Changing Paradigms in Space Theories:Recapturing 20th Century Architectural History

The concept of space entered architectural history as late as 1893. Studies in art opened up the discussion, and it has been studied in various ways in architecture ever since. This article aims to instigate an additional reading to architectural history, one that is not supported by "isms" but based on space theories in the 20th century. Objectives of the article are to bring the concept of space and its changing paradigms to the attention of architectural researchers, to introduce a conceptual framework to classify and clarify theories of space, and to enrich the discussions on the 20th century architecture through theories that are beyond styles. The introduction of space in architecture will revolve around subject-object relationships, three-dimensionality and senses. Modern space will be discussed through concepts such as empathy, perception, abstraction, and geometry. A scientific approach will follow to study the concept of place through environment, event, behavior, and design methods. Finally, the research will look at contemporary approaches related to digitally supported space via concepts like reality-virtuality, mediated experience, and relationship with machines.

Re-Visiting Sylvia Townsend Warner

Sylvia Townsend Warner was born in 1893 in Harrow and died in Dorset in 1978. Her writing career was both productive and diverse, spanning poems, short stories, novels, music reviews, a biography, translations of Proust, and a guide to Somerset. But this list, impressive as it is, does not do justice to the idiosyncrasy and heterogeneity of her work. While she is well known mostly for the seven novels she published, those works are all radically different in style and content. Indeed, Townsend Warner's singularity has, it could be argued, made it difficult to place her in the various fields and sub-fields of 20th-century literary studies. She shares as many similarities as differences with the high modernists who dominated the literary landscape of the interwar period. Likewise she fits, yet also resists, the more recent formulations of intermodernist and middlebrow scholarship that have attempted to interrogate and expand the horizons of mid-20th century literature.

The Modern Ordinary: Changing culture of living in Egypt’s traditional quarters at the turn of the twentieth Century

Having experienced social and political structures of the 19th century Europe, Western- educated Egyptian elite used public institutions to force legislative structures and procedures that ruled out traditional housing forms and spatial systems. This essay detects direct and indirect impact of these changes that informed the spatial change of modern living in Egypt in the first quarter of the twentieth century. It offers analysis of socio-spatial practices and change in ordinary Cairenes’ modes of everyday living, using social routine and interaction to explain spatial systems and changing house forms during the first quarter of the 20th century. In doing so, the essay utilized archival documents, accounts, formal decrees, and novels of the time as well as conducting survey of house forms and spatial organizations in Old Cairo.

Rapid glacial retreat on the Kamchatka Peninsula during the early 21st Century

Monitoring glacier fluctuations provides insights into changing glacial environments and recent climate change. The availability of satellite imagery offers the opportunity to view these changes for remote and inaccessible regions. Gaining an understanding of the ongoing changes in such regions is vital if a complete picture of glacial fluctuations globally is to be established. Here, satellite imagery (Landsat 7, 8 and ASTER) is used to conduct a multi-annual remote sensing survey of glacier fluctuations on the Kamchatka Peninsula (eastern Russia) over the 2000–2014 period. Glacier margins were digitised manually and reveal that, in 2000, the peninsula was occupied by 673 glaciers, with a total glacier surface area of 775.7 ± 27.9 km2 . By 2014, the number of glaciers had increased to 738 (reflecting the fragmentation of larger glaciers), but their surface area had decreased to 592.9 ± 20.4 km2 . This represents a ∼ 24 % decline in total glacier surface area between 2000 and 2014 and a notable acceleration in the rate of area loss since the late 20th century. Analysis of possible controls indicates that these glacier fluctuations were likely governed by variations in climate (particularly rising summer temperatures), though the response of individual glaciers was modulated by other (non-climatic) factors, principally glacier size, local shading and debris cover.

O livro no jardim-de-infância : um olhar sobre a obra de Luísa Ducla Soares

A literatura para a infância tem sido objecto de discussão, especialmente notocante ao seu estatuto no universo literário, sobretudo a partir dos anos 70 doséculo XX, vindo, assim, a desenvolver-se e a assumir uma crescente importância. Decorrente da evolução do conceito de criança, a literatura para ainfância foi assumindo um lugar proeminente na sua formação,nomeadamente, em idade pré-escolar. A seguir à família, o educador de infância afigura-se como outro dos principais mediadores no encontro dacriança com o livro, tendo, desde aí, uma função influente face à promoção dogosto pela leitura. No entanto, este profissional sente a necessidade de, desdea sua formação inicial, sever dotado de conhecimentos básicos que lhe permitam práticas mais ajustadas e que salvaguardem as necessidades einteresses de leitura das crianças. A presente dissertação tem como principal finalidade aferir a importânciaatribuída à literatura para a infância, com especial destaque na obra de Luísa Ducla Soares, em contexto de jardim-de-infância. Apesar do lugar incontestável desta autora e da sua obra no cânone daliteratura portuguesa para a infância, a crítica literária de que tem sido alvo é ainda exígua. Por essa razão também, procurámos, através de uma análisedas especificidades da sua escrita, da diversidade das temáticas inerentes àssuas histórias e da qualidade estética e literária das suas publicações, reflectirsobre as potencialidades das obras que nos apresenta a referida escritora, pelas quais tem merecido vários prémios e nomeações. ABSTRACT: Literature for early years has been subject of quarrel, especially regarding to itsstatute in the literature universe, mostly since the 70’s of the 20th century, andconsequently came to grow and to assume an increasing importance. As aresult of the evolution of the child concept, literature for early years wasassuming a prominent position in children education, specifically, in preschoolage. After family, the kindergarten teacher figures hisself/herself as another of themain intermediaries in introducingchild to books, having, since then, an influential role endorsing reading’s taste on children. However, this practitionerneeds, since his/her formative years, to be endowed with basic knowledge thatallows him/her more adjusted practices that look after reading’s necessities and interests of children’s interests. The present dissertation’s main purpose is to survey which importance hasliterature for infants, with a special focus on the work of Luísa Ducla Soares, inearly childhood education. Even though her books are unquestionable at ruling literature for infants inPortugal, there hasn’t been that much literary analysis about it. Therefore, welooked, through the particulars aspects of her writing, the diversity of themesthat are inherent to her stories and the artistic and literary value of her publications, to proof the quality of the work presented by the mentioned writer,on behalf of which the author has justified several awards and nominations.

Da francofilia no imaginário presencista |e da NRF à Presença

O objecto de estudo deste trabalho centra-se em torno de duas grandes revistas literárias que marcaram o século XX, em França e em Portugal: La Nouvelle Revue Française (NRF) e a presença. O primeiro verdadeiro número da NRF surgiu em 1909 e, progressivamente, esta revista cosmopolita, anti doutrinária e defensora da independência intelectual do artista impôs-se nas letras francesas como um movimento, um espírito e uma geração de referência. Posteriormente, em pleno período dos “années folles”, surgiu em Portugal a revista presença, que, mais do que uma publicação literária de longa duração (1927-1940), se destacou, na cultura literária portuguesa do século XX, como a afirmação de uma geração revolucionária que propugnou a arte pura e a liberdade do artista. Após uma reflexão sobre as grandes coordenadas que conduziram à construção de um espírito NRF e à instituição do mito em torno dessa revista, ocupámo-nos da presença-revista, mas também, e sobretudo, da presença-geração em busca de um espaço próprio para a edificação do seu projecto estético-literário. Tentámos, numa terceira etapa deste trabalho, destacar distintas vertentes da francofilia na geração da presença, demonstrando, por um lado, a inspiração tutelar do espírito NRF e da literatura francesa sobre os presencistas e, por outro lado, o posicionamento destes últimos face à cultura e literatura francesas.

Study of 19th century wall tiles for technical replicas development

O principal objectivo deste trabalho foi sistematizar características físico- químicas dos azulejos para conservação e restauro de fachadas azulejares da cidade de Ovar, pertencentes à fase produtiva da semi-industrialização e industrialização dos finais do século XIX inico do século XX, de forma a produzir réplicas técnicas para recolocação nos locais de fachada com lacunas de azulejo. Além de se ter criado uma base de dados sobre estes materiais, formularam-se réplicas para os corpos cerâmicos calcários e pó de pedra, sugerindo matérias-primas e grau de moagem para a sua formulação, pressão de prensagem, ciclo e temperaturas máximas de cozedura conferindo-lhes características técnicas para que estas possam ser aplicadas lado a lado com os azulejos seculares, sem que perturbem a unicidade técnica da fachada. Investigaram-se duas das patologias mais recorrentes que afectam o vidrado: destacamento por cristalização de sais e fendilhamento. A primeira afecta a perda da parte pictórica do azulejo, atirando-o para uma remoção compulsiva da fachada aquando da sua intervenção para conservação restauro. A segunda permite-nos compreender possíveis compromissos técnicos feitos no passado.

