Reusable formal architectures for networked systems

Today's networked systems are becoming increasingly complex and diverse. The current simulation and runtime verification techniques do not provide support for developing such systems efficiently; moreover, the reliability of the simulated/verified systems is not thoroughly ensured. To address these challenges, the use of formal techniques to reason about network system development is growing, while at the same time, the mathematical background necessary for using formal techniques is a barrier for network designers to efficiently employ them. Thus, these techniques are not vastly used for developing networked systems. The objective of this thesis is to propose formal approaches for the development of reliable networked systems, by taking efficiency into account. With respect to reliability, we propose the architectural development of correct-by-construction networked system models. With respect to efficiency, we propose reusable network architectures as well as network development. At the core of our development methodology, we employ the abstraction and refinement techniques for the development and analysis of networked systems. We evaluate our proposal by employing the proposed architectures to a pervasive class of dynamic networks, i.e., wireless sensor network architectures as well as to a pervasive class of static networks, i.e., network-on-chip architectures. The ultimate goal of our research is to put forward the idea of building libraries of pre-proved rules for the efficient modelling, development, and analysis of networked systems. We take into account both qualitative and quantitative analysis of networks via varied formal tool support, using a theorem prover the Rodin platform and a statistical model checker the SMC-Uppaal.

Migrating legacy applications to cloud: case TOAS

Cloud computing, despite its success and promises, presents issues for businesses mi­grating their legacy applications to cloud. In this research legacy-to-cloud migration issues are reviewed based on literature findings and an experience report. Solutions are applied to Tieto Open Application Suite (TOAS) software development platform running on cloud infrastructure. It is observed that the migration strategy heavily affects the migration approach. For TOAS a strategy of redesigning the applications for cloud is suggested. Common migration-driven application level modifications in­clude adaptation to service-oriented architecture, load balancing, and runtime and technology changes. A cloud platform such as TOAS might introduce additional needs. Decision making on migration strategy is found to be an issue to be solved case by case. Use of assistive decision making tools is suggested.

Design and validation of stateful composite RESTful web services

A web service is a software system that provides a machine-processable interface to the other machines over the network using different Internet protocols. They are being increasingly used in the industry in order to automate different tasks and offer services to a wider audience. The REST architectural style aims at producing scalable and extensible web services using technologies that play well with the existing tools and infrastructure of the web. It provides a uniform set of operation that can be used to invoke a CRUD interface (create, retrieve, update and delete) of a web service. The stateless behavior of the service interface requires that every request to a resource is independent of the previous ones facilitating scalability. Automated systems, e.g., hotel reservation systems, provide advanced scenarios for stateful services that require a certain sequence of requests that must be followed in order to fulfill the service goals. Designing and developing such services for advanced scenarios with REST constraints require rigorous approaches that are capable of creating web services that can be trusted for their behavior. Systems that can be trusted for their behavior can be termed as dependable systems. This thesis presents an integrated design, analysis and validation approach that facilitates the service developer to create dependable and stateful REST web services. The main contribution of this thesis is that we provide a novel model-driven methodology to design behavioral REST web service interfaces and their compositions. The behavioral interfaces provide information on what methods can be invoked on a service and the pre- and post-conditions of these methods. The methodology uses Unified Modeling Language (UML), as the modeling language, which has a wide user base and has mature tools that are continuously evolving. We have used UML class diagram and UML state machine diagram with additional design constraints to provide resource and behavioral models, respectively, for designing REST web service interfaces. These service design models serve as a specification document and the information presented in them have manifold applications. The service design models also contain information about the time and domain requirements of the service that can help in requirement traceability which is an important part of our approach. Requirement traceability helps in capturing faults in the design models and other elements of software development environment by tracing back and forth the unfulfilled requirements of the service. The information about service actors is also included in the design models which is required for authenticating the service requests by authorized actors since not all types of users have access to all the resources. In addition, following our design approach, the service developer can ensure that the designed web service interfaces will be REST compliant. The second contribution of this thesis is consistency analysis of the behavioral REST interfaces. To overcome the inconsistency problem and design errors in our service models, we have used semantic technologies. The REST interfaces are represented in web ontology language, OWL2, that can be part of the semantic web. These interfaces are used with OWL 2 reasoners to check unsatisfiable concepts which result in implementations that fail. This work is fully automated thanks to the implemented translation tool and the existing OWL 2 reasoners. The third contribution of this thesis is the verification and validation of REST web services. We have used model checking techniques with UPPAAL model checker for this purpose. The timed automata of UML based service design models are generated with our transformation tool that are verified for their basic characteristics like deadlock freedom, liveness, reachability and safety. The implementation of a web service is tested using a black-box testing approach. Test cases are generated from the UPPAAL timed automata and using the online testing tool, UPPAAL TRON, the service implementation is validated at runtime against its specifications. Requirement traceability is also addressed in our validation approach with which we can see what service goals are met and trace back the unfulfilled service goals to detect the faults in the design models. A final contribution of the thesis is an implementation of behavioral REST interfaces and service monitors from the service design models. The partial code generation tool creates code skeletons of REST web services with method pre and post-conditions. The preconditions of methods constrain the user to invoke the stateful REST service under the right conditions and the post condition constraint the service developer to implement the right functionality. The details of the methods can be manually inserted by the developer as required. We do not target complete automation because we focus only on the interface aspects of the web service. The applicability of the approach is demonstrated with a pedagogical example of a hotel room booking service and a relatively complex worked example of holiday booking service taken from the industrial context. The former example presents a simple explanation of the approach and the later worked example shows how stateful and timed web services offering complex scenarios and involving other web services can be constructed using our approach.

Itä-Suomen solmupysäkit : Joukkoliikenteen pysäkkisolmut Etelä-Savon, Pohjois-Savon ja Pohjois-Karjalan maakunnissa

Joukkoliikenteen toimivuuden ja palvelutason kannalta hyvällä pysäkki-infrastruktuurilla on merkittävä vaikutus. Itä-Suomen kolmen maakunnan alueella on noin 12 000 linja-autopysäkkiä, yli 30 rautatieseisaketta ja neljä lentoasemaa. Näistä pieni osa on tässä selvityksessä inventoitu alueen solmupysäkkeinä. Solmupysäkeillä on suuri merkitys paikallisen, alueellisen ja valtakunnallisen kulkumuotoriippumattoman joukkoliikenneverkoston kannalta. Solmupysäkit sijaitsevat keskeisillä paikoilla ja suurimman lähietäisyydellä on tiheää asutusta. Keskeisten solmupysäkkien valinnan jälkeen seuraava kehitysaskel tulisi ottaa solmupysäkkistatuksen viemisenä käytäntöön, pysäkeille ja asiakasinformaatioon. Valitut pysäkit toimivat vaihtopaikkoina, liityntäpysäkkeinä, taajamasolmuina ja matkakeskuksina. Parannustoimenpiteitä tulisi ohjata niin tieympäri stön,pysäkkivarustuksen, opastuksen, pysäkkikohtaisen informaation ja nettipohjaisen tiedon kehittämiseen. Itä-Suomen solmupysäkit työssä valittiin Pohjois-Savon, Etelä-Savon ja Pohjois-Karjalan alueelta 125 solmupysäkkiä, jotka ovat monien eri tahojen kehittämis- ja ylläpitovastuulla. Yksittäisistä kehittämiskohteista suurin ovat kuntataajamissa sijaitsevien pysäkkisolmut. Joukkoliikenteen informaatio on taajamasolmujen osalta puutteellista. Pysäkin tarkka paikantaminen hankalaa ja usein myös fyysiset opasteet ovat puutteellisia. Aikatauluja ja tärkeimpien matkakohteiden vuorotarjontaa on vaikeaa selvittää. Lyhyen suunnitelmaraportin lisäksi selvityksen toteuttanut Sito on tuottanut Pohjois-Savon ELY-keskukselle pysäkkeihin liittyvän inventointiaineiston. Paikkatietoaineisto on saatavilla sekä ArcGis että Google-yhteensopivana. Google yhteensopiva aineisto mahdollistaa pysäkkien paikantamisen Google Streetview palvelun avulla.

