Tijdsperspectief en Gezondheid in Relatie tot Welbevinden bij kinderloze Ouderen

In hoeverre zijn bepaalde omstandigheden van invloed op iemands welbevinden? En hoe belangrijk is iemands kijk op het leven (tijdsperspectief) daarbij? In dit onderzoek is onderzocht of er een relatie is tussen gezondheidsklachten en negatief affect. Daarnaast is gekeken of er een relatie is tussen een fatalistische kijk en negatief affect. Ook is onderzocht of fatalisme de relatie tussen gezondheidsklachten en negatief affect versterkt. De onderzoeksgroep bestaat uit personen van 40 jaar of ouder, zonder biologische en/of adoptiekinderen. Reden hiervoor is dat in de nabije toekomst een kwart van de ouderen kinderloos zal zijn, maar dat er nog weinig onderzoek is gedaan naar deze groep. Voor deze survey is gebruik gemaakt van 3 gevalideerde, in het Nederlands vertaalde vragenlijsten: de Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), de MOS Short-form General Health Survey (MOS-20) en de Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). Deze vragenlijsten zijn, aangevuld met enkele andere vragen, als een samengestelde enquête op internet gezet en deze is door 136 personen, die voldeden aan de criteria, volledig ingevuld. Er zijn significant positieve relaties gevonden tussen gezondheidsklachten en negatief affect en ook tussen fatalisme en negatief affect. Beide relaties zijn reeds eerder in de literatuur gevonden en worden nu bevestigd voor deze specifieke groep van kinderloze ouderen. Er is geen interactie-effect gevonden tussen gezondheidsklachten en fatalisme in hun relatie tot negatief affect. Bij mensen met gezondheidsklachten en/of een fatalistische instelling kunnen gerichte therapieën en steun wellicht leiden tot minder negatief affect.

Dankbaarheid in Relatie tot Intrinsieke Levensdoelen: Het mediërende Effect van Psychologische Basisbehoeften

Er is nog weinig onderzoek gedaan naar dankbaarheid in een Nederlandstalige populatie, ook de relatie tussen dankbaarheid en het hebben van intrinsieke doelen is niet eerder onderzocht. In deze cross-sectionele studie met behulp van een vragenlijst is onderzocht of de associatie tussen dankbaarheid en het hebben van intrinsieke levensdoelen gemedieerd wordt door de psychologische basisbehoeften: autonomie, verbondenheid en competentie. Aanvullend is er gekeken of er een positieve associatie is tussen het hebben van intrinsieke levensdoelen en het niveau van subjectief welbevinden. De onafhankelijke variabele dankbaarheid is gemeten met de GQ-NL. De mediërende variabele psychologische basisbehoeften is gemeten met de BPNS. De variabele intrinsieke doelen werd gemeten met de AI-index, deze werd zowel als afhankelijke als onafhankelijk variabele gebruikt. De afhankelijke variabele subjectief welbevinden werd gemeten met de items van de PANAS en de SWLS. De onderzoeksgroep (N = 218) bestaat uit een convenience sample van 48 mannen en 170 vrouwen, variërend in leeftijd tussen 20 en 74 jaar. De gerapporteerde gegevens zijn volgens het stappenplan van Baron en Kenny voor mediatie getoetst door middel van multiple hiërarchische regressie analyses en een Sobel test. De aanvullende hypothese werd getoetst door middel van een hiërarchische multiple regressie analyse. Uit de resultaten blijkt dat er sprake is van een positieve samenhang tussen dankbaarheid en intrinsieke levensdoelen, B = .326 (t = 5.36, p < .001), naarmate mensen hoger scoren op dankbaarheid streven zij meer intrinsieke levensdoelen na. Deze relatie wordt deels gemedieerd door de psychologische basisbehoeften, Sobel Test statistic: 2.06 (SD = 0.03), p < .05 . Daarnaast blijkt er sprake te zijn van een significante positieve samenhang tussen het hebben van intrinsieke levensdoelen en subjectief welbevinden , B = .197 (t = 2.80, p < .05). Naarmate mensen meer intrinsieke doelen nastreven ervaren zij een hogere mate van subjectief welbevinden. Dit onderzoek toont aan dat er een positieve associatie bestaat tussen dankbaarheid en intrinsieke levensdoelen, welke deels gemedieerd wordt door de psychologische basisbehoeften. Het nastreven van intrinsieke doelen draagt bij aan een hogere mate van subjectief welbevinden. Deze studie geeft inzicht in de werkingsmechanismen van dankbaarheid en biedt aanknopingspunten voor het inzetten van dankbaarheid in interventies om mensen te coachen richting het nastreven van intrinsieke doelen teneinde het welbevinden van mensen te verhogen.

