933 resultados para Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
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Este trabalho apresenta uma modelagem paramétrica (auto-regressiva) linear aplicável a estudos de propagação de televisão digital e telefonia celular para cidades densamente arborizadas. A modelagem proposta apresenta um forte embasamento estatístico e depende apenas de dados provenientes de medição, no caso dados relativos a potência recebida e o valor de PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio). Um algoritmo genético é utilizado no cálculo dos parâmetros de ajuste do modelo a um conjunto de dados. O trabalho foi realizado na faixa de televisão digital e foram analisadas duas variáveis: a potência recebida do sinal e o valor de PSNR. Foram executadas campanhas de medição na cidade de Belém. Nestas medições foram coletados dados de potência e gravados vídeos da programação diária de uma emissora de televisão. Os resultados podem ser aplicados no planejamento de serviços de telecomunicações.
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Este trabalho oferece um método para a predição da intensidade de campo elétrico para TV Digital utilizando a Função de Green diádica. A Diádica é uma ferramenta matemática eficiente que tem simplicidade simbólica e robustez permitindo, assim, que algumas características do meio (como permissividade, condutividade e permeabilidade, por exemplo) sejam consideradas na elaboração do modelo de campo elétrico, bem como levar em conta a anisotropia do meio. Na maior parte dos trabalhos correlatos, que utilizam as funções de Green diádicas, estão relacionados na faixa de VHF. Este trabalho irá apresentar desde os conceitos básicos das diádicas, desenvolvendo-a para o cálculo de um modelo que permita predizer o campo elétrico para a faixa de UHF, na qual os sistemas de TV Digital se encontram. Uma explanação teórica e um desenvolvimento matemático serão feitos de forma que um entendimento claro e objetivo sejam alcançados no estudo das funções de Green diádicas, numa parte da teoria do eletromagnetismo. Testes foram realizados para confirmar a aplicabilidade da formulação sugerida, fazendo simulações que realizem uma comparação entre os dados medidos, de duas emissoras de TV situadas na cidade de Belém, e o modelo de Okumura-Hata modificado, mostrando resultados satisfatórios, tanto para frequências na faixa de VHF e UHF.
Preservação digital nas instituições de ensino superior: aspectos organizacionais, legais e técnicos
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This article analyzes the main aspects related to digital preservation in Higher Education Institution (HEI). Discusses the problems and challenges to be facing in this context and presents the main aspects and strategies involving digital preservation in this institution type, focusing on three: the organizational aspects, the legal aspects and the technical aspects. The methodological procedures involved the literature analysis on the subject area. As a result shows a digital preservation policy that includes 15 (fifteen) essential elements, distributed in three segments (aspects), and the importance of each element to the deployment of a digital preservation policy.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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The Creative Economy is an experimental laboratory for the creation , innovation , invention and reinvention of the universe of media - analog and digital . The scenery in the media and converging technologies favors the process of “ creative destruction and destructive creation “ of this field . The mapping of basins and technological corridors distributed through the territory of concentrated areas creates an infrastructural chassis for the production of content , information and entertainment . As locus and logos of immaterial production , digital ecology that gives speed to the flow of production - planning, fundraising , publishing , distribution and enjoyment - and allows the dispossession of their local clusters , the fragmentation and dilution of their creative chains . The collective cultural production and creation appropriating these capilarizados articles and produce content against political, economic and social status quo . The land is fertile and favorable to the emergence of radical media and rebels that recreate the public sphere , and edit poor public spheres , alternative , radical and efficient , the tactical point of view . This article aims to contribute to studies and research that scour the ecosystem of the media for understanding the management of their creative processes, actors and critics of tangible and intangible resources that support their communication actions .
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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The objective of this paper is to discuss issues related to digital inclusion and citizenship in Brazil, through the approach of public policies gestated by the State in an attempt to insert Brazil in the Information Society via Digital Television through two projects: Brazilian Digital TV System (SBTVD) and the Brazilian National Internet Broadband Plan (PNBL), also called “Brazil Connected”. The methodology used was exploratory, with the procedures of bibliographic and documentary research, with the goal of pointing out how actions have been articulating and gestated by the Brazilian government.
