Compilation of growth rate data for marine pelagic organisms

The metabolic rate of organisms may either be viewed as a basic property from which other vital rates and many ecological patterns emerge and that follows a universal allometric mass scaling law; or it may be considered a property of the organism that emerges as a result of the organism's adaptation to the environment, with consequently less universal mass scaling properties. Data on body mass, maximum ingestion and clearance rates, respiration rates and maximum growth rates of animals living in the ocean epipelagic were compiled from the literature, mainly from original papers but also from previous compilations by other authors. Data were read from tables or digitized from graphs. Only measurements made on individuals of know size, or groups of individuals of similar and known size were included. We show that clearance and respiration rates have life-form-dependent allometries that have similar scaling but different elevations, such that the mass-specific rates converge on a rather narrow size-independent range. In contrast, ingestion and growth rates follow a near-universal taxa-independent ~3/4 mass scaling power law. We argue that the declining mass-specific clearance rates with size within taxa is related to the inherent decrease in feeding efficiency of any particular feeding mode. The transitions between feeding mode and simultaneous transitions in clearance and respiration rates may then represent adaptations to the food environment and be the result of the optimization of tradeoffs that allow sufficient feeding and growth rates to balance mortality.

Registry of all events from the Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013)

The Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013) sampled the world oceans on board a 36 m long schooner, collecting environmental data and organisms from viruses to planktonic metazoans for later analyses using modern sequencing and state-of-the-art imaging technologies. Tara Oceans Data are particularly suited to study the genetic, morphological and functional diversity of plankton. The present data set is a registry of all events conducted during the Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013). The registry provides details about the sampling date, time, location and methodology of each event. Uniform resource locators (URLs) offer direct links to the corresponding (1) event logsheet filled on board, (2) environmental data published at PANGAEA, (3) list of samples prepared on board from each event, and (4) nucleotides data published at the European Nucleotides Archive (EBI-ENA).

Registry of selected samples from the Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013)

The present data set is a registry of samples from the Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013) that were selected for publication in a special issue of the SCIENCE journal (see related references below). The registry provides details about the sampling location and methodology of each sample. Uniform resource locators (URLs) offer direct links to additional contextual environmental data and to the corresponding sequence runs used for analysis in the related literature publications in the SCIENCE journal.

Biodiversity context of selected samples from the Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013)

The present data set provides contextual data for samples from the Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013) that were selected for publication in a special issue of the SCIENCE journal (see related references below). Contextual data include various diversity indexes calculated for the sampling location using satellite and model climatologies (Darwin project, Physat) and results from the sequencing of Tara Oceans samples.

La communication : de l’écart à la rencontre dans "Pigments" suivi de "Névralgies" de Léon-Gontran Damas

Ce mémoire analyse la communication dans Pigments et dans Névralgies de Léon-Gontran Damas. Il vise à examiner les multiples composantes d’une situation d’interaction et à évaluer leurs fonctions dans le recueil. Nous soutenons que l’auteur, vivant dans un monde d’exclusion qui trouve pourtant sa force dans le regroupement, représente dans ses poèmes des rapports interpersonnels infructueux entre des instances énonciatrices complexes. Nous nous efforçons de montrer que les paroles, les silences et les autres procédés de communication impliquent et affectent l’énonciateur autant que le récepteur. À partir d’un contexte où l’Autre est parfois désiré, parfois imposé, mais où il menace toujours la stabilisé intérieure de soi, nous cherchons un équilibre qui ne sera rendu que par le partage d’une reconnaissance mutuelle.

Le dépassement des paradoxes dans "Le bel immonde" de Valentin-Yves Mudimbe

Ce mémoire vise à examiner la représentation des tensions entre l’être et le social dans le roman Le bel immonde de Valentin-Yves Mudimbe. Prenant pour prétexte les rébellions des années 1960 au Zaïre, l’oeuvre met en scène la relation d’un couple de classes et d’allégeances politiques opposées. L’expérience de l’écart semble incessamment reproduite chez des protagonistes aux identités multiples, qui font face à une altérité insaisissable et à un monde qui leur échappe. Cette distance entre le même et l’autre paraît symptomatique de celle qui s’observe entre l’individu et le collectif : l’univers social agit comme le déclencheur de contradictions chez les personnages, prisonniers de leur classe sociale qui détermine leur rapport à l’autre. La mise en scène d’une collectivité en crise apparaît dans les nombreux dialogues où les personnages semblent en quête de réponse, de vérité. Par l’énonciation, ils fouillent dans les mots de l’autre et les conversations deviennent des interrogatoires. Notre objectif est de montrer comment les jeux langagiers, à travers la banalité du quotidien et des dialogues, traduisent la cruauté des rapports sociaux et construisent le tragique du vécu social et du climat de survie. Dans Le bel immonde, la représentation du social passe par une mise en scène du langage. Nous tenterons de démontrer comment les conflits sociaux se retrouvent au coeur du mot, dans une fiction qui s’annule à mesure qu’elle se dit. Ce faisant, le mémoire s’efforce d’examiner la manière dont le langage, en affichant son propre pouvoir d’illusion, permet d’articuler le dépassement des paradoxes, conçu comme dépassement d’une conception dichotomique appréhendée en termes d’oppositions inconciliables, au profit d’une vision qui intègre la présence de contradictions intrinsèques à l’être humain et à son monde.

