Optical nebulosities associated with IRAS sources in dense cloud cores

I, H¿ and [SII] CCD images of the regions around 4 young IRAS sources embedded in the dense molecular cloud cores CB 6, CB 39, AFGL 5142, and L 1251 are presented. Reflection nebulosities are found in all 4 regions. Herbig-Haro objects are detected in AFGL 5142 and L 1251. In both cases, the HH objects are new discoveries.

Impactos da aplicação de biossólidos na microbiota de solos tropicais

A aplicação de biossólidos de Estações de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETEs) em solos agrícolas e florestais tem sido uma das práticas alternativas preconizadas para a reciclagem desses resíduos orgânicos. No entanto, alguns biossólidos de ETEs podem conter metais e, ou, xenobiontes que poderiam afetar a microbiota. Neste trabalho, os impactos da aplicação de biossólidos das ETEs de Barueri e Franca (SP), com alta e baixa concentração de metais, respectivamente, na microbiota de um solo argiloso (Nitossolo Vermelho eutroférrico típico) e um arenoso (Neossolo Quartzarênico órtico típico) foram determinados em condições de microcosmos. Imediatamente após a adição de diferentes doses de biossólidos ao solo, e depois de 4, 8, 16, 32 e 64 dias de incubação, a respiração basal (RB), C na biomassa microbiana (CB), quociente metabólico (qCO2) e relação CB/C-orgânico do solo (CB/Corg) foram avaliados. No geral, a RB foi maior nos solos com maiores quantidades de biossólidos, sendo os maiores acréscimos verificados logo após a aplicação dos biossólidos. No solo arenoso, decréscimos significativos do CB foram observados nos tratamentos com as doses mais elevadas de biossólidos. O qCO2 foi maior nos solos com doses mais elevadas de biossólidos, mas diminuiu com o aumento do período de incubação. Independentemente do tipo de solo, CB/Corg foi maior nos solos que não receberam biossólidos, em relação aos solos que receberam biossólidos ricos em metais. A relação CB/Corg nos solos tratados com biossólidos ricos em metais diminuiu significativamente entre 4 e 16 dias de incubação, não sofrendo alterações posteriormente. Esses dados indicam que a aplicação de biossólidos nos solos analisados, independentemente do teor de metais, pode causar um estresse transiente na comunidade microbiana, dependendo da dose aplicada, e que alterações na estrutura das comunidades microbianas podem estar ocorrendo.

Effects of polymer-coated multi-wall carbon nanotubes on mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages

Surface characteristics (area, chemical reactivity) play an important role in cell response to nanomaterials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative and inflammatory effects of multi−wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) uncoated (P0) or coated with carboxylic polyacid or polystyrene polybutadiene polymetacrylate of methyl polymers (P1 and P2 respectively) on murine macrophages (RAW 264.7 cell line). Carbon black nanoparticles (CB, diameter 95 nm) and crocidolite fibers (diameter: 80 nm, length: < 10 μm) were used as controls. Surface functional groups present on MWCNTs were analyzed by Knudsen flow reactor. The amount of acidic sites was P1> P0> P2, for basic sites was P0> P1>> P2 and for oxidizable sites was P0> P2> P1. In contact with cells, P2 formed smaller aggregates than P0 and P1, which were of similar size. Optical microscopy showed the formation of vacuoles after exposure only to P0, P1 and crocidolite. Incubation of cells with P0, P1 and crocidolite fibers induced a significant and similar decrease in metabolic activity, whereas P2 and CB had no effect. Cell number and membrane permeability were unmodified by incubation with the different particles. Incubation of macrophages with P0, P1 and crocidolite induced a dose− and time−dependent increase in mRNA expression of oxidative stress marker (HO−1, GPX1) and inflammatory mediators (TNF−a, MIP−2). No such responses were observed with P2 and CB. In conclusion, MWCNT coated with a carboxylic polyacid polymer exerted similar oxidative and inflammatory effects to uncoated MWCNT. By contrast, no such effects were observed with MWCNT coated with a polystyrene−based polymer. This kind of coating could be useful to decrease MWCNT toxicity.