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Pós-graduação em Letras - FCLAR
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Hymenoptera exhibit an incredible diversity of phenotypes, the result of similar to 240 million years of evolution and the primary subject of more than 250 years of research. Here we describe the history, development, and utility of the Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology (HAO) and its associated applications. These resources are designed to facilitate accessible and extensible research on hymenopteran phenotypes. Outreach with the hymenopterist community is of utmost importance to the HAO project, and this paper is a direct response to questions that arose from project workshops. In a concerted attempt to surmount barriers of understanding, especially regarding the format, utility, and development of the HAO, we discuss the roles of homology, "preferred terms", and "structural equivalency". We also outline the use of Universal Resource Identifiers (URIs) and posit that they are a key element necessary for increasing the objectivity and repeatability of science that references hymenopteran anatomy. Pragmatically, we detail a mechanism (the "URI table") by which authors can use URIs to link their published text to the HAO, and we describe an associated tool (the "Analyzer") to derive these tables. These tools, and others, are available through the HAO Portal website (http://portal.hymao.org). We conclude by discussing the future of the HAO with respect to digital publication, cross-taxon ontology alignment, the advent of semantic phenotypes, and community-based curation.
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Este texto pretende discutir a importância do desenho à mão livre no processo projetivo arquitetônico inserido no contexto da era digital, por meio do uso das mesas digitais, comumente chamadas de tablets. A relevância desta discussão consiste em identificar como os desenhos feitos com tablets mantêm a percepção e o traço individual de cada pessoa. Pretende-se, com isto, não apenas rever e atualizar as disciplinas de desenho nos cursos de arquitetura, suas práticas e seus procedimentos, mas também, discutir o papel da linguagem e representação – analógica ou digital – e sua integração com outras disciplinas. São apresentadas algumas considerações sobre o uso dessa ferramenta nas seguintes disciplinas: História da Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Paisagismo e Projeto, ministradas no Instituto de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil. As tablets são apresentadas como um meio de conexão entre o projeto analógico e digital, capazes de capturar a pressão e a velocidade do traço, aproximando a potencialidade e racionalidade do processo feito no computador com o gesto criativo do desenho à mão livre, resultando em uma sinergia entre essas duas linguagens.
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Recently in most of the industrial automation process an ever increasing degree of automation has been observed. This increasing is motivated by the higher requirement of systems with great performance in terms of quality of products/services generated, productivity, efficiency and low costs in the design, realization and maintenance. This trend in the growth of complex automation systems is rapidly spreading over automated manufacturing systems (AMS), where the integration of the mechanical and electronic technology, typical of the Mechatronics, is merging with other technologies such as Informatics and the communication networks. An AMS is a very complex system that can be thought constituted by a set of flexible working stations, one or more transportation systems. To understand how this machine are important in our society let considerate that every day most of us use bottles of water or soda, buy product in box like food or cigarets and so on. Another important consideration from its complexity derive from the fact that the the consortium of machine producers has estimated around 350 types of manufacturing machine. A large number of manufacturing machine industry are presented in Italy and notably packaging machine industry,in particular a great concentration of this kind of industry is located in Bologna area; for this reason the Bologna area is called “packaging valley”. Usually, the various parts of the AMS interact among them in a concurrent and asynchronous way, and coordinate the parts of the machine to obtain a desiderated overall behaviour is an hard task. Often, this is the case in large scale systems, organized in a modular and distributed manner. Even if the success of a modern AMS from a functional and behavioural point of view is still to attribute to the design choices operated in the definition of the mechanical structure and electrical electronic architecture, the system that governs the control of the plant is becoming crucial, because of the large number of duties associated to it. Apart from the activity inherent to the automation of themachine cycles, the supervisory system is called to perform other main functions such as: emulating the behaviour of traditional mechanical members thus allowing a drastic constructive simplification of the machine and a crucial functional flexibility; dynamically adapting the control strategies according to the different productive needs and to the different operational scenarios; obtaining a high quality of the final product through the verification of the correctness of the processing; addressing the operator devoted to themachine to promptly and carefully take the actions devoted to establish or restore the optimal operating conditions; managing in real time information on diagnostics, as a support of the maintenance operations of the machine. The kind of facilities that designers can directly find on themarket, in terms of software component libraries provides in fact an adequate support as regard the implementation of either top-level or bottom-level functionalities, typically pertaining to the domains of user-friendly HMIs, closed-loop regulation and motion control, fieldbus-based interconnection of remote smart devices. What is still lacking is a reference framework comprising a comprehensive set of highly reusable logic control components that, focussing on the cross-cutting functionalities characterizing the automation domain, may help the designers