Hyperpolarized lithium-6 as a sensor of nanomolar contrast agents.

Lithium is widely used in psychotherapy. The (6)Li isotope has a long intrinsic longitudinal relaxation time T(1) on the order of minutes, making it an ideal candidate for hyperpolarization experiments. In the present study we demonstrated that lithium-6 can be readily hyperpolarized within 30 min, while retaining a long polarization decay time on the order of a minute. We used the intrinsically long relaxation time for the detection of 500 nM contrast agent in vitro. Hyperpolarized lithium-6 was administered to the rat and its signal retained a decay time on the order of 70 sec in vivo. Localization experiments imply that the lithium signal originated from within the brain and that it was detectable up to 5 min after administration. We conclude that the detection of submicromolar contrast agents using hyperpolarized NMR nuclei such as (6)Li may provide a novel avenue for molecular imaging.

Parachlamydia and rhabdochlamydia: emerging agents of community-acquired respiratory infections in children.

T O THE E DITOR-Besides viruses, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae are common causes of community-acquired respiratory infections (CARI) in children. However, the causal agent of CARI remains unknown in many cases [ 1]. Growing evidence suggests that Chlamydia-related bacteria might have a pathogenic role in humans [ 2, 3]. Parachlamydia acanthamoebae and Protochlamydia naegleriophila have been detected in respiratory clinical samples [ 4, 5], and the role of Parachlamydia acanthamoebae in pneumonia is supported by in vitro studies and animal models [ 6]. Rhabdochlamydia crassificans and Rhabdochlamydia porcellionis are intracellular pathogens of arthropods that also belong to the Chlamydiales order [ 7, 8]. A recent analysis suggests that Rhabdochlamydia species might affect morbidity and mortality in premature newborns [ 9], but their role ...

When nightclub security agents assault clients more insight through a qualitative approach.

Between 2007 and 2009, aggressions by security agents of nightclubs on clients increased from 6% to 10% among community violence situations encountered at the Violence Medical Unit (VMU) at the Lausanne University Hospital in Switzerland. Most victims were young men who had been drinking alcohol before the assault. About one quarter (25.7%) presented with one or several fractures, all of them in the head area. (For more details, refer to the previous article "When nightclub security agents assault clients" published in 2012(1).) Following this first study, we performed a second qualitative study in order to bring more information about the context and highlight victims' behaviors and experiences. Four themes emerged: how the assault began; the assault itself; third-party involvement; and the psychological state of victims when they consulted the VMU. The findings of this second study complemented the statistical results of the first study by showing under what circumstances security agents of nightclubs respond with physical violence to situations they consider a threat to security. Furthermore, the study described consequences for the victims that could be quite serious. Our findings support the need for nightclubs to improve selection and training of security staff.

Fatty acids, eicosanoids, and hypolipidemic agents identified as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors by coactivator-dependent receptor ligand assay.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors controlling the expression of genes involved in lipid homeostasis. PPARs activate gene transcription in response to a variety of compounds including hypolipidemic drugs as well as natural fatty acids. From the plethora of PPAR activators, Scatchard analysis of receptor-ligand interactions has thus far identified only four ligands. These are the chemotactic agent leukotriene B4 and the hypolipidemic drug Wy 14,643 for the alpha-subtype and a prostaglandin J2 metabolite and synthetic antidiabetic thiazolidinediones for the gamma-subtype. Based on the hypothesis that ligand binding to PPAR would induce interactions of the receptor with transcriptional coactivators, we have developed a novel ligand sensor assay, termed coactivator-dependent receptor ligand assay (CARLA). With CARLA we have screened several natural and synthetic candidate ligands and have identified naturally occurring fatty acids and metabolites as well as hypolipidemic drugs as bona fide ligands of the three PPAR subtypes from Xenopus laevis. Our results suggest that PPARs, by their ability to interact with a number of structurally diverse compounds, have acquired unique ligand-binding properties among the superfamily of nuclear receptors that are compatible with their biological activity.

Integrating novel agents into multiple myeloma treatment - current status in Switzerland and treatment recommendations.

