Resurrection of Anopheles goeldii from synonymy with Anopheles nuneztovari (Diptera, Culicidae) and a new record for Anopheles dunhami in the Brazilian Amazon

Nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) rDNA and partial sequences of the cytochrome coxidase subunit I (COI) mtDNA and white gene nDNA were obtained from specimens of Anopheles nuneztovari A collected in Macapá (state of Amapá), Óbidos, Prainha and Almeirim (state of Pará), Itacoatiara and Parintins (state of Amazonas), Brazil, and compared with previously published sequences of A. nuneztovari s.l. Results of the Bayesian phylogenetic analyses performed using either COI or combined ITS2, COI and white gene sequences suggest that An. nuneztovari B/C is distinct from specimens obtained in the Amazonas/Solimões River basin. Anopheles goeldii, currently in synonymy with An. nuneztovari, was described from individuals collected in Belterra (= Fordlândia) in the Tapajós River, state of Pará, Southern Amazonas River. Morphological comparisons of the characteristics of the male genitalia indicated that An. nuneztovari A and An. goeldii are similar but distinct from An. nuneztovariB/C by the apex of the aedeagus. In considering the results of the phylogenetic analyses and morphological comparisons, An. goeldii is resurrected from synonymy with An. nuneztovari. Additionally, Anopheles dunhamiis reported for the first time in Parintins. This species can be distinguished from An. goeldiiby characters of the male genitalia and molecular data.

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Objective: To assess the factorial validity of the Portuguese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS). Methods: Between November 2010 and November 2011 a Portuguese version of the MBI-HSS was applied to 151 Portuguese family doctors (55% women, median age 54 years). The factorial structure of the MBI-HSS was examined by principal component analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Internal consistency estimates of the MBI-HSS were determined with Cronbach's alpha. Results: The fit of the hypothesized three-factor model to the data was superior to the alternative two-factor and four-factor models. CFA supported MBI-HSS as an acceptable measure to evaluate burnout and deletion of items 12 and 16 improved the goodness of fit of the model. In PCA, the three-factor model explained 50.58% of the variance and the four-factor model did not lead to understandable components. Item 12 was also found to be problematic in PCA. The Cronbach's alpha was satisfactory for emotional exhaustion (alpha=0.90), lack of personal accomplishment (alpha=0.73), and depersonalization (alpha=0.64). Conclusion: The Portuguese version of the MBI-HSS was found to be reliable to measure burnout among Portuguese medical doctors. We also recommend the deletion of items 12 and 16 from the MBI-HSS.

Effect of reducing sensory and environmental stimuli during hospitalized premature infant sleep

OBJECTIVETo compare the total sleep time of premature infant in the presence or absence of reducing sensory and environmental stimuli in the neonatal unit.METHODLongitudinal study in a Neonatal Intermediate Care Unit of a public hospital in Sao Paulo. The sample consisted of 13 premature infants. We used polysomnograph and unstructured observation for data collection. We analyzed 240 and 1200 minutes corresponding to the periods of the presence and absence of environmental management, respectively. Data were compared in proportion to the total sleep time in the two moments proposed by the study.RESULTSThe total sleep time in periods without environmental management was on average 696.4 (± 112.1) minutes and with management 168.5 (± 27.9) minutes, proportionally premature infant slept an average of 70.2% during periods with no intervention and 58.0% without management (p=0.002).CONCLUSIONReducing stimulation and handling of premature infant environment periods was effective to provide greater total sleep time.

