Vaccines safety; effect of supervision or SMS on reporting rates of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) with meningitis vaccine (MenAfriVac?): a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: To ensure vaccines safety, given the weaknesses of the national pharmacovigilance system in Cameroon, there is a need to identify effective interventions that can contribute to improving AEFI reporting. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of: (i) sending weekly SMS, or (ii) weekly supervisory visits on AEFI reporting rate during a meningitis immunization campaign conducted in Cameroon in 2012 using the meningitis A conjugate vaccine (MenAfriVac?). METHODS: Health facilities that met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to receive: (i) a weekly standardized SMS, (ii) a weekly standardized supervisory visits or (iii) no intervention. The primary outcome was the reported AEFI incidence rate from week 5 to 8 after the immunization campaign. Poisson regression model was used to estimate the effect of interventions after adjusting for health region, type of health facility, type and position of health workers as well as the cumulative number of AEFI reported from weeks 1 to 4. RESULTS: A total of 348 (77.2%) of 451 health facility were included, and 116 assigned to each of three groups. The incidence rate of reported AEFI per 100 health facility per week was 20.0 (15.9-24.1) in the SMS group, 40.2 (34.4-46.0) in supervision group and 13.6 (10.1-16.9) in the control group. Supervision led to a significant increase of AEFI reporting rate compared to SMS [adjusted RR=2.1 (1.6-2.7); p<0.001] and control [RR=2.8(2.1-3.7); p<0.001)] groups. The effect of SMS led to some increase in AEFI reporting rate compared to the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant [RR=1.4(0.8-1.6); p=0.07)]. CONCLUSION: Supervision was more effective than SMS or routine surveillance in improving AEFI reporting rate. It should be part of any AEFI surveillance system. SMS could be useful in improving AEFI reporting rates but strategies need to be found to improve its effectiveness, and thus maximize its benefits.

T-Flux implant versus Healon GV in deep sclerectomy.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy and safety of T-Flux implant versus Healon GV in deep sclerectomy. METHODS: Randomized prospective trial of 23 eyes of 20 patients with medically uncontrolled open angle glaucoma over a period of 24 months, who underwent deep sclerectomy with either Healon GV or T-Flux implant. RESULTS: Mean postoperative intraocular pressure was 13.2 +/- 3.0 mm Hg with T-Flux implant (group 1) and 12.2 +/- 3.5 mm Hg with Healon GV (group 2), with a pressure reduction of 53.0% in group 1 (13.2 mm Hg vs. 28.1 mm Hg) and of 48.1% in group 2 (12.2 mm Hg vs. 23.5 mm Hg). Qualified and complete successes were 100% and 95.4% respectively. Pressures equal to or less than 15 mm Hg were 81.8% in group 1 and 90.9% in group 2 with or without treatment, and 63.6% in group 1 and 81.8% in group 2 without treatment. The number of glaucoma treatments dropped from 2.5 +/- 0.9 to 0.4 +/- 0.7 in group 1 and from 2.2 +/- 1.0 to 0.2 +/- 0.4 in group 2. The goniopuncture rate was 63.6% in group 1 and 36.4% in group 2, with a mean pressure drop of 6.1 +/- 3.9 mm Hg and 3.25 +/- 1.2 mm Hg respectively. Overall, slit-lamp diagnosed surgery-related complications included positive Seidel (13.6%), hyphaema (22.7%), choroidal detachment, and iris incarceration (4.5% each). At 2 years, ultrasound biomicroscopy showed mainly low reflective (40.1%) and flattened (36.4%) blebs. Principally latter ones were associated with the need for adjunctive treatment. A hypoechoic area in the suprachoroidal space was seen in at least 59.1% of eyes at 2 years and was not associated with lower intraocular pressure. CONCLUSION: Deep sclerectomy is an effective and safe surgery. However, longer follow up and larger study groups are required to assess the additional benefit of nonabsorbable implants.

