Composto orgânico de agroindústrias na produção de feijão de inverno e milho no sistema plantio direto

Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS

Atributos químicos no solo e produção de Cynodon dactylon cv. Tierra Verde sob doses de biofertilizante orgânico

The concentration of nutrients in plant is related to the soil, fertilization, climate, season, cultivar and cultural practices. Aiming to evaluate the soil chemical properties, the dry matter production of shoots and roots, nutrient content in the plant and the chemical composition of the grass Tierra Verde subjected to levels of organic biofertilizer as nitrogen source, an experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , UNESP, Araçatuba-SP, January-September 2010. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with six fertilized biofertilizer doses (0, 33, 66, 132, 264, 528 m3 ha-1) and five repetitions for three cuts. We used the model split plot, with doses of biofertilizer considered as main treatments and cuts as sub-plots. We obtained a linear response in the production of dry mass of shoots and roots to the dose of 528 m3 ha-1 of organic biofertilizer. Nitrogen fertilization influenced the soil chemical properties and levels of organic matter, sulfur, boron and manganese, and in foliar levels of phosphorus, potassium and copper. The chemical composition was not altered by the influence of organic biofertilizer doses applied to the soil.

Desempenho agronômico do lodo de esgoto como fonte de nitrogênio em bananeiras

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Gesso agrícola melhora a qualidade fertilizante da cama de frango?

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Effects of early compost application on no-till organic soybean

Weed control has always been an important issue in agriculture. With the advent of no-till systems, soil erosion was reduced but herbicide use was increased. Organic no-till systems try to adjust reduced erosion to the no use of herbicides. Nevertheless, this adjustment is limited by the cost of mechanical weed control. This cost may be reduced by improved cultural weed control with cover crops mulches. In this paper we report a study on the application of compost manure on an oats winter cover crop, preceding soybean, instead of on the soybean summer crop. Treatments comprised a control without compost manure, and compost manure doses of 4 and 8 Mg ha-1 applied either on oats in winter or soybean in summer, organized in a randomized block design, with five replications. In summer, plots were split into weed-controlled or not controlled subplots. The timing of application and the manure doses did not affect the oats biomass or the soybean performance. However, in summer, without water stress, the application of manure at 8 Mg ha-1 directly on soybean has reduced weed biomass in this crop.

Reutilização da vinhaça na Pioneiros Bioenergia S/A sob a ótica da visão baseada em recursos e da inovação sustentável

O setor sucroalcooleiro se destaca no âmbito social devido à empregabilidade de projetos sociais e a inclusão social dos diversos atores pertencentes à cadeia produtiva da cana-de-açúcar. No campo econômico, sua importância se deve à renda per capita dos municípios onde estão localizadas as usinas e as divisas geradas para o país a partir do saldo da balança comercial da exportação açúcar e álcool. Entretanto, na esfera ambiental, diante do alto índice de poluição causada pela origem de resíduo, liberação de gases na atmosfera e desmatamento, o setor já não desfruta do mesmo destaque. Desta forma, o presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar as ações de uma usina de álcool, a Pioneiros Bioenergia S/A, com relação ao tratamento de vinhaça que é um resíduo altamente poluente do meio ambiente. Para atingir o propósito deste foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa em uma empresa do setor sucroalcooleiro com utilização de aparatos da abordagem estratégica da Visão Baseada em Recursos (VBR) e da Inovação Sustentável. Verifica-se que a empregabilidade da vinhaça no processo de fertirrigação ou adubação orgânica é uma inovação que vem ao encontro da questão ambiental e possibilita a usina a se tornar sustentável, pois aloca e reutiliza corretamente produtos ou subprodutos que poderiam causar impactos ao meio ambiente ou que antes era descartado dentro da empresa. Todavia, mesmo servindo como modelo, o processo ambiental na Pioneiros ainda pode ser melhorado, principalmente na questão de maiores investimentos para expandir o uso da vinhaça em outras inovações de cunho sustentável.