Burned-out but proud Portuguese family doctors

Background: Burnout syndrome (BS) is increasing among health professionals, including family doctors (FD). Aim: To characterize the prevalence of BS in a sample of FDs working in the Portuguese National Health System. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Primary Health Care Centers (HCC) from the 18 continental districts and 2 archipelagos of Portugal. Method: The Portuguese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey (MBI - HSS) was sent to 40 randomly selected health-care centers (HCC) and distributed to the FDs employed. Sociodemographic and work-related data was also collected. Participants were classified as having high, average or low levels of emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP) and personal accomplishment (PA) dimensions of burnout. Results: 371 questionnaires were sent, of which 153 (83 women, age range 29-64 years; response rate 41%) returned. One quarter (25.5%) of participants had high EE, 10.1% high DP and 11.4% high PA, but only 2.0% of participants scored high for all three dimensions. Women had significantly higher DP and PA scores than men; increased daily workload also led to increased PA scores. Conversely, no association was found between BS scores and age, marital status, number of years of practice or type of HCC (Family or Personalized). Conclusion: High burnout is relatively common among Portuguese family doctors, yet slightly lower than reported for other European countries. Burnout relief measures should be developed in order to prevent a further increase of BS among Portuguese FDs.

Influência da temperatura sobre a longevidade, fecundidade e atividade hematofágica de Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse, 1894 (Diptera, Culicidae) sob condições de laboratório

Influence of temperature on longevity, fecundity, and haematophagic activity of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse, 1894 (Diptera, Culicidae) under laboratory condition. Based on adults of Aedes albopictus maintained under four constant temperatures, 15ºC, 20ºC, 25ºC and 30ºC, longevity of males and females, fecundity, eggs viability, number of days from emergence to the first bloodsucking, and duration of the preoviposition period were observed. The average of the longevity for female was 19.45, 59.35, 61.55 and 42.72 days, under 15ºC, 20ºC, 25ºC and 30ºC, respectively. The greatest average number of bloodsucking per female was 8.32, under 25ºC. The average number of eggs per female was 1.00, 73.91, 269.87 and 183.69, and the greatest rates of viable eggs per female was 25ºC and 30ºC. The haematophagic activities and the oviposition were significantly influenced by temperature.

Exigências térmicas de Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse, 1894 (Diptera, Culicidae) em condições de laboratório

Thermal requirements of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse, 1894 (Diptera, Culicidae) under laboratory conditions. Allochtonous species of Ae. albopictus in the American continent can be found in fourteen Brazilian states - about fifteen years had been elapsed since the first report of the presence of this species in Brazilian territory. Considering its potential epidemiological importance and its adaptation to several habitats, it was determined, for this species, the threshold temperature and the thermal constant for egg, larval and pupal stages under laboratory conditions under four constant temperatures and 12:12 hours light-dark photoperiod. The threshold temperature for the egg phase and for the first instar were quite similar: 9.07 ºC (K=214.46 degree days) and 9.23 ºC (K= 36.64 degree days), respectively. For 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar, the basal-temperature was higher, oscilating between 12.26 ºC and 13.95 ºC. The threshold temperature for the complete larval stage and for the pupal stage were 12.03 ºC (K= 99.48 degree days) and 11.87 ºC (K=32.40 degree days) for males and 11.95 ºC (K=110.11 degree days) and 11.60 ºC (K=35.30 degree days) for females, respectively.

PCR-RAPD and PCR-RFLP polymorphisms detected in Anopheles cruzii (Diptera, Culicidae)

The aim of the present study was to examine genetic variability in populations of An. cruzii by employing PCR-RAPD and PCR-RFLP markers. All analyses were carried out using individuals of the F1 generation of wild caught females obtained in Santa Catarina State (Florianópolis and São Francisco do Sul), Paraná State (Morretes, Paranaguá and Guaratuba) and São Paulo State (Cananéia). In the PCR-RAPD experiments, seven primers were used for comparisons within and among populations. The restriction profile of the ITS2 including a fragment of both 5.8S and 28S regions of the rDNA was obtained with the enzymes BstUI, HaeIII, TaqI, HhaI, Sau96I, HinfI, HincII and NruI. The PCR-RAPD method detected a large number of polymorphic bands. Genetic distance among populations of An. cruzii varied from 0,0214 to 0,0673, suggesting that all individuals used in the analyses belong to a single species. The number of migrants per generation (Nm) was 4.3, showing the existence of gene flow among populations. The restriction profile of the ITS2, 5.8S and 28S gene regions was similar in all An. cruzii samples, whereas the results obtained by using HhaI and NruI are indicative that the individuals analyzed have nucleotide sequences distinct from those of An. cruzii samples from Peruíbe and Juquiazinho deposited in GenBank.