Efeitos do CPPU e GA3 no cultivo de uva-'Itália' na região do submédio São Francisco, nordeste do Brasil

Na região do submédio do São Francisco, a uva-'Itália' destaca-se com 63,2% da área total plantada. Atualmente, é a principal variedade para exportação. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das doses do CPPU (forchlorfenuron) e GA3, no aumento do tamanho da baga, que foram aplicadas por meio de pulverização dirigida sobre os cachos durante a fase de pegamento dos frutos, quando as bagas haviam atingido, aproximadamente, 8 mm de diâmetro. Este experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Cooperyama, no município de Juazeiro-BA. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos e três repetições, avaliando-se 15 cachos por tratamento com as seguintes doses: 1- Testemunha absoluta; 2- GA3 20 mg/l;3- GA3 20 mg/l+ CPPU 3 mg/l; 4- GA3 20 mg/l + CPPU 5 mg/l; 5- GA3 20 mg/l + CPPU 10 mg/l; 6- CPPU 3 mg/l; 7- CPPU 5 mg/l; 8- CPPU 10 mg/l.O melhor resultado obtido no crescimento da baga deu-se com a aplicação do CPPU 10 mg/l. Este tratamento diferiu significativamente da testemunha e da aplicação convencional com GA3 20 mg/l, aumentando 8% e 4,6% o comprimento da baga, 13,6% e 7,3% sua largura, e o peso de baga em 32% e 16,3%, respectivamente. Nos tratamentos com CPPU aplicado isoladamente e/ou associado com GA3, a colheita foi retardada em oito dias. Não se verificou diferença significativa para os teores de sólidos solúveis; no entanto, foi constatado que a acidez titulável obteve valores mais elevados na testemunha e no tratamento com GA3, aplicando 20 mg/l. Com relação ao peso do engaço, não foi verificada diferença estatística entre os tratamentos.

Outcomes of minimally invasive simple prostatectomy for benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: (1) To assess the outcomes of minimally invasive simple prostatectomy (MISP) for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with large prostates and (2) to compare them with open simple prostatectomy (OSP). METHODS: A systematic review of outcomes of MISP for benign prostatic hyperplasia with meta-analysis was conducted. The article selection process was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS: Twenty-seven observational studies with 764 patients were analyzed. The mean prostate volume was 113.5 ml (95 % CI 106-121). The mean increase in Qmax was 14.3 ml/s (95 % CI 13.1-15.6), and the mean improvement in IPSS was 17.2 (95 % CI 15.2-19.2). Mean duration of operation was 141 min (95 % CI 124-159), and the mean intraoperative blood loss was 284 ml (95 % CI 243-325). One hundred and four patients (13.6 %) developed a surgical complication. In comparative studies, length of hospital stay (WMD -1.6 days, p = 0.02), length of catheter use (WMD -1.3 days, p = 0.04) and estimated blood loss (WMD -187 ml, p = 0.015) were significantly lower in the MISP group, while the duration of operation was longer than in OSP (WMD 37.8 min, p < 0.0001). There were no differences in improvements in Qmax, IPSS and perioperative complications between both procedures. The small study sizes, publication bias, lack of systematic complication reporting and short follow-up are limitations. CONCLUSIONS: MISP seems an effective and safe treatment option. It provides similar improvements in Qmax and IPSS as OSP. Despite taking longer, it results in less blood loss and shorter hospital stay. Prospective randomized studies comparing OSP, MISP and laser enucleation are needed to define the standard surgical treatment for large prostates.

Meckel-Gruber Syndrome: a population-based study on prevalence, prenatal diagnosis, clinical features, and survival in Europe.

Meckel-Gruber Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive lethal ciliopathy characterized by the triad of cystic renal dysplasia, occipital encephalocele and postaxial polydactyly. We present the largest population-based epidemiological study to date using data provided by the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies (EUROCAT) network. The study population consisted of 191 cases of MKS identified between January 1990 and December 2011 in 34 European registries. The mean prevalence was 2.6 per 100 000 births in a subset of registries with good ascertainment. The prevalence was stable over time, but regional differences were observed. There were 145 (75.9%) terminations of pregnancy after prenatal diagnosis, 13 (6.8%) fetal deaths, 33 (17.3%) live births. In addition to cystic kidneys (97.7%), encephalocele (83.8%) and polydactyly (87.3%), frequent features include other central nervous system anomalies (51.4%), fibrotic/cystic changes of the liver (65.5% of cases with post mortem examination) and orofacial clefts (31.8%). Various other anomalies were present in 64 (37%) patients. As nowadays most patients are detected very early in pregnancy when liver or kidney changes may not yet be developed or may be difficult to assess, none of the anomalies should be considered obligatory for the diagnosis. Most cases (90.2%) are diagnosed prenatally at 14.3±2.6 (range 11-36) gestational weeks and pregnancies are mainly terminated, reducing the number of LB to one-fifth of the total prevalence rate. Early diagnosis is important for timely counseling of affected couples regarding the option of pregnancy termination and prenatal genetic testing in future pregnancies.

Fulvestrant with or without selumetinib, a MEK 1/2 inhibitor, in breast cancer progressing after aromatase inhibitor therapy: A multicentre randomised placebo-controlled double-blind phase II trial, SAKK 21/08.

BACKGROUND: Second line endocrine therapy has limited antitumour activity. Fulvestrant inhibits and downregulates the oestrogen receptor. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is one of the major cascades involved in resistance to endocrine therapy. We assessed the efficacy and safety of fulvestrant with selumetinib, a MEK 1/2 inhibitor, in advanced stage breast cancer progressing after aromatase inhibitor (AI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This randomised phase II trial included postmenopausal patients with endocrine-sensitive breast cancer. They were ramdomised to fulvestrant combined with selumetinib or placebo. The primary endpoint was disease control rate (DCR) in the experimental arm. ClinicalTrials.gov Indentifier: NCT01160718. RESULTS: Following the planned interim efficacy analysis, recruitment was interrupted after the inclusion of 46 patients (23 in each arm), because the selumetinib-fulvestrant arm did not reach the pre-specified DCR. DCR was 23% (95% confidence interval (CI) 8-45%) in the selumetinib arm and 50% (95% CI 27-75%) in the placebo arm. Median progression-free survival was 3.7months (95% CI 1.9-5.8) in the selumetinib arm and 5.6months (95% CI 3.4-13.6) in the placebo arm. Median time to treatment failure was 5.1 (95% CI 2.3-6.7) and 5.6 (95% CI 3.4-10.2) months, respectively. The most frequent treatment-related adverse events observed in the selumetinib-fulvestrant arm were skin disorders, fatigue, nausea/vomiting, oedema, diarrhoea, mouth disorders and muscle disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of selumetinib to fulvestrant did not show improving patients' outcome and was poorly tolerated at the recommended monotherapy dose. Selumetinib may have deteriorated the efficacy of the endocrine therapy in some patients.

Ultra-high-resolution 3D imaging of atherosclerosis in mice with synchrotron differential phase contrast: a proof of concept study.

The goal of this study was to investigate the performance of 3D synchrotron differential phase contrast (DPC) imaging for the visualization of both macroscopic and microscopic aspects of atherosclerosis in the mouse vasculature ex vivo. The hearts and aortas of 2 atherosclerotic and 2 wild-type control mice were scanned with DPC imaging with an isotropic resolution of 15 μm. The coronary artery vessel walls were segmented in the DPC datasets to assess their thickness, and histological staining was performed at the level of atherosclerotic plaques. The DPC imaging allowed for the visualization of complex structures such as the coronary arteries and their branches, the thin fibrous cap of atherosclerotic plaques as well as the chordae tendineae. The coronary vessel wall thickness ranged from 37.4 ± 5.6 μm in proximal coronary arteries to 13.6 ± 3.3 μm in distal branches. No consistent differences in coronary vessel wall thickness were detected between the wild-type and atherosclerotic hearts in this proof-of-concept study, although the standard deviation in the atherosclerotic mice was higher in most segments, consistent with the observation of occasional focal vessel wall thickening. Overall, DPC imaging of the cardiovascular system of the mice allowed for a simultaneous detailed 3D morphological assessment of both large structures and microscopic details.

Ultrassonografia uretrovesical como método eficaz de avaliação dos parâmetros prognósticos de tratamento cirúrgico da incontinência urinária de esforço

OBJETIVO: Comparar parâmetros ultrassonográficos relacionados à junção uretrovesical e uretra proximal em pacientes curadas e não curadas, tratadas cirurgicamente pela técnica de Burch, com a finalidade de estabelecer se há correspondência com fatores prognósticos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Trinta pacientes foram selecionadas e divididas em dois grupos: 15 consideradas clinicamente curadas e 15 consideradas não curadas. As pacientes foram submetidas a ultrassonografia transvulvar no pré-operatório e aos 30 e 180 dias do pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: No pré-operatório, o deslocamento da uretra proximal foi maior nas pacientes curadas (15,87 ± 4,55 mm × 12,47 ± 3,52 mm - p < 0,05). No pós-operatório, no esforço, a distância vertical da junção uretrovesical e a uretra proximal foram maiores nas pacientes curadas (12,87 ± 5,80 mm × 5,13 ± 6,55 mm - p < 0,01; e 13,07 ± 6,44 mm × 6,20 ± 6,14 mm - p < 0,01), e o deslocamento vertical da junção uretrovesical e da uretra proximal foi maior nas pacientes não curadas (8,47 ± 3,98 mm × 5,13 ± 2,36 mm - p < 0,001; e 8,33 ± 4,54 mm × 5,20 ± 2,90 mm - p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A ultrassonografia da junção uretrovesical e da uretra proximal pode ser considerada como um método eficaz de avaliação dos parâmetros prognósticos do tratamento cirúrgico de mulheres com incontinência urinária de esforço.