Analysing the power consumption behaviour of Ethernet switch using Design of Experiment

At present, one of the main concerns of green network is to minimize the power consumption of network infrastructure. Surveys show that, the highest amount of power is consumed by the network devices during its runtime. However to control this power consumption it is important to know which factors has highest impact on this matter. This paper is focused on the measurement and modeling the power consumption of an Ethernet switch during its runtime considering various types of input parameters with all possible combinations. For the experiment, three input parameters are chosen. They are bandwidth, link load and number of connections. The output to be measured is the power consumption of the Ethernet switch. Due to the uncertain power consuming pattern of the Ethernet switch a fully-comprehensive experimental evaluation would require an unfeasible and cumbersome experimental phase. Because of that, design of experiment (DoE) method has been applied to obtain adequate information on the effects of each input parameters on the power consumption. The whole work consists of three parts. In the first part a test bed is planned with input parameters and the power consumption of the switch is measured. The second part is about generating a mathematical model with the help of design of experiment tools. This model can be used for measuring precise power consumption in different scenario and also pinpoint the parameters with higher influence in power consumption. And in the last part, the mathematical model is evaluated by comparing with the experimental values.

Energy aware software for many-core systems

Many-core systems provide a great potential in application performance with the massively parallel structure. Such systems are currently being integrated into most parts of daily life from high-end server farms to desktop systems, laptops and mobile devices. Yet, these systems are facing increasing challenges such as high temperature causing physical damage, high electrical bills both for servers and individual users, unpleasant noise levels due to active cooling and unrealistic battery drainage in mobile devices; factors caused directly by poor energy efficiency. Power management has traditionally been an area of research providing hardware solutions or runtime power management in the operating system in form of frequency governors. Energy awareness in application software is currently non-existent. This means that applications are not involved in the power management decisions, nor does any interface between the applications and the runtime system to provide such facilities exist. Power management in the operating system is therefore performed purely based on indirect implications of software execution, usually referred to as the workload. It often results in over-allocation of resources, hence power waste. This thesis discusses power management strategies in many-core systems in the form of increasing application software awareness of energy efficiency. The presented approach allows meta-data descriptions in the applications and is manifested in two design recommendations: 1) Energy-aware mapping 2) Energy-aware execution which allow the applications to directly influence the power management decisions. The recommendations eliminate over-allocation of resources and increase the energy efficiency of the computing system. Both recommendations are fully supported in a provided interface in combination with a novel power management runtime system called Bricktop. The work presented in this thesis allows both new- and legacy software to execute with the most energy efficient mapping on a many-core CPU and with the most energy efficient performance level. A set of case study examples demonstrate realworld energy savings in a wide range of applications without performance degradation.

Aspects of spatial and habitat ecology of multiple Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae): malaria vectors in the highlands and foothills of Ecuador

The resurgence of malaria in highland regions of Africa, Oceania and recently in South America underlines the importance of the study of the ecology of highland mosquito vectors of malaria. Since the incidence of malaria is limited by the distribution of its vectors, the purpose of this PhD thesis was to examine aspects of the ecology of Anopheles mosquitoes in the Andes of Ecuador, South America. A historical literature and archival data review (Chapter 2) indicated that Anopheles pseudopunctipennis transmitted malaria in highland valleys of Ecuador prior to 1950, although it was eliminated through habitat removal and the use of chemical insecticides. Other anopheline species were previously limited to low-altitude regions, except in a few unconfirmed cases. A thorough larval collection effort (n=438 attempted collection sites) in all road-accessible parts of Ecuador except for the lowland Amazon basin was undertaken between 2008 - 2010 (Chapter 3). Larvae were identified morphologically and using molecular techniques (mitochondrial COl gene), and distribution maps indicated that all five species collected (Anopheles albimanus, An. pseudopunctipennis, Anopheles punctimacula, Anopheles oswaldoi s.l. and Anopheles eiseni) were more widespread throughout highland regions than previously recorded during the 1940s, with higher maximum altitudes for all except An. pseudopunctipennis (1541 m, 1930 m, 1906 m, 1233 m and 1873 m, respectively). During larval collections, to characterize species-specific larval habitat, a variety of abiotic and biotic habitat parameters were measured and compared between species-present and species-absent sites using chi-square tests and stepwise binary logistic regression analyses (Chapter 4). An. albimanus was significantly associated with permanent pools with sand substrates and An. pseudopunctipennis with gravel and boulder substrates. Both species were significantly associated with floating cyanobacterial mats and warmer temperatures, which may limit their presence in cooler highland regions. Anopheles punctimacula was collected more often than expected from algae-free, shaded pools with higher-than-average calculated dissolved oxygen. Anopheles oswaldoi s.l., the species occurring on the Amazonian side of the Andes, was associated with permanent, anthropogenic habitats such as roadside ditches and ponds. To address the hypothesis that human land use change is responsible for the emergence of multiple highland Anopheles species by creating larval habitat, common land uses in the western Andes were surveyed for standing water and potential larval habitat suitability (Chapter 5). Rivers and road edges provided large amounts of potentially suitable anopheline habitat in the western Andes, while cattle pasture also created potentially suitable habitat in irrigation canals and watering ponds. Other common land uses surveyed (banana farms, sugarcane plantations, mixed tree plantations, and empty lots) were usually established on steep slopes and had very little standing water present. Using distribution and larval habitat data, a GIS-based larval habitat distribution model for the common western species was constructed in ArcGIS v.l 0 (ESRI 2010) using derived data layers from field measurements and other sources (Chapter 6). The additive model predicted 76.4 - 97.9% of the field-observed collection localities of An. albimanus, An. pseudopunctipennis and An. punctimacula, although it could not accurately distinguish between species-absent and speciespresent sites due to its coarse scale. The model predicted distributional expansion and/or shift of one or more anopheline species into the following highland valleys with climate warming: Mira/Chota, Imbabura province, Tumbaco, Pichincha province, Pallatanga and Sibambe, Chimborazo province, and Yungilla, Azuay province. These valleys may serve as targeted sites of future monitoring to prevent highland epidemics of malaria. The human perceptions of malaria and mosquitoes in relation to land management practices were assessed through an interview-based survey (n=262) in both highlands and lowlands, of male and female land owners and managers of five property types (Chapter 7). Although respondents had a strong understanding of where the disease occurs in their own country and of the basic relationship among standing water, mosquitoes and malaria, about half of respondents in potential risk areas denied the current possibility of malaria infection on their own property. As well, about half of respondents with potential anopheline larval habitat did not report its presence, likely due to a highly specific definition of suitable mosquito habitat. Most respondents who are considered at risk of malaria currently use at least one type of mosquito bite prevention, most commonly bed nets. In conclusion, this interdisciplinary thesis examines the occurrence of Anopheles species in the lowland transition area and highlands in Ecuador, from a historic, geographic, ecological and sociological perspective.

The Terroir of Winter Hardiness: Investigation of Winter Hardiness, Water Metrics, and Yield of Riesling and Cabernet Franc in the Niagara Region Using Geomatic Technologies

Grapevine winter hardiness is a key factor in vineyard success in many cool climate wine regions. Winter hardiness may be governed by a myriad of factors in addition to extreme weather conditions – e.g. soil factors (texture, chemical composition, moisture, drainage), vine water status, and yield– that are unique to each site. It was hypothesized that winter hardiness would be influenced by certain terroir factors , specifically that vines with low water status [more negative leaf water potential (leaf ψ)] would be more winter hardy than vines with high water status (more positive leaf ψ). Twelve different vineyard blocks (six each of Riesling and Cabernet franc) throughout the Niagara Region in Ontario, Canada were chosen. Data were collected during the growing season (soil moisture, leaf ψ), at harvest (yield components, berry composition), and during the winter (bud LT50, bud survival). Interpolation and mapping of the variables was completed using ArcGIS 10.1 (ESRI, Redlands, CA) and statistical analyses (Pearson’s correlation, principal component analysis, multilinear regression) were performed using XLSTAT. Clear spatial trends were observed in each vineyard for soil moisture, leaf ψ, yield components, berry composition, and LT50. Both leaf ψ and berry weight could predict the LT50 value, with strong positive correlations being observed between LT50 and leaf ψ values in eight of the 12 vineyard blocks. In addition, vineyards in different appellations showed many similarities (Niagara Lakeshore, Lincoln Lakeshore, Four Mile Creek, Beamsville Bench). These results suggest that there is a spatial component to winter injury, as with other aspects of terroir, in the Niagara region.

Représentation de trajectoires spatiotemporelles dans un système d’information géographique : le cas des activités d’observation de mammifères marins dans le Parc marin du Saguenay – Saint-Laurent

Parc marin du Saguenay - Saint-Laurent, Groupe de recherche et d'éducation sur les mammifères marins, GREMM, excursions aux baleines, bélugas, Tadoussac, règlementation, ArcCatalog, ArcMap.