Chiroptical measurement of chiral aggregates at liquid-liquid interface in centrifugal liquid membrane cell by Mueller matrix and conventional circular dichroism methods

The centrifugal liquid membrane (CLM) cell has been utilized for chiroptical studies of liquid-liquid interfaces with a conventional circular dichroism (CD) spectropolarimeter. These studies required the characterization of optical properties of the rotating cylindrical CLM glass cell, which was used under the high speed rotation. In the present study, we have measured the circular and linear dichroism (CD and LD) spectra and the circular and linear birefringence (CB and LB) spectra of the CLM cell itself as well as those of porphyrine aggregates formed at the liquid-liquid interface in the CLM cell, applying Mueller matrix measurement method. From the results, it was confirmed that the CLM-CD spectra of the interfacial porphyrin aggregates observed by a conventional CD spectropolarimeter should be correct irrespective of LD and LB signals in the CLM cell.

Evolution of self-organized division of labor in a response threshold model.

Division of labor in social insects is determinant to their ecological success. Recent models emphasize that division of labor is an emergent property of the interactions among nestmates obeying to simple behavioral rules. However, the role of evolution in shaping these rules has been largely neglected. Here, we investigate a model that integrates the perspectives of self-organization and evolution. Our point of departure is the response threshold model, where we allow thresholds to evolve. We ask whether the thresholds will evolve to a state where division of labor emerges in a form that fits the needs of the colony. We find that division of labor can indeed evolve through the evolutionary branching of thresholds, leading to workers that differ in their tendency to take on a given task. However, the conditions under which division of labor evolves depend on the strength of selection on the two fitness components considered: amount of work performed and on worker distribution over tasks. When selection is strongest on the amount of work performed, division of labor evolves if switching tasks is costly. When selection is strongest on worker distribution, division of labor is less likely to evolve. Furthermore, we show that a biased distribution (like 3:1) of workers over tasks is not easily achievable by a threshold mechanism, even under strong selection. Contrary to expectation, multiple matings of colony foundresses impede the evolution of specialization. Overall, our model sheds light on the importance of considering the interaction between specific mechanisms and ecological requirements to better understand the evolutionary scenarios that lead to division of labor in complex systems. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00265-012-1343-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

mtDNA comparison of the Alpine chromosomal races and species of the Sorex araneus group: preliminary results

279 paires de bases du gène du Cytochrome b ont été séquencés pour 16 individus appartenant aux différentes formes chromosomiques de S. araneaus des Alpes occidentales, à S. coronatus et à S. granarius, laquelle a conservé un caryotype primitif. Trois clones principaux ont été identifiés: CC correspond à S. coronatus, CV caractérise la rae chromosomique Valais de S. araneaus, à l'exception des individus capturés aux Houches près de Chamonix, et CA est commun à tous les autres A. araneaus analysés. S. granarius ne montre que de très faibles différences avec le groupe CA, ce qui est en contradiction avec les données de la caryologie. Le fait que le clone CA soit caractéristique d'individus de la race Valais aux Houches, alors qu'une correspondance claire entre race chromosomique et clone de mtDNA est relevée dans les zones de contact entre la race Vaud (clone CA) et la race Valais (clone CB), suggère que les contact entre la race Vaud (clone CA et la race Valais (clone CB); suggère que les chromosomes Valais ont pénétré les populations Acrocentriques par introgression, tandis qu'au Haslital, la race Valais a progressé en repoussant la race Vaud sans qu'il y ait eu échange génétique

Effect of soil interacting herbicides on soybean nodulation in Balcarce, Argentina

Two trials were performed in Balcarce, Argentina (37° 45' LS; 58° 18' LW) during 1993-94, to assess the effect of eight herbicides applied individually or in tank mixtures, on nodule number, nodule dry weight, seed yield and N percent in seed in soybean Asgrow 3205, inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum CB 1809. Individual herbicides and doses in kg ha-1 of a.i. were metribuzin (0.48), acetochlor (0.90), metolachlor (1), flumioxazin (0.075), trifluralin (0.96), imazaquin (0.20), imazethapyr (0.10) and chlorimuron ethyl (0.0125). The mixtures were metribuzin+acetochlor (0.48+0.9), flumioxazin+acetochlor (0.075+0.9), imazaquin+acetochlor (0.2+0.9), metribuzin+metolachlor (0.48+1.92), and flumioxazin+ metolachlor (0.075+1.92). A control treatment without herbicides was included. Both trials were laid out as randomized complete blocks with four replicates, on a loam illitic thermic petrocalcic Paleudoll, 5.7% organic matter (OM), 25% clay, 30.4 cmol kg-1 CEC. Nodules were sampled at V2 (second node), V6 (sixth node) and R5 (beginning seed) growth stages. Herbicides did not significantly affect the beginning of nodulation or nodule number and mass at R5, not either grain yield or N accumulation. This indicates lack of interference between soil interacting herbicides and N fixation in the high organic matter, loam soils of SE Buenos Aires province, even though a tendency in less number and dry weight of nodules was evident at the two latter growth stages.