Eerst weten--dan eten. Een inleiding tot de studie der paddestoelen,

Title vignette.

IMIGRAÇÃO E CIDADE: ATIVIDADES DESENVOLVIDAS COMO MEIO DE SOBREVIVÊNCIA PELOS IMIGRANTES NO BAIRRO DO TOTÓ – RECIFE/PE

Procuramos entender a dinâmica migratória do estado de Pernambuco/Brasil para o bairro do Totó/Recife, considerando que há um relevante número de imigrantes do interior do estado neste bairro. Justifica-se o recorte de bairro pela importância que há em compreender, também, a dinâmica interna ao município recifense, pois analisamos o bairro como parte da totalidade e observamos que a pesquisa nesta escala é escassa. Nosso objetivo é, a partir da compreensão dos fatores “expulsionistas” e “atrativistas” do interior do esta do Pernambuco e do bairro do Totó, respectivamente, analisar a relação existente entre sobrevivência do homem através do trabalho e sua fixação na cidade. Assim, demos atenção ao envolvimento do homem com seu meio, levando em conta a estrutura que condiciona estes movimentos, no tempo atual. O método parte da pesquisa bibliográfica pertinente ao estudo. Contudo, os principais questionamentos foram respondidos através de entrevistas aos moradores imigrantes no bairro. Este trabalho é relevante como pesquisa geográfica, na medida em que se debruça sobre as relações destes imigrantes com seu território, sua perspectiva de sobrevivência, trazendo subsídios ao planejamento de políticas públicas para a população concernente, considerando a compreensão de sua dinâmica, tanto no bairro estudado quanto na cidade.

Quantitative data collection and study validity

The quality of data collection methods selected and the integrity of the data collected are integral tot eh success of a study. This chapter focuses on data collection and study validity. After reading the chapter, readers should be able to define types of data collection methods in quantitative research; list advantages and disadvantages of each method; discuss factors related to internal and external validity; critically evaluate data collection methods and discuss the need to operationalise variables of interest for data collection.

Primestoimenno-otnositel'nye konstrukcii v sovremennom russkom jazyke

Relative Constructions with Pronominal Heads in Contemporary Russian Chapter 1 introduces the distinctive syntactic and semantic properties of Russian relative constructions (RCs), which are then divided into two main classes according to the type of the head phrase. The study concentrates on RCs with pronominal heads, which are systematically compared with noun-headed RCs. Chapter 2 clarifies the categorization of pronouns in Russian. The conclusion is that Russian pronouns include only personal, reflexive and wh-pronouns. The remaining words that are traditionally seen as pronouns are actually functional equivalents of determiners. This idea leads to the suggestion that RCs with these determiner-like words as the only constituent of the head phrase are actually headed by zero pronouns. In the other type of RCs with pronominal heads, the head position is occupied by wh-pronouns with clitics expressing different types of indefiniteness and quantification. Comparison of the two types of pronoun-headed RCs shows that the wh-heads and zero-heads share a number of common properties with respect to the grammatical gender, number and person as well as to the semantic distinction between animates and inanimates. The rest of Chapter 2 gives an overview of various uses of wh-pronouns in Russian and an experimental analysis of RCs headed by pronominal adverbs. Chapter 3 discusses fundamental differences between RCs with noun and pronominal heads. One of the main findings is that the choice of the relative pronoun (kto 'who' and chto 'what' versus kotoryj 'which') is motivated by a tendency to reproduce maximally the essential grammatical and semantic properties of the antecedent. Chapter 4 gives a detailed description of the determiner-like words and wh-based heads used in the two types of RCs with pronominal heads. In addition, several issues related to the syntax and semantics of free relatives are discussed. The conclusion is that there is no need to establish a separate category of free relatives in Russian. Chapter 5 discusses the syntax and semantics of correlative and free concessive constructions. They share a number of properties with pronoun-headed RCs and the two are often confused in Russian linguistics. However, a detailed analysis shows that these constructions must be distinguished from RCs. The study combines the methods of functionally-oriented Russian structuralism with some insights from generative syntax.

Exterior view of Josef Altschuler standing in the doorway of his joinery, Max Klamper Tischlermeister; Aßmayergasse 34, Wien XII (Vienna).

Josef Altschuler was the father of Robert Altschuler

Precipitation-induced runoff and leaching from milled peat mining mires by peat types : a comparative method for estimating the loading of water bodies during peat pruduction

Precipitation-induced runoff and leaching from milled peat mining mires by peat types: a comparative method for estimating the loading of water bodies during peat production. This research project in environmental geology has arisen out of an observed need to be able to predict more accurately the loading of watercourses with detrimental organic substances and nutrients from already existing and planned peat production areas, since the authorities capacity for insisting on such predictions covering the whole duration of peat production in connection with evaluations of environmental impact is at present highly limited. National and international decisions regarding monitoring of the condition of watercourses and their improvement and restoration require more sophisticated evaluation methods in order to be able to forecast watercourse loading and its environmental impacts at the stage of land-use planning and preparations for peat production.The present project thus set out from the premise that it would be possible on the basis of existing mire and peat data properties to construct estimates for the typical loading from production mires over the whole duration of their exploitation. Finland has some 10 million hectares of peatland, accounting for almost a third of its total area. Macroclimatic conditions have varied in the course of the Holocene growth and development of this peatland, and with them the habitats of the peat-forming plants. Temperatures and moisture conditions have played a significant role in determining the dominant species of mire plants growing there at any particular time, the resulting mire types and the accumulation and deposition of plant remains to form the peat. The above climatic, environmental and mire development factors, together with ditching, have contributed, and continue to contribute, to the existence of peat horizons that differ in their physical and chemical properties, leading to differences in material transport between peatlands in a natural state and mires that have been ditched or prepared for forestry and peat production. Watercourse loading from the ditching of mires or their use for peat production can have detrimental effects on river and lake environments and their recreational use, especially where oxygen-consuming organic solids and soluble organic substances and nutrients are concerned. It has not previously been possible, however, to estimate in advance the watercourse loading likely to arise from ditching and peat production on the basis of the characteristics of the peat in a mire, although earlier observations have indicated that watercourse loading from peat production can vary greatly and it has been suggested that differences in peat properties may be of significance in this. Sprinkling is used here in combination with simulations of conditions in a milled peat production area to determine the influence of the physical and chemical properties of milled peats in production mires on surface runoff into the drainage ditches and the concentrations of material in the runoff water. Sprinkling and extraction experiments were carried out on 25 samples of milled Carex (C) and Sphagnum (S) peat of humification grades H 2.5 8.5 with moisture content in the range 23.4 89% on commencement of the first sprinkling, which was followed by a second sprinkling 24 hours later. The water retention capacity of the peat was best, and surface runoff lowest, with Sphagnum and Carex peat samples of humification grades H 2.5 6 in the moisture content class 56 75%. On account of the hydrophobicity of dry peat, runoff increased in a fairly regular manner with drying of the sample from 55% to 24 30%. Runoff from the samples with an original moisture content over 55% increased by 63% in the second round of sprinkling relative to the first, as they had practically reached saturation point on the first occasion, while those with an original moisture content below 55% retained their high runoff in the second round, due to continued hydrophobicity. The well-humified samples (H 6.5 8.5) with a moisture content over 80% showed a low water retention capacity and high runoff in both rounds of sprinkling. Loading of the runoff water with suspended solids, total phosphorus and total nitrogen, and