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A comunidade zooplanctônica como bioindicadora do estado trófico de reservatórios da região semiárida tropical

E utrophication in continental aquatic ecosystems and the following deterioration of water quality are some of the greatest problems to be solved in this century. Due to their own peculiarities reservoirs from semi - arid regions constitute a great challenge to water management because of their greater vulnerability to eutrophication process. I dentification of biolo gical community components that may be used as bioindicators is important to allow an early detection of adverse changes, and also to provide subsidies for management and conservation actions. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the potential of zo oplankton community as bioindicator of the trophic state of two reservoirs belonging to the Piranhas - Açu basin, RN, Brazil: Boqueirão de Parelhas and Passagem das Traíras. Monthly sampling s of both systems were carried out in both systems during the period of January to December. Measurements were performed for temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and water electrical conductivity besides water samples collection for nutrients, suspended solids, chlorophyll - a and zooplankton analyses. T axonomic composition of zooplankton , density and biomass were analysed. Trophic state index, ABC curves , W statistic and the Calanoida: Cyclopoida ratio were also obtained. The results evidenced that Boqueirão de Parelhas reservoir was a mesotrophic sy stem, and Passagem das Traíras r eservoir was eutrophic. In both reservoirs zooplankton community had low species richness, mostly constituted by tolerant species which have wide geographical distribution, as well the dominance of the rotifers Brachionus havanaensis , B. calyciflo rus and Keratella tropica ; of the calanoid copepods Notodiaptomus cearensis and N. iheringi ; cyclopoid copepod Thermocyclops decipiens, and of the cladocerans Ceriodaphnia cornuta and Diaphanosoma spinulosum . Among the biological indices the ABC curves fo r the zooplankton community indicated a moderate dis turbance in both reservoirs, th e Calanoida: Cyclopoida ration indicated not impacted environments , e xcept during the end of the study to the reservoir Passagem das Traíras . It was concluded that the indices used are good indicators of disturbance and alteration in the community, however they are not good indicators for monitoring the trophic state of the studied reservoirs due to the simultaneous occurrence of other factors selecting species, as the c oncentration of ions and high turbidity, which are part of the reservoir characteristics of semiarid.

Atividades biológicas de extratos salinos de sementes de plantas da caatinga contra Aedes Aegypti e investigação da participação de proteínas bioativas

Dengue fever, currently the most important arbovirus, is transmitted by the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Given the absence of a prophylactic vaccine, the disease can only be controlled by combating the vector insect. However, increasing reports of resistance and environmental damage caused by insecticides have led to the urgent search for new safer alternatives. Twenty - um plant s eed extracts from the Caatinga were prepared , tested and characterized . Sodium phosphate ( 50 mM pH 8.0) was used as extractor. All extracts showed larvicidal and ovipositional deterrence activity . Extracts of D. grandiflora, E. contortisiliquum, A. cearenses , C. ferrea and C. retusa were able to attract females for posture when in low co ncentration . In the attractive concentrations, the CE of E. contortisiliquum and A. cearenses were able to kill 52% and 100% of the larvae respectively . The extracts of A. cearenses , P. viridiflora, E. velutina, M. urundeuva and S. brasiliensis were also pupicides, while extracts of P. viridiflora, E. velutina, E. contortisiliquum , A. cearenses, A. colubrina, D. grandiflora , B. cheilantha , S. spectabilis, C. pyramidalis, M. regnelli e G. americana displayed adulticidal activity. All extracts were toxic to C. dubia zooplankton . The EB of E. velutina and E. contortisiliquum did not affect the viability of fibroblasts . In all extracts were identified at least two potential insecticidal proteins such as enzyme inhibitors, lectins and chitin - binding proteins and components of secondary metabolism . Considering all bioassays , the extracts from A. cearenses, P. viridiflora, E. contortisiliquum , S. brasiliensis, E. velutina and M. urundeuva were considered the most promising . The E. contortisiliquum extracts was the only one who did not show pupicida activity, indicating that its mechanism of action larvicide and adulticidal is related only to the ingesti on of toxic compounds by insect , so it was selected to be fragmenting. As observed for the CE , th e protein fractions of E. contortisiliquum also showed larvicidal activity, highlighting that F2 showed higher larvicidal activity and lower en vironmental toxicity than the CE source. The reduction in the proteolytic activity of larvae fed with crude extra ct and fractions of E. contortisiliquum suggest ed that the trypsin inhibitors ( ITEc) would be resp onsible for larvicidal activity . However the increase in the purification of this inhibitor resulted in loss of larvicidal activity , but the absence of trypsin inhibitor reduced the effectiveness of the fractions , indicating that the ITEC contributes to the larvicidal activity of this extract. Not been observed larvicidal activity and adulticide in rich fraction vicilin, nor evidence of the contribution o f this molecule for the larvicidal activity of the extract. The results show the potential of seeds from plant extracts of Caatinga as a source of active molecules against insects A. aegypti at different stages of its development cycle, since they are comp osed of different active compounds, including protein nature, which act on different mechanisms should result in the death of insec