Thyroid hormones stimulate expression and modification of cytoskeletal protein during rat sciatic nerve regeneration.

Peripheral neurons can regenerate after axotomy; in this process, the role of cytoskeletal proteins is important because they contribute to formation and reorganization, growth, transport, stability and plasticity of axons. In the present study, we examined the effects of thyroid hormones (T3) on the expression of major cytoskeletal proteins during sciatic nerve regeneration. At various times after sciatic nerve transection and T3 local administration, segments of operated nerves from T3-treated rats and control rats were examined by Western blotting for the presence of neurofilament, tubulin and vimentin. Our results revealed that, during the first week after surgery, T3 treatment did not significantly alter the level of NF subunits and tubulin in the different segments of operated nerves compared to control nerves. Two or 4 weeks after operation, the concentration of NF-H and NF-M isoforms was clearly increased by T3 treatment. Moreover, under T3-treatment, NF proteins appeared more rapidly in the distal segment of operated nerves. Likewise, the levels of betaIII, and of acetylated and tyrosinated tubulin isotypes, were also up-regulated by T3-treatment during regeneration. However, only the tyrosinated tubulin form appeared earlier in the distal nerve segments. At this stage of regeneration, T3 had no effect on the level of vimentin expression. In conclusion, thyroid hormone improves and accelerates peripheral nerve regeneration and exerts a positive effect on cytoskeletal protein expression and transport involved in axonal regeneration. These results help us to understand partially the mechanism by which thyroid hormones enhance peripheral nerve regeneration. The stimulating effect of T3 on peripheral nerve regeneration may have considerable therapeutic potential.

Crescimento vegetativo e coeficiente de cultura do feijoeiro relacionados a graus-dia acumulados

Estudou-se o crescimento vegetativo e o coeficiente de cultura (k c) do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), relacionando-os ao índice de grausdia acumulados (sigmaG). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos de densidade populacional de plantas foram: cultura semeada em evapotranspirômetros a uma densidade de 50 plantas m-2, com redução para 25 plantas m-2, quando alcançada a cobertura completa do solo; cultura semeada com densidades populacionais de 14 e 28 plantas m-2 em campo irrigado. Os parâmetros de crescimento da cultura, como a matéria seca total, a porcentagem de cobertura vegetal e o índice de área foliar mostraram uma relação altamente significativa com sigmaG, tendo sido afetada pelos tratamentos e pelas condições de suprimento de água. A relação entre o coeficiente de cultura basal (k cb) e sigmaG foi altamente significativa para a cultura semeada nos evapotranspirômetros. No campo, o molhamento da superfície do solo após a chuva ou irrigação e o déficit hídrico moderado afetaram as correlações (r²) entre k c e sigmaG. Os tratamentos não alteraram os estádios fenológicos da cultura, quando correlacionados com graus-dia acumulados.

Método generalizado de análise de dialelos desbalanceados

Apresenta-se um procedimento generalizado de estimação das capacidades geral e específica de combinação em cruzamentos dialélicos, com número desigual de repetições para tratamentos (genitores e combinações híbridas F1), avaliados em um delineamento com restrições na casualização. Neste caso, as médias ajustadas estimadas são interdependentes e heterocedásticas, devendo-se, para estimar os parâmetros desejados, utilizar o modelo linear generalizado de GaussMarkov. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a dedução teórica do método e sua aplicação a um exemplo prático. Foram analisados os dados obtidos de um dialelo completo, sem os recíprocos, envolvendo cinco genitores: CB 511687-1, CB 733753, Diamante Negro, Rosinha G2 e Compuesto Chimaltenango 2. Os genitores CB 733753, CB 511687-1 e Diamante Negro contribuem geneticamente para a resistência, enquanto Rosinha G2 e Compuesto Chimaltenango 2 contribuem para a suscetibilidade do feijoeiro ao crestamento-bacteriano comum. Na maioria dos cruzamentos analisados constatou-se a dominância parcial da suscetibilidade do feijoeiro a Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli.