related to health and either employment, transport, education or the built environment.

Species and serovars of the genus Listeria lsolated from different sources in Brazil from 1971 to 1997

Using phenotype techniques, characterization was made to species and serovar of 3,112 strains of Listeria, isolated from different sources of infection such as human (247-7.9%) and animals (239-7.6%), as well as from various routes of infection, including food (2,330-74.8%) and environmental constituents (296-9.5%), all coming from different regions of the country and collected during the period 1971-1997. The following species were recovered in the cultures analysed: L. monocytogenes (774-24.8%), L. innocua (2,269-72.9%), L. seeligeri (37-1.1%), L. welshimeri (22-0.7%), L. grayi (9-0.2%), and L. ivanovii (1-0.03%). L. monocytogenes was represented by ten serovars, the most prevalent being 4b (352-11.3%), 1/2a (162-5.2%), and 1/2b (148-4.7%). The predominant serovar in L. innocua was 6a (2,093-67.2%). Considerations about laboratory methods for diagnosis and epidemiological aspects are presented on the basis of the results obtained.