also the chemical oxygen demand (CODMn O2), varied greatly in the sprinkling experiment, depending on the peat type and degree of humification, but concentrations of the same substances in the two sprinklings were closely or moderately closely correlated and these correlations were significant. The concentrations of suspended solids in the runoff water observed in the simulations of a peat production area and the direct surface runoff from it into the drainage ditch system in response to rain (sprinkling intensity 1.27 mm/min) varied c. 60-fold between the degrees of humification in the case of the Carex peats and c. 150-fold for the Sphagnum peats, while chemical oxygen demand varied c. 30-fold and c. 50-fold, respectively, total phosphorus c. 60-fold and c. 66-fold, total nitrogen c. 65-fold and c. 195-fold and ammonium nitrogen c. 90-fold and c. 30-fold. The increases in concentrations in the runoff water were very closely correlated with increases in humification of the peat. The correlations of the concentrations measured in extraction experiments (48 h) with peat type and degree of humification corresponded to those observed in the sprinkler experiments. The resulting figures for the surface runoff from a peat production area into the drainage ditches simulated by means of sprinkling and material concentrations in the runoff water were combined with statistics on the mean extent of daily rainfall (0 67 mm) during the frost-free period of the year (May October) over an observation period of 30 years to yield typical annual loading figures (kg/ha) for suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand of organic matter (CODmn O2), total phosphorus (tot. P) and total nitrogen (tot. N) entering the ditches with respect to milled Carex (C) and Sphagnum (S) peats of humification grades H 2.5 8.5. In order to calculate the loading of drainage ditches from a milled peat production mire with the aid of these annual comparative values (in kg/ha), information is required on the properties of the intended production mire and its peat. Once data are available on the area of the mire, its peat depth, peat types and their degrees of humification, dry matter content, calorific value and corresponding energy content, it is possible to produce mutually comparable estimates for individual mires with respect to the annual loading of the drainage ditch system and the surrounding watercourse for the whole service life of the production area, the duration of this service life, determinations of energy content and the amount of loading per unit of energy generated (kg/MWh). In the 8 mires in the Köyhäjoki basin, Central Ostrobothnia, taken as an example, the loading of suspended solids (SS) in the drainage ditch networks calculated on the basis of the typical values obtained here and existing mire and peat data and expressed per unit of energy generated varied between the mires and horizons in the range 0.9 16.5 kg/MWh. One of the aims of this work was to develop means of making better use of existing mire and peat data and the results of corings and other field investigations. In this respect combination of the typical loading values (kg/ha) obtained here for S, SC, CS and C peats and the various degrees of humification (H 2.5 8.5) with the above mire and peat data by means of a computer program for the acquisition and handling of such data would enable all the information currently available and that deposited in the system in the future to be used for defining watercourse loading estimates for mires and comparing them with the corresponding estimates of energy content. The intention behind this work has been to respond to the challenge facing the energy generation industry to find larger peat production areas that exert less loading on the environment and to that facing the environmental authorities to improve the means available for estimating watercourse loading from peat production and its environmental impacts in advance. The results conform well to the initial hypothesis and to the goals laid down for the research and should enable watercourse loading from existing and planned peat production to be evaluated better in the future and the resulting impacts to be taken into account when planning land use and energy generation. The advance loading information available in this way would be of value in the selection of individual peat production areas, the planning of their exploitation, the introduction of water protection measures and the planning of loading inspections, in order to achieve controlled peat production that pays due attention to environmental considerations.