Prevalência de lesões de tornozelo nos jogadores de Futebol do Sporting Clube da Praia – época 2008/09

O presente trabalho inscreve-se no âmbito do curso de Licenciatura em Fisioterapia na Universidade Jean Piaget de Cabo Verde e visa essencialmente estudar os factores de risco das lesões do tornozelo contraídos pelos jogadores de futebol do Sporting Clube da Praia. Minghelli et al. (2012), apoiando-se em vários autores (Cohen et al., 1997; Reilly, 2003), referem que o futebol exige dos jogadores a aquisição de diversas vertentes físicas, como resistência, velocidade, força, agilidade e flexibilidade e se caracteriza pelo intenso contacto físico, movimentos curtos, rápidos e não contínuos como a aceleração, desaceleração e mudanças súbitas de direcção. Ainda, aludem que estas exigências físicas cada vez maiores obrigam os atletas a exercitarem-se próximo dos limites máximos de exaustão, levando uma maior predisposição à ocorrência de lesões. Em termos metodológicos, combinamos duas técnicas de recolha de dados empíricos – questionário e observação. Estes procedimentos foram efectuados no momento da realização do exame físico dos jogadores, dos testes especiais e específicos para a avaliação e do diagnóstico da articulação do tornozelo. O universo foi de 27 jogadores do Sporting Clube da Praia da época 2008/09. Os dados foram tratados no software estatístico SPSS, versão 16,0. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que as lesões da articulação do tornozelo são os traumatismos mais comuns em desportos, caracterizadas por um dano que tenha ocorrido em um ou mais dos ligamentos localizados na articulação do tornozelo, que ocorrem como resultado de movimentos ou stress repetitivos, mas também podem estar associadas com factores anatómicos como pronação excessiva ou alinhamento cavo no membro inferior, os quais caracterizam os piores tipos de lesão. Por outro lado, indicam que os factores predisponentes às lesões do tornozelo, muito em particular as entorses, podem ser separados em factores intrínsecos e extrínsecos. Os intrínsecos são inerentes ao próprio praticante, nos quais se incluem a recuperação inadequada, estrutura, peso, sobrecarga no membro dominante, lesão nervosa e processo degenerativo muscular, e desequilíbrio da força muscular. Os factores extrínsecos estão relacionados com o piso irregular, carga externa intensidade ou nível de treino, bem como a própria qualidade do calçado, muitas vezes inadequado para a prática desportiva em condições específicas. Esses dados permitem-nos ainda comprovar que a entorse foi a lesão mais contraída pelos referidos jogadores.

Operatividad y comportamiento de las redes de cerco artesanal en la zona de Huacho

El estudio se efectuó en las zonas de pesca de Huacho – Lima, del 24 de febrero al 3 de marzo del 2008, en embarcaciones pesqueras (E/P) artesanales de cerco dirigidas a anchoveta para consumo humano. Se evaluó el desempeño operacional y comportamiento de la red de cerco anchovetera artesanal. Mediante sensores batiquimógrafos, se registraron las variaciones de la profundidad de velado, temperatura y la velocidad de hundimiento. Los parámetros de comportamiento, presentaron estimados de correlación muy buena con profundidad de calado. Se demostró la baja respuesta selectiva de la red de cerco cuando se enfrenta a cardúmenes de especímenes juveniles. La talla de captura de anchoveta varió entre 13 y 17 cm de LT, moda 15 cm. La talla de captura de pejerrey varió entre 13,5 y 14,2 cm de LT, moda 13,6 cm (debajo de talla mínima de captura).