Impact of reclassifying noninvasive follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma on the risk of malignancy in The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology.

BACKGROUND: Recent discussions have focused on redefining noninvasive follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (NI-FVPTC) as a neoplasm rather than a carcinoma. This study assesses the potential impact of such a reclassification on the implied risk of malignancy (ROM) for the diagnostic categories of The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC). METHODS: The study consisted of consecutive fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) cases collected between January 1, 2013 and June 30, 2014 from 5 academic institutions. Demographic information, cytology diagnoses, and surgical pathology follow-up were recorded. The ROM was calculated with and without NI-FVPTC and was presented as a range: all cases (ie, overall risk of malignancy [OROM]) versus those with surgical follow-up only. RESULTS: The FNAB cohort consisted of 6943 thyroid nodules representing 5179 women and 1409 men with an average age of 54 years (range, 9-94 years). The combined average ROM and OROM for the diagnostic categories of TBSRTC were as follows: nondiagnostic, 4.4% to 25.3%; benign, 0.9% to 9.3%; atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), 12.1% to 31.2%; follicular neoplasm (FN), 21.8% to 33.2%; suspicious for malignancy (SM), 62.1% to 82.6%; and malignant, 75.9% to 99.1%. The impact of reclassifying NI-FVPTC on the ROM and OROM was most pronounced and statistically significant in the 3 indeterminate categories: the AUS/FLUS category had a decrease of 5.2% to 13.6%, the FN category had a decrease of 9.9% to 15.1%, and the SM category had a decrease of 17.6% to 23.4% (P < .05), whereas the benign and malignant categories had decreases of 0.3% to 3.5% and 2.5% to 3.3%, respectfully. The trend of the effect on the ROM and OROM was similar for all 5 institutions. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this multi-institutional cohort indicate that the reclassification of NI-FVPTC will have a significant impact on the ROM for the 3 indeterminate categories of TBSRTC. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:181-187. © 2015 American Cancer Society.

Estimativa dos valores de MSAD em procedimentos de tomografia computadorizada utilizando filmes radiocrômicos

OBJETIVO: Verificar a viabilidade de filmes radiocrômicos como um dosímetro alternativo para estimativa da dose média em cortes múltiplos a partir dos perfis de kerma. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Os filmes foram distribuídos em cilindros posicionados no centro e nas regiões periféricas de um objeto simulador padrão de abdome utilizado para dosimetria em tomografia computadorizada. RESULTADOS: Os valores de dose média em cortes múltiplos calculados foram 13,6 ± 0,7, 13,5 ± 0,7 e 18,7 ± 1,0 mGy para os valores de passo (pitch) de 0,75, 1,00 e 1,50, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de os resultados mostrarem valores menores que o nível de referência de radiodiagnóstico de 25 mGy estabelecido pela legislação brasileira para exames de abdome, eles sugerem que há espaço para otimização dos procedimentos e uma revisão do valor para o nível de referência de radiodiagnóstico brasileiro.

Cycling Time Trial Is More Altered in Hypobaric than Normobaric Hypoxia

PURPOSE: Slight physiological differences between acute exposure in normobaric hypoxia (NH) and hypobaric hypoxia (HH) have been reported. Taken together, these differences suggest different physiological responses to hypoxic exposure to a simulated altitude (NH) versus a terrestrial altitude (HH). For this purpose, in the present study, we aimed to directly compare the time-trial performance after acute hypoxia exposure (26 h, 3450 min) by the same subjects under three different conditions: NH, HH, and normobaric normoxia (NN). Based on all of the preceding studies examining the differences among these hypoxic conditions, we hypothesized greater performance impairment in HH than in NH. METHODS: The experimental design consisted of three sessions: NN (Sion: FiO2, 20.93), NH (Sion, hypoxic room: FiO2, 13.6%; barometric pressure, 716 mm Hg), and HH (Jungfraujoch: FiO2, 20.93; barometric pressure, 481 mm Hg). The performance was evaluated at the end of each session with a cycle time trial of 250 kJ. RESULTS: The mean time trial duration in NN was significantly shorter than under the two hypoxic conditions (P < 0.001). In addition, the mean duration in NH was significantly shorter than that in HH (P < 0.01). The mean pulse oxygen saturation during the time trial was significantly lower for HH than for NH (P < 0.05), and it was significantly higher in NN than for the two other sessions (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: As previously suggested, HH seems to be a more stressful stimulus, and NH and HH should not be used interchangeability when endurance performance is the main objective. The principal factor in this performance difference between hypoxic conditions seemed to be the lower peripheral oxygen saturation in HH at rest, as well as during exercise.