Oriin seminaaliplasman matriksimetalloproteinaasit

Siirto- ja pakastesiemennysten lisääntyessä tammojen hedelmällisyystulosten parantuminen on hevoskasvatuksen taloudellisuuden kannalta merkittävää. Oriitten spermoissa on eroja sekä siirto- että pakastekestävyydessä. Pelkällä orivalinnalla ei voida kuitenkaan vaikuttaa hedelmällisyystuloksiin, sillä yleensä valinta painottuu suorituskykyyn. Siittiöiden lisäksi seminaaliplasmalla on havaittu vaikutuksia siirto- ja pakastuskestävyyteen. Seminaaliplasma koostuu useista erilaisista biologisista komponenteista, joista matriksimetalloproteinaasit (MMP) ovat yksi. Ne ovat proteiiniperhe, johon kuluu useita jäseniä. MMP:t kykenevät hajottamaan muun muassa solun ulkoisia tukirakenteita sekä tyvikalvoa erilaisissa fysiologisissa ja patologisissa tiloissa. Matriksimetalloproteinaaseja on löydetty useista kudoksista ja myös seminaaliplasmasta. Työn tutkimusosuudessa haluttiin selvittää MMP-pitoisuuksia, niiden vaihteluita oriitten välillä ja mahdollisia vaikutuksia hedelmällisyystuloksiin. Seminaaliplasmanäytteitä tutkittiin yhteensä 43 oriista. Näytteet oli kerätty astutuskaudella 2006 erirotuisilta ja -ikäisiltä hevosilta sekä kahdelta ponilta. Keräysvaiheessa näytteet jaoteltiin 1-4 eri fraktioon. Jokaisesta näytteestä tutkittiin MMP:t zymografian avulla. Seminaaliplasmanäytteiden lisäksi oriilta kerättiin hedelmällisyystietoja siittoloista sekä Suomen raviurheilun ja hevoskasvatuksen keskusjärjestöltä (Suomen Hippos ry). Kaikki tulokset taulukoitiin ja laskettiin aktiiviselle (akt-MMP-2) ja pro-MMP-2:lle sekä kokonais-MMP-9:lle (tot-MMP-9) siittiörikkaassa (SR) ja siittiököyhässä fraktiossa (SK) sekä kokonaisejakulaatissa (KE): keskiarvot, keskihajonnat, mediaanit sekä maksimi- ja minimiarvot. Spearmanin järjestyskorrelaatiokertoimet laskettiin tammojen ensimmäiseen kiimaan tiinehtymisen ja eri MMP-pitoisuuksien välille SR:ssa ja KE:ssa. Oriilla oli havaittavia pitoisuuksia pro- ja akt-MMP-2:ta sekä tot-MMP-9:ää. MMP-pitoisuudet olivat suurimmat SR:ssa. Suurimpia olivat pro-MMP-2:n pitoisuudet ja orikohtaiset erot olivat siinä pieniä. Saadut tulokset vastasivat odotuksia, sillä miesten seminaaliplasmatutkimusten tulokset ovat samansuuntaisia. Eri MMP-pitoisuuksilla ei havaittu korrelaatiota tammojen tiinehtymiseen kanssa. Aineiston pienen koon takia sattumalla voi olla suuri vaikutus tuloksiin. Myös keräysvuodenaika ja yksilön ejakulaation koostumusvaihtelut saattavat vaikuttaa seminaaliplasman MMP-pitoisuuksiin, sillä sen useissa ominaisuuksissa tapahtuu muutoksia näiden muuttujien mukaan. Tulokset ovat suuntaa antavia ja toimivat apuna jatkotutkimuksia suunniteltaessa.