Distribution of Upper Cretaceous deep water agglutinated foraminifera in sediments of the North Atlantic and its marginal seas (Tab. 1)

The stratigraphic and biogeographic distribution of more than 170 species of deep-water agglutinated benthic foraminifers (DWAF) from the North Atlantic and adjacent marginal seas has been compared with paleoenvironmental data (e.g. paleobathymetry, oxygenation of the bottom waters, amount of terrigenous input and substrate disturbance). Six general types of assemblages, in which deep water agglutinated taxa occur, are defined from the Turonian to Maastrichtian times: 1. High latitude slope assemblages 2. Low to mid latitude slope assemblages 3. Flysch-type assemblages 4. Deep water limestone assemblages (,,Scaglia,,-type) 5. Abyssal mixed calcareous-agglutinated assemblages 6. Abyssal purely agglutinated assemblages Latitudinal differences in faunal composition are observed, the most important of which is the lack or extreme paucity of calcareous forms in high latitude assemblages. East-to-west differences appear to be of comparatively minor importance. Most DWAF species occur in all studied regions and are thus considered as cosmopolitan. Biostratigraphic turnovers in the taxonomic content of assemblages are observed in the lowermost Turonian, mid-Campanian and in the upper Maastrichtian to lowermost Paleocene. These datum levels correspond to inter-regional and time-constant paleooceanographic events, which probably also affected the deep-water benthic biota. This allows us to use deep-water agglutinated foraminifers for biostratigraphy in the North Atlantic sequences deposited below CCD and to geographically extend the currently used zonal schemes which have been established in the Carpathian and Alpine areas.

Multi-proxy records of Two-Yurts Lake

Within the scope of Russian-German palaeoenvironmental research, Two-Yurts Lake (TYL, Dvuh-Yurtochnoe in Russian) was chosen as the main scientific target area to decipher Holocene climate variability on Kamchatka. The 5x2 km large and 26 m deep lake is of proglacial origin and situated on the eastern flank of Sredinny Ridge at the northwestern end of the Central Kamchatka Valley, outside the direct influence of active volcanism. Here, we present results of a multi-proxy study on sediment cores, spanning about the last 7000 years. The general tenor of the TYL record is an increase in continentality and winter snow cover in conjunction with a decrease in temperature, humidity, and biological productivity after 5000-4500 cal yrs BP, inferred from pollen and diatom data and the isotopic composition of organic carbon. The TYL proxy data also show that the late Holocene was punctuated by two colder spells, roughly between 4500 and 3500 cal yrs BP and between 1000 and 200 cal yrs BP, as local expressions of the Neoglacial and Little Ice Age, respectively. These environmental changes can be regarded as direct and indirect responses to climate change, as also demonstrated by other records in the regional terrestrial and marine realm. Long-term climate deterioration was driven by decreasing insolation, while the short-term climate excursions are best explained by local climatic processes. The latter affect the configuration of atmospheric pressure systems that control the sources as well as the temperature and moisture of air masses reaching Kamchatka.

La ciencia de los principios y de las causas primeras en el libro primero de la Metafísica

En este trabajo se presenta la concepción aristotélica de la filosofía primera como ciencia de los principios y de las causas primeras según el libro primero de la Metafísica. Para ello, se distinguen tres momentos sucesivos que constituyen el análisis de la naturaleza y la meta que debe alcanzar esta ciencia: 1) la concepción de la sabiduría como ciencia que se ocupa de ciertos principios y causas; 2) la sabiduría como ciencia de los primeros principios y de las causas; 3) la determinación de las cuatro causas primeras como tarea de la filosofía primera. De este modo, se pretende mostrar que la Metafísica de Aristóteles es un intento para explicar las últimas cuestiones, el último porqué, indicando cuatro géneros diferentes de respuesta.