Pesca exploratoria y experimental con red de cerco artesanal en la Región Tumbes.2005

Se evaluó la utilización de la malla de 50 mm (2”) en redes de cerco artesanal de la Región Tumbes en una pesquería multiespecífica. Se trabajó con una red control de tamaño de malla de 38 mm (1,5”) y la red experimental de 50 mm (2,0”), con un porcentaje de embande de 0,65 y 0,77, respectivamente. Se determinó diferencia entre las curvas de profundidad de calado del cuerpo central de las redes (tc= 46,670, t*= 1,98, p= 0) la red experimental tuvo mayor profundidad de velado; entre las curvas de velocidad de caída del cuerpo central de las redes, hubo diferencia significativa (tc= 7,790, t*= 1,98, p = 0,000), debido al mayor lastre y filtrado de las mallas de la red experimental. El coeficiente abertura horizontal (μ1) de las mallas en la franja superior durante el máximo velado de la red y el gareteo fue en las mallas del cabecero o copo, parte central y ultimo cuerpo de la red, en promedio 0,71; 0,74 y 0,73 respectivamente; (valores cercanos al coeficiente de armado ideal para el escape de ciertos peces fusiformes). El promedio de μ1 obtenidos en la región de las mallas centrales en el cabecero, centro y ultimo cuerpo de la red fue 0,85; 0,85 y 0,84 respectivamente; lo que indicó una mayor abertura horizontal de las mallas por encima del valor del coeficiente de armado que no permitiría el escape de los peces. Se concluyó que por la condición de las mallas de la red de cerco experimental (tamaño de malla 50 mm) no es óptima para gran parte de la estructura de la red, esto no permitiría la selectividad por tamaños.

Burnout levels among Portuguese family doctors: a nationwide survey

AIM: To characterise the prevalence of burnout syndrome in a sample of family doctors (FDs) working in the Portuguese National Health System. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Primary healthcare centres from the 18 continental districts and two archipelagos of Portugal. METHOD: The Portuguese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey was sent to 40 randomly selected healthcare centres and distributed to the FDs employed. Socio-demographic and work-related data were also collected. Participants were classified as having high, average or low levels of emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalisation (DP) and personal accomplishment (PA) dimensions of burnout. RESULTS: 371 questionnaires were sent, of which 153 (83 women, age range 29-64 years; response rate 41%) returned. One-quarter (25.3%, 95% CI 18.6% to 33.1%) of FDs scored high for EE, 16.2% (10.7% to 23.2%) for DP and 16.7% (11.1% to 23.6%) for lack of PA. On multivariate analysis, being married, of older age, having many years of practice or working in a personalised healthcare unit tended to be associated with increased burnout components. Men tended to present higher EE and DP but lower lack of PA than women. Finally, the prevalence (95% CI) of burnout ranged between 4.1% (1.5% to 8.6%) and 32.4% (25.0% to 40.6%), depending on the definition used. CONCLUSIONS: High burnout is relatively common among Portuguese FDs. Burnout relief measures should be developed in order to prevent a further increase of burnout syndrome among Portuguese FDs.

Gobiernos minoritarios, pactos parlamentarios y producción legislativa en España

Este artículo centra su atención en la producción legislativa en los períodos de gobierno minoritario, a partir de la cual se deducen algunas características de los pactos parlamentarios que sustentan al ejecutivo. Los datos referentes a las iniciativas tramitadas en el legislativo indican que el partido que gobierna es el autor de la práctica totalidad de iniciativas aprobadas. Los partidos de la oposición apenas consiguen sacar adelante algunas proposiciones y enmiendas, siempre y cuando dispongan mejoras de carácter más bien técnico. Sin embargo, los partidos que apoyan al partido mayoritario sí llegan a ver sancionada alguna proposición suya de mayor calado político, así como enmiendan parcialmente las leyes de los presupuestos generales, por ejemplo. Con todo, de la producción legislativa se conocen más las iniciativas que separan a los integrantes de los pactos parlamentarios, que no las medidas acordadas. Las primeras no suelen ser sancionadas, pero sí son tramitadas porque sirven como herramienta de presión de los partidos que apoyan al gobierno; las segundas ya quedan incluidas en los proyectos de ley, fruto de una negociación previa a los trámites parlamentarios. En suma, según se desprende de los datos generales disponibles, la existencia de ejecutivos minoritarios no implica una pérdida significativa del protagonismo legislador del gobierno.