Variable Sparsity Kernel Learning

This paper(1) presents novel algorithms and applications for a particular class of mixed-norm regularization based Multiple Kernel Learning (MKL) formulations. The formulations assume that the given kernels are grouped and employ l(1) norm regularization for promoting sparsity within RKHS norms of each group and l(s), s >= 2 norm regularization for promoting non-sparse combinations across groups. Various sparsity levels in combining the kernels can be achieved by varying the grouping of kernels-hence we name the formulations as Variable Sparsity Kernel Learning (VSKL) formulations. While previous attempts have a non-convex formulation, here we present a convex formulation which admits efficient Mirror-Descent (MD) based solving techniques. The proposed MD based algorithm optimizes over product of simplices and has a computational complexity of O (m(2)n(tot) log n(max)/epsilon(2)) where m is no. training data points, n(max), n(tot) are the maximum no. kernels in any group, total no. kernels respectively and epsilon is the error in approximating the objective. A detailed proof of convergence of the algorithm is also presented. Experimental results show that the VSKL formulations are well-suited for multi-modal learning tasks like object categorization. Results also show that the MD based algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art MKL solvers in terms of computational efficiency.

Non-Fermi-liquid theory for disordered metals near two dimensions

We consider the Finkelstein action describing a system of spin-polarized or spinless electrons in 2+2epsilon dimensions, in the presence of disorder as well as the Coulomb interactions. We extend the renormalization-group analysis of our previous work and evaluate the metal-insulator transition of the electron gas to second order in an epsilon expansion. We obtain the complete scaling behavior of physical observables like the conductivity and the specific heat with varying frequency, temperature, and/or electron density. We extend the results for the interacting electron gas in 2+2epsilon dimensions to include the quantum critical behavior of the plateau transitions in the quantum Hall regime. Although these transitions have a very different microscopic origin and are controlled by a topological term in the action (theta term), the quantum critical behavior is in many ways the same in both cases. We show that the two independent critical exponents of the quantum Hall plateau transitions, previously denoted as nu and p, control not only the scaling behavior of the conductances sigma(xx) and sigma(xy) at finite temperatures T, but also the non-Fermi-liquid behavior of the specific heat (c(v)proportional toT(p)). To extract the numerical values of nu and p it is necessary to extend the experiments on transport to include the specific heat of the electron gas.

Application of a Class of Nano fluids to improve the Loadability of Power Transformers

It is generally known that addition of conducting or insulating particles to mineral transformer oil, lowers its breakdown strength, E-d. However, if the particulates are of molecular dimensions, or nanoparticles, (NPs), as they are called, the breakdown strength is seen to increase considerably. Recent experiments by the authors on oil cooled power equipment such as transformers showed that, nanofluids comprising NPs of selected oxides of iron, such as Fe(3)o(4), called magnetite, added to transformer oil increased the breakdown voltage of the virgin oil and more importantly a remarkable enhancement in the thermal conductivity and the viscosity and hence an increased loadability of the transformer for a given top oil temperature (TOT).

Photoluminescence, photocatalysis and Judd-Ofelt analysis of Eu3+-activated layered BiOCl phosphors

Eu3+-activated layered BiOCl phosphors were synthesized by the conventional solid-state method at relatively low temperature and shorter duration (400 degrees C for 1 h). All the samples were crystallized in the tetragonal structure with the space group P4/nmm (no. 129). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) studies confirmed the plate-like morphology. Photoluminescence spectra exhibit characteristic luminescent D-5(0) -> F-7(J) (J = 0-4) intra-4f shell Eu3+ ion transitions. The electric dipole transition located at 620 nm (D-5(0) -> F-7(2)) was stronger than the magnetic dipole transition located at 594 nm (D-5(0) -> F-7(1)). The evaluated Commission International de l'Eclairage (CIE) color coordinates of Eu3+-activated BiOCl phosphors were close to the commercial Y2O3:Eu3+ and Y2O2S:Eu3+ red phosphors. Intensity parameters (Omega(2), Omega(4)) and various radiative properties such as transition probability (A(tot)), radiative lifetime (tau(rad)), stimulated emission cross-section (sigma(e)), gain bandwidth (sigma(e) x Delta lambda(eff)) and optical gain (sigma(e) x tau(rad)) were calculated using the Judd-Ofelt theory. The experimental decay curves of the D-5(0) level in Eu3+-activated BiOCl have a single exponential profile. In comparison with other Eu3+ doped materials, Eu3+-activated BiOCl phosphors have a long lifetime (tau(exp)), low non-radiative relaxation rate (W-NR), high quantum efficiency (eta) and better optical gain (sigma(e) x tau(rad)). The determined radiative properties revealed the usefulness of Eu3+-activated BiOCl in developing red lasers as well as optical display devices. Further, these samples showed efficient photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) dye under visible light irradiation. These photocatalysts are useful for the removal of toxic and non-biodegradable organic pollutants in water.