The treatment of multiple myeloma has undergone significant changes in the recent past. The arrival of novel agents, especially thalidomide, bortezomib and lenalidomide, has expanded treatment options and patient outcomes are improving significantly. This article summarises the discussions of an expert meeting which was held to debate current treatment practices for multiple myeloma in Switzerland concerning the role of the novel agents and to provide recommendations for their use in different treatment stages based on currently available clinical data. Novel agent combinations for the treatment of newly diagnosed, as well as relapsed multiple myeloma are examined. In addition, the role of novel agents in patients with cytogenetic abnormalities and renal impairment, as well as the management of the most frequent side effects of the novel agents are discussed. The aim of this article is to assist in treatment decisions in daily clinical practice to achieve the best possible outcome for patients with multiple myeloma.

Adverse reactions to biologic agents and their medical management.

Biologic agents have substantially advanced the treatment of immunological disorders, including chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, these drugs are often associated with adverse events (AEs), including allergic, immunological and other unwanted reactions. AEs can affect almost any organ or system in the body and can occur immediately, within minutes to hours, or with a delay of several days or more after initiation of biologic therapy. Although some AEs are a direct consequence of the functional inhibition of biologic-agent-targeted antigens, the pathogenesis of other AEs results from a drug-induced imbalance of the immune system, intermediary factors and cofactors, a complexity that complicates their prediction. Herein, we review the AEs associated with biologic therapy most relevant to rheumatic and immunological diseases, and discuss their underlying pathogenesis. We also include our recommendations for the medical management of such AEs. Increased understanding and improved risk management of AEs induced by biologic agents will enable better use of these versatile immune-response modifiers.

La cessation de la chimiothérapie pour le traitement de l'adénocarcinome pancréatique avancé : recherche de facteurs prédictifs de mort imminente

Dans cette étude rétrospective, nous reportons des données relatives à la chimiothérapie chez des patients atteints d'adénocarcinome pancréatique avancé, avec attention à la durée du temps qui passe entre le dernier traitement et la mort. En outre, nous analysons des paramètres cliniques et de laboratoire, enregistrés à la dernière chimiothérapie, avec le but d'identifier des facteurs de risque pour un décès proche. L'analyse rétrospective est effectuée sur des patients avec adénocarcinome pancréatique avancé, qui ont bénéficié au moins d'une ligne de chimiothérapie. Nous avons enregistré les données concernant la chimiothérapie (régimes, lignes et date de la dernière administration) et avons choisi et enregistré des facteurs cliniques et de laboratoire, qui étaient récoltés à la dernière chimiothérapie (performance status, présence d'ascite, hémoglobine, leucocytes, plaquettes, bilirubine totale, albumine, LDH, protéine C-réactive et Ca19-9). Des analyses statistiques (univariée et multivariée) sont effectuées pour étudier la relation entre ces facteurs et le temps de survie, à la recherche de facteurs prédictifs de mort imminente. Nous avons analysé les données de 231 patients: hommes/femmes, 53/47%; métastatique/localement avancé, 80/20%; âge médian 66 ans (gamme 32-85). Tous les patients sont décédés à cause de la progression de la maladie. La survie globale médiane est 6.1 mois (95% Cl 5.1-7.2). Lors de la dernière chimiothérapie, le performance status est 0-1 pour 37% et 2 pour 63% des patients. Cinquante-neuf pour cent des patients reçoivent une ligne de chimiothérapie, 32, 8 et 1% reçoivent des chimiothérapies de deuxième, troisième, quatrième ligne, respectivement. L'intervalle entre la dernière administration de chimiothérapie et le décès est <4 semaines pour 24%, 4-12 semaines pour 47% et >12 semaines pour 29% des patients. La survie médiane à partir de la dernière chimiothérapie jusqu'au décès est 7.5 semaines (95% Cl 6.7-8.4). L'ascite, la leucocytose, des valeurs élevées de bilirubine, LDH, protéine C- réactive et Ca19-9, et des valeurs abaissées d'albumine sont associés à une survie plus courte à l'analyse univariée; néanmoins, aucun de ces facteurs n'est corrélé à la survie de façon significative à l'analyse multivariée. Nous en concluons qu'une proportion significative de patients avec adénocarcinome pancréatique avancé reçoit la chimiothérapie dans le dernier mois de vie, et que les paramètres cliniques et de laboratoire enregistrés à la dernière chimiothérapie ne prédisent pas une survie plus courte.