Ultrasonographic study and Doppler flow velocimetry of maternal kidneys and liver in low-risk pregnancy

AbstractObjective:Longitudinal study with B-mode ultrasonography and Doppler ultrasonography of maternal kidneys and liver in low-risk pregnancy, to establish and quantify normality parameters, correlating them with physiological changes.Materials and Methods:Twenty-five pregnant women were assessed and selected to participate in the study, each of them undergoing four examinations at the first, second, third trimesters and postpartum.Results:Findings during pregnancy were the following: increased renal volume, pyelocaliceal dilatation with incidence of 45.4% in the right kidney, and 9% in the left kidney; nephrolithiasis, 18.1% in the right kidney, 13.6% in the left kidney. With pyelocaliceal dilatation, mean values for resistivity index were: 0.68 for renal arteries; 0.66 for segmental arteries; 0.64 for interlobar arteries; 0.64 for arcuate arteries. Without pyelocaliceal dilatation, 0.67 for renal arteries; 0.64 for segmental arteries; 0.63 for interlobar arteries; and 0.61 for arcuate arteries. Portal vein flow velocities presented higher values in pregnancy, with mean value for maximum velocity of 28.9 cm/s, and 22.6 cm/s postpartum. The waveform pattern of the right hepatic vein presented changes persisting in the postpartum period in 31.8% of the patients. Cholelithiasis was observed in 18.1% of the patients.Conclusion:Alterations in renal volume, pyelocaliceal dilatation, nephrolithiasis, cholelithiasis, changes in portal vein flow velocity, alterations in waveform pattern of the right hepatic vein, proved to be significant.

Caractérisation des patients lausannois formeurs de calculs rénaux

La lithiase rénale est une pathologie connue depuis très longtemps. Elle est très intéressante d'un point de vue épidémiologique car elle est présente dans le monde entier et reflète les habitudes alimentaires, les conditions sanitaires et le niveau de vie des populations. En effet, sa localisation, sa nature et son âge d'apparition sont associés au niveau économique d'une population donnée. Dans les pays ayant un niveau socioéconomique bas, les enfants jusqu'à 10 ans sont plus touchés que les adultes, avec un rapport garçons/filles très élevé, atteignant plus de 10. La localisation des calculs rénaux est surtout vésicale et ils sont composés majoritairement de phosphate ou d'acide urique. Par contre, dans les populations avec un niveau socioéconomique plus élevé comme c'est le cas actuellement en Europe, les adultes entre 30 et 50 ans sont majoritairement touchés avec un rapport hommes/femmes situé entre 1.5 et 2.5. La lithiase est essentiellement rénale et composée d'oxalate de calcium. Actuellement, dans la plupart des pays du monde, le calcul a une localisation rénale et est de nature oxalo-calcique, reflétant une amélioration des conditions de vie et un meilleur niveau de médicalisation. Peu de pays possèdent les moyens d'effectuer de larges études pour estimer la prévalence de la lithiase rénale. Cependant, toutes les études effectuées confirment que les calculs rénaux sont en progression dans le monde entier. Une forte augmentation de la prévalence de la lithiase rénale a notamment été observée depuis la fin de la deuxième guerre mondiale avec une mise sur le marché plus importante ainsi qu'une consommation croissante de boissons sucrées, de protéines animales et de chocolat riche en oxalate avec en parallèle une diminution de la consommation de produits laitiers et une sédentarisation de la population. La lithiase rénale comprend en effet des facteurs de risques environnementaux et sa progression est donc en grande partie due aux changements des habitudes de vie. Au cours des dernières décennies, les changements de mode de vie ont également favorisé l'augmentation de l'hypertension artérielle, de l'obésité ainsi que du diabète dans la population générale, eux-mêmes associés à la lithiase rénale. Différentes études illustrent la prévalence croissante des calculs rénaux. Des études scandinaves datant de 1970-1980 démontrent que 19% des hommes de plus de 60 ans avaient des antécédents de lithiase urinaire. Aux États-Unis, l'étude de Stamatelou et al. (1) a démontré une progression de la lithiase rénale de 3.2% entre 1976 et 1980 et de 5.2% entre 1988 et 1994. En Allemagne, la prévalence de la lithiase rénale a augmenté de 17% entre 1980 et 2000. En 2001 en Espagne, 10% des sujets de plus de 60 ans avaient une lithiase rénale. L'étude française SU.VI.MAX a notamment révélé une prévalence de calculs rénaux de 9.5% chez les personnes de plus de 45 ans avec une prédominance masculine, 13.6% chez les hommes et 7.6% chez les femmes. Le rapport hommes/femmes était de 2.35 avec une tendance à la baisse. L'âge du premier calcul était en moyenne à 35 ans chez les hommes et à 30 ans chez les femmes. Plus de la moitié des patients lithiasiques de l'étude SU.VI.MAX récidivent au cours de leur vie, 54% des hommes et 52% des femmes. Le nombre d'épisodes dans la vie d'une personne ayant eu une fois un calcul rénal était en moyenne de 3, avec un intervalle moyen de 3.5 ans entre deux récidives.