Caracterización del sistema de producción de Finca "San Felipe", Muy Muy, Matagalpa

El presente trabajo se realizó dentro del marco del PROYECTO RAZA REYNA CEE NICARAGUA-ONG 157/86/IT con el objetivo de realizar una Caracterización del Sistema de Producción de la finca San Felipe, en Muy Muy, Matagalpa y su entorno. Se realizó a través de Diagnóstico Estático en la zona y Diagnóstico Dinámico en la finca. Se pudo determinar que la zona de vida correspondiente a Muy Muy es de Trópico Seco Premontano, en transición a zona seca, con precipitaciones promedio anual de 1498.05 mm, 25.02°C de temperatura y 80.30% de humedad relativa. Los suelos son millosoles con alto contenido de materia orgánica y nutriente, excepto fósforo; cuya principal limitante la representa la pendiente elevada en la mayor parte de la zona. Se caracteriza por el predominio de sistemas de producción de doble propósito, de carácter extensivo, en los que se explota ganado Cebuino cruzado con Pardo Suizo y Holsteín principalmente la inversión de capital y de recursos es baja. La alimentación del ganado se basa en el pastoreo, habiendo predominio de pasto Jaragua (Hyparrhenia ruffa), en aproximadamente un 50% siendo el resto pasto natural y grama. Entre los principales factores limitantes identificados se puede mencionar el mal manejo proporcionado a los potreros, disminuyendo la calidad y disponibilidad del forraje ofrecido a los animales, unido a una falta total de técnicas de conservación y una suplementación adecuada. Se encontró que la comercialización afecta el .resultado económico de las fincas por los bajos precios obtenidos en la venta de los productos y por el alto precio a que compran los insumos, el cual está influido por: a) débil estructura del mercado sobre todo para la venta de leche, teniendo que vender forzosamente a plantas acopiadoras como PROLACSA; b) elevada presencia de intermediarios en las operaciones de compra-venta de animales en pie; e) lo alejado que se encuentra la zona de los centros industriales del país y d) las malas vías de penetración. Entre los índices técnicos encontrados en la. zona, según resultados de Diagnóstico Estático, se determinó que la natalidad es del 52.25 % la mortalidad de temeros es del 6.58 % el destete efectivo del 93.42 la mortalidad adulta de terneros es del 5.0 en el periodo de lactancia es de 282.43 días, la producción de leche anual por vaca es de 1282.23 lts. La producción de leche por vaca en verano es de 3.44 lts y en invierno es de 5.64, el número de animales por manzana es de 0.98 y la carga animal es de 0.77 UA/mz Respecto al Sistema de Producción de la Finca "Sn Felipe", éste se caracteriza por ser de Doble Propósito, con mayor énfasis en la producción de leche, el hato presenta un alto grado de encaste con ganado Bos taurus lechero, producto de la utilización de Inseminación Artificial, pudiendo encontrarse principalmente Pardo Suizo, así como Holsteín, Jersey, Guernsey, Simmenta1, Cebú y Reyna, con diferentes grados de cruzamientos entre sí. Las medias de mínimos cuadrados para PL305, PL TOT, LARLA e IPP encontradas fueron de 1603.90, 1893.53 Kg de leche, 288.36 y 496.87 días respectivamente. La PLD resulto de 5.56 lts y la PLD/IPP de 3.23 lts. La• EPP es de 37.15 meses y el número de servicios por concepción (NSC) resultó de 1.57. En el estudio de las principales variables los grupos raciales