Implantação de SAF com espécies frutíferas nativas em área de agricultura familiar.

Os Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAF?s), consistem no cultivo simultâneo de espécies lenhosas e agrícolas em um mesmo espaço geográfico, no intuito de obter maior oferta de produtos, garantir a segurança alimentar e otimizar o espaço rural, permitindo uma produção sustentável. O presente trabalho consistiu da implantação de um SAF com frutíferas nativas, no município de Igarapé-açu-PA, em área de produtor rural com atividade econômica baseada no cultivo de mandioca. As espécies foram o murucizeiro, o bacurizeiro e o camucamuzeiro, as quais estão sendo avaliadas por meio do desempenho morfoagronômico de clones. No murucizeiro, os tratamentos que se destacaram para altura da planta foram o São José (1,76m), Cristo (1,61m) e Maracanã-2 (1,59m); que também apresentou maior volume de copa (3,09m3). O plantio das sementes pré-germinadas de bacurizeiro apresentou uma eficiência na emergência e desenvolvimento de 82%. As mudas de camu-camu que se destacaram foram as os clones CPATU-1, 2 e 9.

Desenvolvimento inicial de clones de camucamuzeiro no município de Tomé-Açu-PA.

O camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia [H.B.K.] McVaugh), pertencente à família Myrtaceae é uma espécie em processo de domesticação, utilizada na alimentação pelas populações locais do Peru e do Brasil, encontrado na forma extrativa, a partir de plantas crescendo naturalmente nas margens dos rios e lagos, apresenta potencial econômico devido ao seu alto conteúdo de vitamina C. Um experimento com clones de camucamuzeiro propagados por enxertia foi instalado no ano de 2013 no município de Tomé-Açu, no Campo Experimental da Embrapa. Os seguintes clones estão sendo avaliados: CPATU-01, CPATU-02, CPATU-03, CPATU-04, CPATU-05, CPATU-06, CPATU-07, CPATU-08, CPATU-09, CPATU-10. Foram avaliados anualmente os seguintes caracteres morfoagronômicos: altura de planta (H), diâmetro do caule (DC), número de ramos secundários que partem do caule principal (NR) e volume de copa (VC). Para H, o clone CPATU-04 (2,66m) destacou-se e foi seguido pelo CPATU-07 (2,51m); no DC o clone CPATU-09 (45,41cm) e CPATU-05 (45,22cm); os clones que apresentaram o maior NR foram CPATU-03 (5,17) e CPATU-05 (4,33); e os clones com maior VC foram CPATU-01 (3,20m³) e CPATU-08 (3,09m³). Desta forma, pode-se concluir que os clones de camucamuzeiro apresentaram variação quanto aos caracteres estudados no município de Tomé-açu.

Substratos para produção de mudas de camucamuzeiro.

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar o uso de diferentes tipos de substratos para produção de mudas de Myrciaria dubia. Foram utilizados recipientes preenchidos com os seguintes substratos: 100% solo, solo + seis gramas de NPK (14.14.14), solo + 5% de torta de andiroba, solo + 10% de torta de andiroba, solo + 15% de torta de andiroba, solo + 20% de torta de andiroba, solo + 25% de torta de andiroba, solo + 20% de cama de aviário e solo + 40% de cama de aviário. Após 150 dias do transplantio foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: diâmetro do coleto, altura da mudas e número de folhas. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com nove tipos de substratos e dez repetições de uma muda por parcela. Com os resultados obtidos verificou-se que o substrato com adição de seis gramas da formulação (14.14.14) foi o que apresentou o melhor crescimento das mudas de camucamuzeiro diferindo significativamente dos demais tratamentos, com altura média de 53 cm. A menor média de altura foi obtida no tratamento com solo + 40% de cama de aviário (17 cm). Para produção de mudas de camucamuzeiro com 53 cm de altura, no prazo de 150 dias é recomendado utilizar como substrato, solo + adição de seis gramas de NPK na formulação (14.14.14).

Tamanho da semente de camu-camu e sua influência sobre a germinação e a emergência da plântula.

O trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito do tamanho da semente de Myrciaria dubia sobre a germinação e emergência da plântula