Cognitive consequences of expressive suppression : effects of sex and emotional valence

The present research was designed to examine whether sex and/or emotional valence pl aya role in the cognitive consequences (e.g., memory) of expressive suppression. Seventy-two (36 male and 36 female) undergraduates were randomly assigned to either a control or expressive suppression condition, and were asked to watch silent film clips intended to elicit amusement and disgust. While watching each film, participants listened to sixteen nonemotional words. After each film, participants were asked to answer questions about wha t they had seen in the film (visual memory), to recall as many words as they could (auditory recall memory), and to select from a list any words that they had heard during the previous film clip (auditory recognition memory). With regard to the effects of expressive suppression on visual memory, results indicated a 3-way interaction between condition, sex and film emotion: Men performed more poorly than women on the visual memory test after watching both the amusing and disgusting films in the control condition, and when watching the amusing film in the expressive suppression condition. However, men in the expressive suppression condition performed better than women after watching the disgusting film. In terms of the effects of expressive suppression on auditory memory (recognition and recall), a condition x film emotion interaction indicated that there was no difference in auditory memory for the expressive suppression and control conditions when watching the amusing film, but that the expressive suppression group showed poorer auditory memory than the control group for words presented during the disgusting film. Moreover, a ma in effect of sex on auditory memory suggested that men recalled and recognized more words than women across conditions. Taken together, these findings suggest that both sex and the emotional valence of films may influence the effects of expressive suppression on memory. Results will be discussed in the context of previous literature concerning the effects of expressive suppression on cognition.

Suppression of long-branch attraction artefacts in the animal phylogeny using a site-heterogeneous model

Affiliation: Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal

Étude électrophysiologique de la suppression interoculaire : implication pour l'amblyopie

L’amblyopie est un trouble développemental de la vision binoculaire. Elle est typiquement caractérisée par des atteintes de l’acuité visuelle et de la stéréoscopie. Toutefois, de plus en plus d’études indiquent la présence d’atteintes plus étendues telles que les difficultés d’attention visuelle ou de lecture. L’amblyopie est généralement expliquée par une suppression interoculaire au niveau cortical, considérée comme chronique ou permanente à l’extérieur de la période développementale. Or, un nombre croissant d’études suggèrent que des interactions binoculaires normales seraient présentes chez les amblyopes adultes. Dans une première étude, nous avons tenté d’identifier un marqueur électrophysiologique de la vision binoculaire. Nous avons enregistré des potentiels évoqués visuels chez des observateurs normaux à qui l’on a induit une dysfonction binoculaire. Les interactions binoculaires étaient caractérisées à l’aide de patrons (facilitation, moyennage et suppression) en comparant les réponses monoculaires et binoculaires. De plus, ces interactions étaient quantifiées à partir d’index d’intégration continus en soustrayant la somme des réponses monoculaires de la réponse binoculaire. Les résultats indiquaient que les patrons d’interaction n’étaient pas optimaux pour estimer les performances stéréoscopiques. Ces dernières étaient, en revanche, mieux expliquées par notre index d’intégration binoculaire. Ainsi, cette étude suggère que l’électrophysiologie est un bon prédicteur de la vision binoculaire. Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons examiné les corrélats neuronaux et comportementaux de la suppression interoculaire chez des amblyopes adultes et des observateurs normaux. Des potentiels évoqués visuels stationnaires ont été enregistrés en utilisant un paradigme de suppression par flash. La suppression était modulée par un changement de contraste du stimulus flash (10, 20, 30, ou 100%), ou le suppresseur, qui était présenté soit dans l’œil dominant ou non-dominant (ou amblyope). Sur le plan comportemental, la suppression interoculaire était observée indépendamment de l’œil stimulé par le flash chez les contrôles. Au contraire, chez les amblyopes, la suppression était asymétrique (c’est-à-dire supérieure lorsqu’elle provenait de l’œil dominant), ce qui suggérait une suppression chronique. De manière intéressante, l’œil amblyope a supprimé l’œil dominant à haut niveau de contraste. Sur le plan électrophysiologique, l’effet de suppression interoculaire observé à la région occipitale était équivalent dans chaque groupe. Toutefois, les réponses électrophysiologiques à la région frontale chez les amblyopes n’étaient pas modulées comme celles des contrôles; la suppression de l’œil amblyope était manifeste même à bas contraste. Nous résultats supportent ainsi l’existence d’interaction binoculaire fonctionnelle chez les amblyopes adultes ainsi que l’implication d’un réseau cortical étendu dans la suppression interoculaire. En somme, l’amblyopie est une condition complexe dont les atteintes corticales et les déficits fonctionnels semblent globaux. L’amblyopie ne doit plus être considérée comme limitée à une dysfonction de l’aire visuelle primaire. La suppression interoculaire semble un point central de cette problématique, mais encore beaucoup d’études seront nécessaires afin de déterminer l’ensemble des mécanismes impliqués dans celle-ci.