Escala diagramática e influência de sistemas de produção na ocorrência do crestamento gomoso da melancia

CHAPTER 1 - The gummy stem blight, caused by the fungus D. bryoniae, is a disease commonly found in watermelon cultivated in several countries. In Brazil, there are numerous studies related to the disease, but there are not uniform methods for quantifying of disease severity in the field. Thus, we developed a diagrammatic scale based on scanned photos of watermelon leaves infected with D. bryoniae. The scale developed showed levels of 0; 10; 20; 45; 65 and 90% of severity. The scale validation was divided into two parts: initially, 10 evaluators (half with experienced and other half without experience) estimated the disease severity based on the initial observation of 100 photos of watermelon leaves with symptoms of the disease at different severity levels. Before, the same evaluators estimated the disease severity with the support of the scale prepared from the Quant program. Data were analyzed using linear regression and were obtained angular, linear, and correlation coefficients. Based on these data, we determined the accuracy and precision of the evaluations. The correlation coefficients (R2) ranged from 0.88 - 0.97 for the experienced evaluators and from 0.55 - 0.95 for the inexperienced evaluators. The average angular coefficient (A) for inexperienced evaluators was 20.42 and 8.61 with and without the support of diagrammatic scale, respectively. Experienced evaluators showed values of average linear coefficient of 5.30 and 1.68 with and without the support of diagrammatic scale, respectively. The absolute errors analysis indicated that the use of diagrammatic scale contributed to minimize the flaws in the severity levels estimation. The diagrammatic scale proposed shown adequate for gummy stem blight severity evaluation in watermelon. CHAPTER 2 - The gummy stem blight (Didymella bryoniae) is a disease that affects the productivity of watermelon leading to losses over 40%. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of different production systems in control of gummy stem blight in watermelon for to establish efficient methods to combat the disease. There were applied the following treatments: conventional tillage (T1), integrated management (T2) and organic management (T3). In T1 and T2 were applied mineral fertilization and T3 was used bovine manure. There was application of fungicides and insecticides in commercial dose in T1 and T2, being after soil chemical analysis in T2. Disease severity was assessed by grading scale. The experimental design was randomized blocks. The severity of gummy stem blight has increased substantially during the fruit formation. Watermelon plants grown with integrated management (T2) showed lower levels of disease severity, while plants in organic management (T3) exhibited higher levels of severity. We conclude that management based on judicious accompaniments in field represents best way to achieve the phytosanitary aspect adequate for cultivation of watermelon in Tocantins.

Avaliação agronômica da aplicação do resíduo da indústria processadora de goiabas em pomar comercial de goiabeiras

Dada a escassez de informações na literatura e a importância do manejo adequado de resíduos orgânicos na agricultura, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da aplicação do resíduo da indústria processadora de goiabas em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, determinando-se as alterações provocadas na química do solo, no estado nutricional de goiabeiras e na produção de frutos. As doses de resíduo aplicadas no pomar foram estabelecidas em função dos teores de N no resíduo. O delineamento empregado foi o de blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo as doses do resíduo (moído) de 0, 9, 18, 27 e 36 t ha-1 (peso do material seco). Foram feitas três aplicações do resíduo: em 2006, 2007 e 2008. O resíduo da indústria processadora de goiabas promoveu aumento nos teores de P no solo; as goiabeiras apresentaram aumento dos teores de N, Ca, Mg e Mn; a produção de frutos foi alterada positiva e significativamente no terceiro ano do experimento.

Práticas orgânicas em pomares cítricos da agricultura familiar do município de Russas, Ceará.

O presente trabalho objetivou-se a levantar dados e caracterizar principais práticas e insumos orgânicos utilizados na citricultura desenvolvida na agricultura familiar de Russas-CE.

Características químicas e aceitação de biofertilizante preparado em horta agroecológica do Semi-Árido nordestino.

Biofertilizantes líquidos são produtos naturais obtidos da fermentação de materiais orgânicos com água, na presença ou ausência de ar (processos aeróbicos ou anaeróbicos). Podem possuir composição altamente complexa e variável, dependendo do material empregado, contendo quase todos os macro e micro elementos necessários à nutrição vegetal. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a permanência das características químicas do biofertilizante Vairo durante 3 meses, preparado na comunidade de Nova Descoberta, distrito de Petrolina-PE. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no período de abril a dezembro de 2006. O biofertilizante foi uma tecnologia bem aceita pela maioria dos produtores da horta agroecológica da referida comunidade. A liberação de nutrientes do biofertilizante testado não foi uniforme para todos os elementos químicos analisados.

Curso sobre hortas em cultivo orgânico: manejo de hortas em cultivo orgânico.

Para o bem estar da família, as verduras e legumes nunca devem faltar à sua mesa, pois as vitaminas e sais minerais são de grande importância para a saúde de todos. O cultivo de hortaliças em uma horta caseira, além de proporcionar a salada diária, representa a independência da dona de casa em relação ao verdureiro, a garantia de obter produtos novos, saborosos, como também, pode aumentar a renda familiar.