Case-Crossover Analysis of Air Pollution Health Effects: A Systematic Review of Methodology and Application

Case-crossover is one of the most used designs for analyzing the health-related effects of air pollution. Nevertheless, no one has reviewed its application and methodology in this context. Objective: We conducted a systematic review of case-crossover (CCO) designs used to study the relationship between air pollution and morbidity and mortality, from the standpoint of methodology and application.Data sources and extraction: A search was made of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases.Reports were classified as methodologic or applied. From the latter, the following information was extracted: author, study location, year, type of population (general or patients), dependent variable(s), independent variable(s), type of CCO design, and whether effect modification was analyzed for variables at the individual level. Data synthesis: The review covered 105 reports that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of these, 24 addressed methodological aspects, and the remainder involved the design’s application. In the methodological reports, the designs that yielded the best results in simulation were symmetric bidirectional CCO and time-stratified CCO. Furthermore, we observed an increase across time in the use of certain CCO designs, mainly symmetric bidirectional and time-stratified CCO. The dependent variables most frequently analyzed were those relating to hospital morbidity; the pollutants most often studied were those linked to particulate matter. Among the CCO-application reports, 13.6% studied effect modification for variables at the individual level.Conclusions: The use of CCO designs has undergone considerable growth; the most widely used designs were those that yielded better results in simulation studies: symmetric bidirectional and time-stratified CCO. However, the advantages of CCO as a method of analysis of variables at the individual level are put to little use

Evaluación de dos estrategias de cribado de cáncer colorrectal: Test inmunológico versus test bioquímico. Cataluña, 2008-2010

Fundamento: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el cambio de estrategia de cribado (test inmunológico cuantitativo) en un programa poblacional de detección precoz de cáncer colorrectal (CCR) en Cataluña. Métodos: La cuarta ronda del programa de cribado de CCR en Hospitalet de Llobregat se implementó en 2008-2010. Se ofreció un test bioquímico a 50.227 individuos y uno inmunológico cuantitativo a 12.707 individuos. Se analizaron diferencias en las dos estrategias de cribado respecto a variables de aceptabilidad (entre participación, abandonos y adherencia a la colonoscopia), de precisión diagnóstica (valor predictivo positivo y tasas de detección), de resultados (tamaño y localización de lesiones, estadio de los cánceres detectados) y de recursos (número necesario de colonoscopias e intervalo de tiempo entre el resultado positivo del test y la colonoscopia). Resultados: La participación en el cribado fue superior entre los individuos que utilizaron el test inmunológico (OR: 1,35; IC95%:1,27-1,42). Las tasas de detección fueron superiores para el test inmunológico destacando la de adenomas de alto riesgo (26,7 vs 3,0 ). El valor predictivo positivo para adenomas de alto riesgo fue del 45,0% y del 46,9% en el inmunológico y el guayaco, respectivamente. El número de colonoscopias necesarias para detectar un cáncer fue de casi el doble que en el guayaco (13,6 vs 7,4). Conclusiones: El test inmunológico es una buena estrategia de cribado especialmente sensible para la detección de adenomas de alto riesgo. Sin embargo, requiere realizar un gran número de colonoscopias y por ello se debe disponer de los recursos y medios necesarios.