L’opération 5000/15000 logements sociaux et communautaires : une réponse au besoin en logements des ménages immigrants récents à Montréal, le cas de Côte-des-Neiges

Les cartes sur ce document ont été toutes conçues par l'auteur avec la logiciel ARCGIS version 9.3.

Les déterminants de l’utilisation des services en santé mentale dans le sud-ouest de Montréal

Objectif : L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’examiner les déterminants de l’utilisation des services de soins pour des raisons de santé mentale dans le sud-ouest de Montréal. Données et méthodes : L’étude utilise les données de la première phase du projet portant sur « le développement d’une zone circonscrite d’études épidémiologiques en psychiatrie dans le sud-ouest de Montréal ». Les données ont été collectées entre mai 2007 et août 2008 auprès d’un échantillon de 2434 personnes sélectionnées au hasard dans tout le territoire de l’étude. De cet échantillon, nous avons sélectionné un sous-échantillon de personnes ayant eu au moins un diagnostic de santé mentale au cours de la dernière année. 423 personnes ont rencontrées ce critère et constituent l’échantillon pour les analyses de la présente thèse. Le modèle comportemental d’Andersen a servi de cadre pour le choix des variables à analyser. Parce que l’approche socio-spatiale a été privilégiée pour modéliser les déterminants de l’utilisation des services, les analyses ont été effectuées à l’aide de quatre logiciels distincts à savoir : SPSS, AMOS, ArcGIS et MlWin. Résultats : Les résultats montrent que 53,66% de notre échantillon ont utilisés au moins un service de santé pour des raisons de santé mentale. On constate néanmoins que les déterminants de l’utilisation des services en santé mentale sont à la fois complexes et spatialement inégalement réparties. En ce qui concerne les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et cliniques, les femmes et ceux qui perçoivent la stigmatisation envers les personnes ayant un problème de santé mentale utilisent plus les services. Le nombre de diagnostics de santé mentale est aussi associé à l’utilisation des services. L’augmentation du nombre de diagnostics entraîne une augmentation de l’utilisation des services (=0,38; p<0,001). D’autres variables comme l’âge, le statut matrimonial, la taille du ménage, le soutien social et la qualité de vie influencent indirectement l’utilisation des services. À titre illustratif toute augmentation de l’âge entraîne une augmentation du soutien social de (=0,69; p<0,001) qui à son tour fait diminuer la détresse psychiatrique (= -0,09 (p<0,05). Or, toute augmentation d’une unité de détresse psychiatrique entraîne une augmentation de l’utilisation des services (=0,58 (p<0,001). Sur le plan spatiale, il existe une corrélation positive entre l’utilisation des services et la défavorisation matérielle, la défavorisation sociale et le nombre d’immigrants récents sur un territoire. Par contre, la corrélation entre la prévalence de la santé mentale et l’utilisation des services est négative. Les analyses plus poussées indiquent que le contexte de résidence explique 12,26 % (p<0,05) de la variation totale de l’utilisation des services. De plus, lorsqu’on contrôle pour les caractéristiques individuelles, vivre dans un environnement stable augmente l’utilisation des services (O.R=1,24; p<0,05) tandis que les contextes défavorisés du point de vue socioéconomique ont un effet néfaste sur l’utilisation (O.R=0,71; p<0,05). Conclusion : Les résultats de l’étude suggèrent que si on veut optimiser l’utilisation des services en santé mentale, il est important d’agir prioritairement au niveau de la collectivité. Plus spécifiquement, il faudrait mener des campagnes de sensibilisation auprès de la population pour combattre la stigmatisation des personnes ayant un problème de santé mentale. Sur le plan de la planification des soins de santé, on devrait augmenter l’offre des services dans les territoires défavorisés pour en faciliter l’accès aux habitants.

Zoning of the commercial poultry industry in Ontario as a method of avian influenza mitigation