Choosing to be Jews: a Sociological Reflection on American Jews Since 1950, pt. 1

The second half of the twentieth century has been a time when American Jews have experienced a minimum of prejudice and almost all domains of life have been accessible to them, but it has also been a time of assimilation, of swelling rates of inter-marriage, and of large numbers ignoring their Jewishness completely. Jews have no trouble building synagogues, but they have all sorts of trouble filling them. The quality of Jewish education is perhaps higher than ever before, and the output of Jewish scholarship is overwhelming in its scope and quality, but most American Jews receive a minimum of religious education and can neither read nor comprehend the great corpus of Jewish literature in its Hebrew (or Aramaic) original. This is a time in America when there is no shame in being a Jew, and yet fewer American Jews seem to know what being a Jew means. This book is part of a stocktaking that has been occurring among Jews as the century in which their residence in America was firmly established comes to an end. Grounded in empirical detail, it provides a concise yet analytic evaluation of the meaning of the many studies and surveys of the last four and a half decades. All those who want to know what it means and has meant to be an American Jew will find this volume of interest.

Choosing to be Jews: a Sociological Reflection on American Jews Since 1950, pt. 2

The second half of the twentieth century has been a time when American Jews have experienced a minimum of prejudice and almost all domains of life have been accessible to them, but it has also been a time of assimilation, of swelling rates of inter-marriage, and of large numbers ignoring their Jewishness completely. Jews have no trouble building synagogues, but they have all sorts of trouble filling them. The quality of Jewish education is perhaps higher than ever before, and the output of Jewish scholarship is overwhelming in its scope and quality, but most American Jews receive a minimum of religious education and can neither read nor comprehend the great corpus of Jewish literature in its Hebrew (or Aramaic) original. This is a time in America when there is no shame in being a Jew, and yet fewer American Jews seem to know what being a Jew means. This book is part of a stocktaking that has been occurring among Jews as the century in which their residence in America was firmly established comes to an end. Grounded in empirical detail, it provides a concise yet analytic evaluation of the meaning of the many studies and surveys of the last four and a half decades. All those who want to know what it means and has meant to be an American Jew will find this volume of interest.

Choosing to be Jews: a Sociological Reflection on American Jews Since 1950, pt. 3

The second half of the twentieth century has been a time when American Jews have experienced a minimum of prejudice and almost all domains of life have been accessible to them, but it has also been a time of assimilation, of swelling rates of inter-marriage, and of large numbers ignoring their Jewishness completely. Jews have no trouble building synagogues, but they have all sorts of trouble filling them. The quality of Jewish education is perhaps higher than ever before, and the output of Jewish scholarship is overwhelming in its scope and quality, but most American Jews receive a minimum of religious education and can neither read nor comprehend the great corpus of Jewish literature in its Hebrew (or Aramaic) original. This is a time in America when there is no shame in being a Jew, and yet fewer American Jews seem to know what being a Jew means. This book is part of a stocktaking that has been occurring among Jews as the century in which their residence in America was firmly established comes to an end. Grounded in empirical detail, it provides a concise yet analytic evaluation of the meaning of the many studies and surveys of the last four and a half decades. All those who want to know what it means and has meant to be an American Jew will find this volume of interest.

Sonhos e desilusões com a República

O texto expressa uma reflexão sobre a obra Triste Fim de Policarmo Quaresma, escrita em 1915, por Lima Barreto, escritor realista, brasileiro. Busca identificar nas narrativas e ações do seu narrador, um homem comum, as revoltas, mas também as esperanças dos homens comuns no recém criado regime republicano. Enfoca ainda que, apesar dos episódios narrados, dos personagens serem construções ficcionais do autor, nos remetem a personagens, diálogos e espaços do Rio de Janeiro que evocam a historia de um regime ditatorial de Floriano Peixoto, no alvorecer da Republica. Nesse regime, mostra o autor, que a insegurança, a insatisfação e o medo tomaram conta da população do Rio de Janeiro no começo do século XX. E Policarpo Quaresma, o personagem narrador da obra, sofrera as injustiças e arbitrariedades da ditadura do Marechal Floriano Peixoto. Diante disso, revela sua dor e plena desolação com a Republica, forma de governo pelo qual lutara e que ajudara a criar. Por fim, o texto procura mostrar que embora a literatura seja tecida com adornos da ficção, ela traduz a sociedade e o tempo no qual ela foi produzida, além de mostrar que o positivismo sustentava a pratica política da Republica brasileira.