Efeito de compostos orgânicos nas características de crescimento de mangueiras cultivadas em sistema orgânico de produção.

Com o objetivo de avaliar as características de crescimento de mangueiras cultivadas em sistema orgânico foram avaliados cinco compostos orgânicos elaborados a partir da combinação entre os insumos capim elefante, bagaço de coco, restos de poda de videira, esterco de caprino e torta de mamona. O ensaio foi disposto em blocos ao acaso, sendo constituído de seis tratamentos (cinco compostos e uma testemunha) e quatro repetições. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre a matéria orgânica e a CTC do solo, nem sobre as características de crescimento da mangueira (número de fluxos por ramo e comprimento do primeiro fluxo).

Soil chemical attributes and leaf nutrients of Pacovan banana under two cover crops.

Banana is one of the most consumed fruits in the world, which is grown in most tropical countries. The objective of this work was to evaluate the main attributes of soil fertility in a banana crop under two cover crops and two root development locations. The work was conducted in Curaçá, BA, Brazil, between October 2011 and May 2013, using a randomized block design in split plot with five repetitions. Two cover crops were assessed in the plots, the cover 1 consisting of Pueraria phaseoloid es, and the cover 2 consisting of a crop mix with Sorghum bicolor, Ricinus commun is L., Canavalia ensiform is, Mucuna aterrima and Zea mays, and two soil sampling locations in the subplots, between plants in the banana rows (location 1) and between the banana rows (location 2). There were significant and independent effects for the cover crop and sampling location factors for the variables organic matter, Ca and P, and significant effects for the interaction between cover crops and sampling locations for the variables potassium, magnesium and total exchangeable bases. The cover crop mix and the between-row location presented the highest organic matter content. Potassium was the nutrient with the highest negative variation from the initial content and its leaf content was below the reference value, however not reducing the crop yield. The banana crop associated with crop cover using the crop mix provided greater availability of nutrients in the soil compared to the coverage with tropical kudzu.

Organic and nitrogen fertilization of soil under Syrah grapevine: effects on soil chemical properties and nitrate concentration.

Viticulture is an activity of great social and economic importance in the lower-middle region of the São Francisco River valley in northeastern Brazil. In this region, the fertility of soils under vineyards is generally poor. To assess the effects of organic and nitrogen fertilization on chemical properties and nitrate concentrations in an Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (Typic Plinthustalf), a field experiment was carried out in Petrolina, Pernambuco, on Syrah grapevines. Treatments consisted of two rates of organic fertilizer (0 and 30 m3 ha-1) and five N rates (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 kg ha-1), in a randomized block design arranged in split plots, with five replications. The organic fertilizer levels represented the main plots and the N levels, the subplots. The source of N was urea and the source of organic fertilizer was goat manure. Irrigation was applied through a drip system and N by fertigation. At the end of the third growing season, soil chemical properties were determined and nitrate concentration in the soil solution (extracted by porous cups) was determined. Organic fertilization increased organic matter, pH, EC, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, sum of bases, base saturation, and CEC, but decreased exchangeable Cu concentration in the soil by complexation of Cu in the organic matter. Organic fertilization raised the nitrate concentration in the 0.20-0.40 m soil layer, making it leachable. Nitrate concentration in the soil increased as N rates increased, up to more than 300 mg kg-1 in soil and nearly 800 mg L-1 in the soil solution, becoming prone to leaching losses.

Humified fraction of organic matter due to plant mixture cultivation.

The aim of this study was to assess the organic matter changes in quantity and quality, particularly of the humic fraction in the surface layer (0?20 cm), of a Typic Plinthustalf soil under different management of plant mixtures used as green manure for mango (Mangifera indica L.) crops. The plant mixtures, which were seeded between rows of mango trees, were formed by two groups of leguminous and non -leguminous plants. Prior to sowing, seeds were combined in different proportions and compositions constituting the following treatments: 100% non-leguminous species (NL); 100% leguminous species (L); 75% L and 25% NL; 50% L and 50% NL; 25% L and 75% NL; and 100% spontaneous vegetation, considered a control. The plant mixtures that grew between rows of mango trees caused changes in the chemical composition of the soil organic matter, especially for the treatments 50% L and 50% NL and 25% L and 75% NL, which increased the content of humic substances in the soil organic matter. However, the treatment 25% L and 75% NL was best at minimising loss of total organic carbon from the soil. The humic acids studied have mostly aliphatic characteristics, showing large amounts of carboxylic and nitrogen groups and indicating that most of the organic carbon was formed by humic substances, with fulvic acid dominating among the alkali soluble fractions.