Suppression of chaos through reverse period doubling in coupled directly modulated semiconductor lasers

The effect of coupling on two high frequency modulated semiconductor lasers is numerically studied. The phase diagrams and bifurcatio.n diagrams are drawn. As the coupling constant is increased the system goes from chaotic to periodic behavior through a reverse period doubling sequence. The Lyapunov exponent is calculated to characterize chaotic and periodic regions.

The role of energy correlations on Coulomb suppression in ballistic conductors contacted to degenerate reservoirs

Coulomb suppression of shot noise in a ballistic diode connected to degenerate ideal contacts is analyzed in terms of the correlations taking place between current fluctuations due to carriers injected with different energies. By using Monte Carlo simulations we show that at low frequencies the origin of Coulomb suppression can be traced back to the negative correlations existing between electrons injected with an energy close to that of the potential barrier present in the diode active region and all other carriers injected with higher energies. Correlations between electrons with energy above the potential barrier with the rest of electrons are found to influence significantly the spectra at high frequency in the cutoff region.

Quantum suppression of shot noise in field emitters

We have analyzed the shot noise of electron emission under strong applied electric fields within the Landauer-Bttiker scheme. In contrast to the previous studies of vacuum-tube emitters, we show that in new generation electron emitters, scaled down to the nanometer dimensions, shot noise much smaller than the Schottky noise is observable. Carbon nanotube field emitters are among possible candidates to observe the effect of shot-noise suppression caused by quantum partitioning.

Effect of long-range Coulomb interaction on shot-noise suppression in ballistic transport

We present a microscopic analysis of shot-noise suppression due to long-range Coulomb interaction in semiconductor devices under ballistic transport conditions. An ensemble Monte Carlo simulator self-consistently coupled with a Poisson solver is used for the calculations. A wide range of injection-rate densities leading to different degrees of suppression is investigated. A sharp tendency of noise suppression at increasing injection densities is found to scale with a dimensionless Debye length related to the importance of space-charge effects in the structure.

Compact CPW-Fed Slot Antenna with Harmonic Suppression

A compact coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed uniplanar antenna with harmonic suppression characteristics is presented. The above characteristics are achieved by properly modifying the ground plane and adjusting the signal strip of an open-ended CPW-fed transmission line. The simulated and experimental characteristics of the antenna are presented, compared, and discussed.

Suppression of root-knot nematode through innovative mustard biofumigation

The nematicidal activity of mustard plant against hatching, migration and mortality of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica was investigated. In vitro test confirmed that mixing the sandy clay soil mixture with mustard as 4% as a biofumigant significantly reduce the percentage of egg hatching at all different incubation periods 24, 48, 72, 96 and 168 h, compared to control treatment (un-amended mixture soil and eggs in free water). Results indicate that the percentage of egg hatching reduction was 88.5, 90, 81.4, 74 and 69.4%, respectively. Mustard mixed with soil as a biofumigant led to high percentage of larval mortality at the different intervals periods in vitro. The percentage of larval mortality was 94, 100, 90.5, 90.5, and 79.4%, respectively compared to control. Laboratory results confirmed that the highest reduction in egg hatching and larval mortality was obtained after incubation period for 48 h. In vivo experiment reveals that the incorporation of the soil pots with mustard at all different doses used 3, 5% (48 h before nematode inoculation, or soil infestation with nematode), and 5% (one week before nematode inoculation or 7% of soil weight) significantly reduces all the nematode parameters compared to plant treated nematode alone. All nematode parameters i.e. the number of galls per root system, gall index, number of egg masses per root system, as well as number of juveniles per 250g soil showed high reduction with mixing the soil pots with mustard at 5% (one week before nematode inoculation), followed by the same treatment for 48h before nematode inoculation. Mustard application, one week before nematode inoculation, reduced the nematode parameters by 97, 64, 97, and 93%, respectively, compared to control. The percent of chemical components i.e. total sugars, total amino acids and total phenols were markedly enhanced compared to positive and negative control. The highest percentage was obtained with mustard at 5% one week before nematode inoculation by 68.7, 57.3 and 45%, respectively. Finally, we have to conclude that this modified technology is an innovative and can be used efficiently to control Root-knot nematode under organic agriculture and Global GAP agricultural systems instead of these carcinogenic nematicides.

Relationship among otoacoustic emission suppression and auditory processing measures in adults

The purpose of this Capstone Project is to help determine whether performing otoacoustic emissions with contralateral noise may be used in the diagnosis of Auditory Processing Disorder.