Educar des del testimoni: quan l'altre esdevé un referent

El encuentro personal ineludible que precisa todo hecho educativo puede tener múltiples presencias y ausencias que harán que la experiencia de cada persona se viva con una cromática distinta, dejando huellas mas o menos delimitadas y de mayor o menor calado sobre 10 que uno es y vive. Cualquier persona que se quiera educadora deberia tomarse el tiempo suficiente para contemplar el mundo y sus testigos, y para contemplarse a la vez a si mismo como testigo de su propia existencia tanto en relación con sus formas de presencia como en sus silencios en el decir, el hacer y el experenciar (que no experimentar). Éste quiere ser el motivo de reflexión que pretendo abrir desde estas lineas. Atreverse a afirmar que nuestro mundo esta falto de referentes podria inducirnos a pensar en un futuro educativo sin vinculos de tradición ni de cultura, en un presente que seria el vacio entre pasado y futuro, un presente sin anclajes ni raices. El maestro, testigo de referencia para sus alumnos, deberia de ser la mirada de transmisión cultural desde una relación de connotacion provocativamente educativa. Pero jcomo puede un maestro convertirse en testigo de referencia cuando 61 mismo, a menudo, no dispone de la significacion de sus propios referentes? ¿Que puede testimoniarse desde la ausencia de la búsqueda de identidad? El testigo -que en el caso del educador tiene la responsabilidad para con las nuevas generaciones- deberia haber vivido, experienciado y aprendido a significar cuanto quiere o puede o no quiere o no puede testimoniar. Y no se trata de justificar. Lo que uno ama de verdad es siempre injustificable, Únicamente puede vivirse y a 10 sumo transmitirse luego desde 10 que uno es. Identidad, mimesis y testimonio son las gravitaciones que orientan la relación educativa que sugiero. No se trata de buscar el acuerdo ni del discipulo ni del estudiante ni del alumno ni de 10s niños y jovenes de quienes cuidamos. Uno debe estar en posesion de cuanto quiere transmitir; el dialogo empieza con esta pasión.

Ciudad y ferrocarril en la España del siglo XXI. La integración de alta velocidad ferroviaria en el medio urbano

La reciente implantación y extensión de la red de alta velocidad ferroviaria en España está permitiendo relanzar un debate que en muchas ciudades no había sido resuelto de forma satisfactoria: la integración del ferrocarril en el medio urbano. En muchos casos, la llegada del nuevo tren se ha convertido en un instrumento urbanístico de primer orden, ya que conlleva una transformación de gran calado. En este artículo se realiza una lectura transversal, a través de las experiencias de diferentes ciudades españolas, para desarrollar una clasificación de las formas de integración de la alta velocidad ferroviaria y su impacto en la estructura urbana.

Expresiones para la determinación del factor de fricción en ríos de fuerte pendiente

Con base en una selección de 145 datos pertenecientes a ríos de montaña de fuerte pendiente (³ 1%) se han desarrollado cinco expresiones para determinar el factor de fricción de Darcy-Weisbach. La primera expresión se fundamenta en la aplicación para flujo turbulento rugoso en lámina libre de la ley semilogarítmica de Prandtl-Kárman, que es función de la sumersión relativa (relación entre el calado medio y la rugosidad equivalente). La segunda y tercera corresponden a correciones de la primera para flujo macrorrugoso, propuestas por Thompson y Campbell (1979) y Aguirre-Pe y Fuentes (1990) respectivamente. La cuarta ecuación consiste una en potencia de la sumersión relativa, mientras que la quinta corrige la fórmula anterior incorporando una potencia de la pendiente, tal y como propugnan Meunier (1989) y Rickenmann (1990). Las expresiones derivadas presentan un ajuste significativo, si se tienen en cuenta las limitaciones hidrométricas existentes en ríos de material grueso y fuerte pendiente. Destaca el mayor ajuste conseguido con las ecuaciones con las ecuaciones del tipo potencial frente a las del tipo semilogarítmico. Se ha encontrado, asimismo, una capacidad de predicción ligeramente superior en aquellas expresiones que incluyen modificaciones respecto a la ecuación original, ecuaciones del tipo segundo, tercero y quinto anteriormente indicado.