Identification, diversity and distribution patterns of fish larvae in Khark & Kharko Coralline Islands ecosystem – Persian Gulf, by GIS method

Khark & Kharko Islands are the last Northern point for fringing coral reefs in Iranian side of the Persian Gulf. These Coralline habitats are the Protected Area and Wildlife Refugees with the total area of 2400 ha which located in the territory of Bushehr Province. This research carried out during 2006-2007 with monthly sampling from 12 stations, which selected around Islands and inshore waters with maximum depth of 20 meter. Sampling was conducted using by Bongo-Net plankton sampler with 500μ of mesh size. Totally, 1808 specimen from 45 family fish larvae was identified in studied area, including: 21 coralline fish larva families and 24 shore fish larvae such as pelagic and demersal fishes which some of them known as indicator, sentinel or endemic species for coral reef ecosystems. The results was shown that coral reef diversity in coral reefs (Khark & Kharko Islands) is more than other habitats such as estuary and river mouth, creeks, mangrove forest sites, and off shore water of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Iranian side. Among Identified families, Clupeidae, Blenniidae, Sillaginidae, Atherinidae and Tripterygiidae; with more abundance were dominant families in studied area. The pick of fish larvae abundance family were estimated in spring. There were significant differences between seasonally abundance and sub areas, but there were not significant differences in diversity indexes between Khark and Kharko stations with coastal stations (p< 0.05). The mean abundance of fish larvae were estimated 18.7083 larvae under 10m² of sea surface, and the mean diversity indexes and evenness were estimated 0.7135 and 0.565342 consequently, that was showed the area is under ecological stress for fish larvae, and wasn’t stable. Therefore, from the ecological point of view, only some of the fish larvae groups as like Clupeidae were dominant. Thus, they were the main cause of the fish larvae abundance change in studied area. Due to geographical location of Khark and Kharko Islands and among the environmental parameters, Its seems that the condition of sea current is the main cause for present or absent and distribution patterns of fish larvae in area. Abundance of fish larvae in west of Islands was higher than eastern parts in the spring. But this condition will be reversed in eastern part of Island and several coastal stations, so that the Islands surrounding clock wise current to cause fish larvae distribution patterns.

African 2, a clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis epidemiologically important in East Africa

We have identified a clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis isolated at high frequency from cattle in Uganda, Burundi, Tanzania, and Ethiopia. We have named this related group of M. bovis strains the African 2 (Af2) clonal complex of M. bovis. Af2 strains are defined by a specific chromosomal deletion (RDAf2) and can be identified by the absence of spacers 3 to 7 in their spoligotype patterns. Deletion analysis of M. bovis isolates from Algeria, Mali, Chad, Nigeria, Cameroon, South Africa, and Mozambique did not identify any strains of the Af2 clonal complex, suggesting that this clonal complex of M. bovis is localized in East Africa. The specific spoligotype pattern of the Af2 clonal complex was rarely identified among isolates from outside Africa, and the few isolates that were found and tested were intact at the RDAf2 locus. We conclude that the Af2 clonal complex is localized to cattle in East Africa. We found that strains of the Af2 clonal complex of M. bovis have, in general, four or more copies of the insertion sequence IS6110, in contrast to the majority of M. bovis strains isolated from cattle, which are thought to carry only one or a few copies.

Amour et sexualité dans "La Fraise noire" et "La Demoiselle sauvage" de Corinna Bille

Ce mémoire s’intéresse au traitement des thèmes de l’amour et de la sexualité dans les recueils La Fraise noire et La Demoiselle sauvage, de Corinna Bille. Privilégiant une approche thématique, inspirée de la démarche de Jean-Pierre Richard, l’analyse vise à montrer que les nouvelles inscrivent les thèmes de l’amour et de la sexualité dans la perspective plus vaste d’une quête d’unité, qui à la fois leur donne forme et les dépasse. Amour et sexualité seraient ainsi pensés en fonction d’une communion idéale de conscience et de corps avec l’aimé, qui permettrait aux personnages de renouer avec une unité d’avant la faute. L’échec de cette tentative, manifesté par la désillusion amoureuse et la mort finale des amants, amène à interroger les rapports entre innocence et connaissance, fantasme et désillusion, origine et fin, qui structurent l’ensemble des nouvelles. L’hypothèse démontrée au fil du travail est que la quête d’unité reproduit une logique cyclique : confrontés dans le monde terrestre à l’impossibilité de rejoindre l’autre, les personnages tendent vers une mort pensée non seulement comme fin, mais également comme possibilité de renouer avec l’unité primordiale. Dans un premier temps, l’analyse se concentre sur les présages de la désillusion amoureuse disséminés à même la quête d’unité des personnages, et révèle que l’idéal poursuivi porte en lui son propre échec. Dans un deuxième temps, le mémoire s’efforce de relever les diverses réappropriations textuelles de la chute chrétienne, pour montrer comment la désillusion amoureuse s’articule autour de la dichotomie biblique entre innocence et connaissance, et comment les personnages parviennent à la dépasser dans leur quête d’un au-delà terrestre ou céleste.