Análise sísmica e proposta de reforço de uma estrutura do séc. XIX sujeita a uma reabilitação parcial

Trabalho final de Mestrado para a obtenção do grau de mestre em Engenharia Civil

Encapsulation de Dehalococcoides: avantage pour la déhalogénation des solvants chlorés en sites contaminés

Le tétrachloroéthène (PCE) et les éthènes chlorés qui lui sont apparentés ont été abondamment utilisés pour plusieurs applications en industrie dès le début du 20e siècle. Ils sont cependant comptés parmi les polluants les plus communs des sols et de l’eau et beaucoup d’efforts sont déployés afin de les éliminer. Nous croyons que la conversion des éthènes chlorés en éthènes par des microorganismes est une solution prometteuse. Le premier aspect du projet visait donc à établir les conditions pour lesquelles un consortium enrichi en Dehalococcoides ethenogenes permettrait la conversion complète de PCE en éthène. Les expériences réalisées nous ont permis de souligner le rôle de l’acide lactique ajouté aux cultures comme source de carbone et source indirecte d’électrons pour la déhalorespiration. Nous avons également pu établir l’effet de la concentration initiale de biomasse dans les cultures sur le profil de déhalogénation du PCE. Le deuxième aspect du projet visait à développer un protocole d’encapsulation du consortium dans une matrice polymérique afin de profiter des nombreux avantages potentiels de l’encapsulation. Nous avons testé trois montages d’encapsulation différents : atomisation avec jet d’air, atomisation avec vibrations ultrasoniques et « drop-wise ». Le dernier montage prévoyait l’encapsulation des cultures dans des billes d’alginate enrobées de chitosane gélifié par du lignosulfonate. C’est le seul montage qui nous a permis d’encapsuler le consortium de façon efficace sans effet significatifs négatifs sur son activité de déchlorination. Aussi, la comparaison des profils de déhalogénation du PCE de cellules encapsulées et cellules libres a montré une plus faible accumulation de TCE, 1,2-DCE et VC dans les échantillons de cellules encapsulée et, par conséquent, une conversion plus rapide et plus complète du PCE en éthène. Finalement, nous avons observé une tendance favorable à l’idée que les microorganismes encapsulés bénéficient d’un effet de protection contre de faibles concentrations d’oxygène.

H.P. Lovecraft : étude comparative de récits des origines

Les différents commentateurs de Lovecraft se sont au fil du XXe siècle jusqu’à nos jours entendus sur un point : l’originalité de son oeuvre. Impossible à cataloguer dans un genre littéraire précis, offrant de multiples couches d’interprétation, celle-ci fut analysée à la fois sous l’angle psychanalytique et sous l’angle philosophique et scientifique. Cependant, la dimension purement esthétique semble, peut-être par négligence, avoir été oubliée. Notre mémoire propose une investigation de l’esthétique dans l’oeuvre de Lovecraft. Notre hypothèse de recherche repose sur les analogies évidentes et pourtant peu approfondies par la critique entre l’esthétique de celle-ci et l’esthétique cosmogonique de l’Antiquité. Dans un premier temps, nous situerons l’œuvre dans son contexte littéraire, c’est-à-dire que nous nous pencherons sur les rapports évidents qu’elle entretient avec des auteurs tels que J.R.R. Tolkien et Arthur Conan Doyle et sur les différences moins évidentes qui la distinguent d’autres d’auteurs tels que H.G. Wells et William Hope Hodgson. Ensuite, nous mettrons en perspective les différences qui la séparent logiquement de la cosmogonie hébraïque et de la tradition théologique et philosophique qu’elle inaugure, entre autres, tel qu’elle se cristallise dans La Divine Comédie de Dante. Finalement, nous démontrerons à partir d’une comparaison serrée de motifs analogues, présents dans la longue nouvelle de Lovecraft, At the Mountains of Madness et dans le poème d’Hésiode, La Théogonie, le parallèle révélateur entre leurs esthétiques respectives; leurs esthétiques qui découlent de paradigmes du réel historiquement et essentiellement distincts, mais non pas opposés ou contradictoires.