L’Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE) est l’institution internationale responsable de la mise en place des mesures sanitaires associées aux échanges commerciaux d’animaux vivants. Le zonage est une méthode de contrôle recommandée par l’OIE pour certaines maladies infectieuses, dont l’influenza aviaire. Les éclosions d’influenza aviaire été extrêmement coûteuses pour l’industrie avicole partout dans le monde. Afin d’évaluer la possibilité d’user de cette approche en Ontario, les données sur les sites de production avicole ont été fournies par les fédérations d’éleveurs de volailles ce cette province. L’information portant sur les industries associées à la production avicole, soit les meuneries, les abattoirs, les couvoirs, et les usines de classification d’œufs, a été obtenue par l’entremise de plusieurs sources, dont des représentants de l’industrie avicole. Des diagrammes de flux a été crée afin de comprendre les interactions entre les sites de production et les industries associées à ceux-ci. Ces industries constituaient les éléments de bas nécessaires au zonage. Cette analyse a permis de créer une base de données portant sur intrants et extrants de production pour chaque site d’élevage avicole, ainsi que pour les sites de production des industries associées à l’aviculture. À l’aide du logiciel ArcGIS, cette information a été fusionnée à des données géospatiales de Statistique Canada de l’Ontario et du Québec. La base de données résultante a permis de réaliser les essais de zonage. Soixante-douze essais ont été réalisés. Quatre ont été retenus car celles minimisaient de façon similaire les pertes de production de l’industrie. Ces essais montrent que la méthode utilisée pour l’étude du zonage peut démontrer les déficits et les surplus de production de l’industrie avicole commerciale en Ontario. Ceux-ci pourront servir de point de départ lors des discussions des intervenants de l’industrie avicole, étant donné que la coopération et la communication sont essentielles au succès du zonage.

Les enclaves résidentielles introverties dans la communauté métropolitaine de Montréal, une étape ultime vers la fermeture résidentielle.

Plusieurs logiciels utilisés dans la réalisation des pièces graphiques incluses dans ce mémoire : ArcGIS 10; Autocad 2012; GIS Consortium de la Ville de Chicago; PowerPoint 2010, Photoshop... etc. Notre recherche est la première et la seule qui aborde le phénomène de l'introversion résidentielle au Québec. Elle se focalise sur le postulat de la représentation du phénomène de l’introversion résidentielle autant qu’une forme urbaine fermée ou semi-fermée d’une descendance accouplée aux GCs étatsuniennes. De la gated community américaine vers l’enclave francilienne, à l’introversion résidentielle montréalaise. À l'aide de notre analyse typo-morphologique, basée principalement sur la théorie de Rossi (1966), nous avons dévoilé sur un nouveau fait urbain qui existe dans la communauté métropolitaine de Montréal. Nous l'avions désigné par : enclaves résidentielles introverties (ERI).

Rétro ingénierie des modèles d’objets dynamiques pour JavaScript

La compréhension des objets dans les programmes orientés objet est une tâche impor- tante à la compréhension du code. JavaScript (JS) est un langage orienté-objet dyna- mique, et son dynamisme rend la compréhension du code source très difficile. Dans ce mémoire, nous nous intéressons à l’analyse des objets pour les programmes JS. Notre approche construit de façon automatique un graphe d’objets inspiré du diagramme de classes d’UML à partir d’une exécution concrète d’un programme JS. Le graphe résul- tant montre la structure des objets ainsi que les interactions entre eux. Notre approche utilise une transformation du code source afin de produire cette in- formation au cours de l’exécution. Cette transformation permet de recueillir de l’infor- mation complète au sujet des objets crées ainsi que d’intercepter toutes les modifications de ces objets. À partir de cette information, nous appliquons plusieurs abstractions qui visent à produire une représentation des objets plus compacte et intuitive. Cette approche est implémentée dans l’outil JSTI. Afin d’évaluer l’utilité de l’approche, nous avons mesuré sa performance ainsi que le degré de réduction dû aux abstractions. Nous avons utilisé les dix programmes de réfé- rence de V8 pour cette comparaison. Les résultats montrent que JSTI est assez efficace pour être utilisé en pratique, avec un ralentissement moyen de 14x. De plus, pour 9 des 10 programmes, les graphes sont suffisamment compacts pour être visualisés. Nous avons aussi validé l’approche de façon qualitative en inspectant manuellement les graphes gé- nérés. Ces graphes correspondent généralement très bien au résultat attendu. Mots clés: Analyse de programmes, analyse dynamique, JavaScript, profilage.

Le Plan Nord du gouvernement du Québec : analyse du design, du positionnement et de la planification stratégique des projets d'infrastructures de transport

Cette recherche a été financée par le Fonds de recherche sur la société et la culture du Québec et le Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines. L’auteur a de plus reçu le support financier du programme de remboursement des frais de scolarité des forces armées canadiennes. Les cartes ont été produites grâce au logiciel ArcGIS (ESRI).