in the process of modelling and structuring their applications according to the specific needs. Historically, the design and verification process for complex automated industrial systems is performed in empirical way, without a clear distinction between functional and technological-implementation concepts and without a systematic method to organically deal with the complete system. Traditionally, in the field of analog and digital control design and verification through formal and simulation tools have been adopted since a long time ago, at least for multivariable and/or nonlinear controllers for complex time-driven dynamics as in the fields of vehicles, aircrafts, robots, electric drives and complex power electronics equipments. Moving to the field of logic control, typical for industrial manufacturing automation, the design and verification process is approached in a completely different way, usually very “unstructured”. No clear distinction between functions and implementations, between functional architectures and technological architectures and platforms is considered. Probably this difference is due to the different “dynamical framework”of logic control with respect to analog/digital control. As a matter of facts, in logic control discrete-events dynamics replace time-driven dynamics; hence most of the formal and mathematical tools of analog/digital control cannot be directly migrated to logic control to enlighten the distinction between functions and implementations. In addition, in the common view of application technicians, logic control design is strictly connected to the adopted implementation technology (relays in the past, software nowadays), leading again to a deep confusion among functional view and technological view. In Industrial automation software engineering, concepts as modularity, encapsulation, composability and reusability are strongly emphasized and profitably realized in the so-calledobject-oriented methodologies. Industrial automation is receiving lately this approach, as testified by some IEC standards IEC 611313, IEC 61499 which have been considered in commercial products only recently. On the other hand, in the scientific and technical literature many contributions have been already proposed to establish a suitable modelling framework for industrial automation. During last years it was possible to note a considerable growth in the exploitation of innovative concepts and technologies from ICT world in industrial automation systems. For what concerns the logic control design, Model Based Design (MBD) is being imported in industrial automation from software engineering field. Another key-point in industrial automated systems is the growth of requirements in terms of availability, reliability and safety for technological systems. In other words, the control system should not only deal with the nominal behaviour, but should also deal with other important duties, such as diagnosis and faults isolations, recovery and safety management. Indeed, together with high performance, in complex systems fault occurrences increase. This is a consequence of the fact that, as it typically occurs in reliable mechatronic systems, in complex systems such as AMS, together with reliable mechanical elements, an increasing number of electronic devices are also present, that are more vulnerable by their own nature. The diagnosis problem and the faults isolation in a generic dynamical system consists in the design of an elaboration unit that, appropriately processing the inputs and outputs of the dynamical system, is also capable of detecting incipient faults on the plant devices, reconfiguring the control system so as to guarantee satisfactory performance. The designer should be able to formally verify the product, certifying that, in its final implementation, it will perform itsrequired function guarantying the desired level of reliability and safety; the next step is that of preventing faults and eventually reconfiguring the control system so that faults are tolerated. On this topic an important improvement to formal verification of logic control, fault diagnosis and fault tolerant control results derive from Discrete Event Systems theory. The aimof this work is to define a design pattern and a control architecture to help the designer of control logic in industrial automated systems. The work starts with a brief discussion on main characteristics and description of industrial automated systems on Chapter 1. In Chapter 2 a survey on the state of the software engineering paradigm applied to industrial automation is discussed. Chapter 3 presentes a architecture for industrial automated systems based on the new concept of Generalized Actuator showing its benefits, while in Chapter 4 this architecture is refined using a novel entity, the Generalized Device in order to have a better reusability and modularity of the control logic. In Chapter 5 a new approach will be present based on Discrete Event Systems for the problemof software formal verification and an active fault tolerant control architecture using online diagnostic. Finally conclusive remarks and some ideas on new directions to explore are given. In Appendix A are briefly reported some concepts and results about Discrete Event Systems which should help the reader in understanding some crucial points in chapter 5; while in Appendix B an overview on the experimental testbed of the Laboratory of Automation of University of Bologna, is reported to validated the approach presented in chapter 3, chapter 4 and chapter 5. In Appendix C some components model used in chapter 5 for formal verification are reported.
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This document describes the process by which the Michigan Technological University Community may submit proposals to contribute content to Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech.
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This document explains the process by which members of the Michigan Technological University Community may contribute content to Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech.
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This document may be used as a template for creating project plans, the process by which members of the Michigan Technological University community may contribute content to Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech.