Treeline Fluctuations Recorded for 12,500 Years by Soil Profiles, Pollen, and Plant Macrofossils in the Central Swiss Alps

Past treelines can rarely be recorded by pollen percentages alone, but pollen concentration, pollen influx, and plant macrofossils (including stomata of conifers) are more reliable indicators. In addition, ancient forest soils above today's treeline may trace the maximum upper expansion of the forest since the last glaciation. Charcoal in such soil profiles may be radiocarbon dated. Our example from the Central Swiss Alps at the Alpe d'Essertse consists of a plant-macrofossil diagram and pollen diagrams of the pond Gouille Rion at 2343 m a.s.l. and a sequence of soil profiles from 1780 m to 2600 m a.s.l. The area around the pond was forested with LariJc decidua and Pinus cembra between 9500 and 3600 BP. After 4700 BP the forest became more open and Juniperus nana and Alnus viridis expanded (together with Picea abies in the subalpine forest). Between 1700 and 900 BP the Juniperus nana and Alnus viridis scrubs declined while meadows and pastures took over, so that the pond Gouille Rion was definitively above timber­ line. The highest Holocene treeline was at 2400 to 2450 m a.s.l. (i.e. 50 to 100 m higher than the uppermost single specimen of Pinus cembra today) between 9000 and 4700 BP, but it is not yet dated in more detail. The highest charcoal of Pinus cembra at 2380 m a.s.l. has a radiocarbon date of 6010 ± 70 BP. Around 6900 BP a strong climatic deterioration caused an opening of timberline forest. First indicators of anthropogenic influence occurred at 4700 BP, when the forest limit started to move down. The lowering of timberline after 4700 BP was probably due to combined effects of human and climatic impact.

Permittivity measurements of porous matter in support of investigations of the surface and interior of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Aims. Permittivity measurements on porous samples of volcanic origin have been performed in the 0.05-190 GHz range under laboratory conditions in support of the Rosetta mission to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, specifically with the MIRO radiometric experiment and CONSERT radar experiment. Methods. The samples were split into several subsamples with different size ranges covering a few mu m to 500 mu m. Bulk densities of the subsamples were estimated to be in the 800 to 1500 kg/m(3) range. The porosities were in the range of 48% to 65%. From 50 MHz to 6 GHz and at 190 GHz, permittivity has been determined with a coaxial cell and with a quasi-optical bench, respectively. Results. Without taking into account the volume-scattering effect at 190 GHz, the real part of the permittivity, normalized by the bulk density, is in the range of 2.1 to 2.6. The results suggest that the real part of the permittivity of an ice-free dust mantle covering the nucleus is in the 1.5-2.2 range at 190 GHz. From these values, a lower limit for the absorption length for the millimeter receiver of MIRO has been estimated to be between 0.6 and 2 cm, in agreement with results obtained from MIRO in September 2014. At frequencies of interest for CONSERT experiment, the real part of the permittivity of a suspected ice-free dust mantle should be below 2.2. It may be in the range of 1.2 to 1.7 for the nucleus, in agreement with first CONSERT results, taking into account a mean temperature of 110 K and different values for the dust-to-ice volumetric ratio. Estimations of contributions of the different parameters to the permittivity variation may indicate that the porosity is the main parameter.

Ocean dynamics, not dust, have controlled equatorial Pacific productivity over the past 500,000 years

Biological productivity in the equatorial Pacific is relatively high compared with other low-latitude regimes, especially east of the dateline, where divergence driven by the trade winds brings nutrient rich waters of the Equatorial Undercurrent to the surface. The equatorial Pacific is one of the three principal high-nutrient low chlorophyll ocean regimes where biological utilization of nitrate and phosphate is limited, in part, by the availability of iron. Throughout most of the equatorial Pacific, upwelling of water from the Equatorial Undercurrent supplies far more dissolved iron than is delivered by dust, by as much as two orders of magnitude. Nevertheless, recent studies have inferred that the greater supply of dust during ice ages stimulated greater utilization of nutrients within the region of upwelling on the equator, thereby contributing to the sequestration of carbon in the ocean interior. Here we present proxy records for dust and for biological productivity over the past 500 ky at three sites spanning the breadth of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to test the dust fertilization hypothesis. Dust supply peaked under glacial conditions, consistent with previous studies, whereas proxies of export production exhibit maxima during ice age terminations. Temporal decoupling between dust supply and biological productivity indicates that other factors, likely involving ocean dynamics, played a greater role than dust in regulating equatorial Pacific productivity.

Sefer Maharil : Referat auf der Rabbinertagung in Kassel, am 24. Mai 1927, zum 500. Todestag des Maharil (21. Elul 5687)

Ludwig A. Rosenthal

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 500 - Kauf und Verkaufsvertrag über die Schopenhauer gehörenden Teile des Grundstücks in Ohra

u.a.: Ratifikationsvermerk;

Miqrâ Tôrã, nevî'îm u-_ketûvîm : enthaltend: Den heiligen Urtext, die deutsche Übertragung, die allgemeine, ausführliche Erläuterung mit mehr als 500 englischen Holzschnitten

hrsg. von Ludwig Philippson

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 500 - Korrespondenzen mit Theodor W. Adorno (p. VI 1, 1 - 121)

Briefwechsel zwischen Max Horkheimer und Theodor W. Adorno und Gretel Adorno, 1927 - 1938; 1 Brief (Kopie) von Henri Bergson an Theodor W. Adorno, 1935;

Ms.Ff.F.Stoltze 3. 500 - Brief von Friedrich Stoltze an Lyda Stoltze und Laura Stoltze

Frankfurter Latern: Produktion, Königstein, Alice Stoltze, Marie Geisselbrecht

Biblisch-talmudische Medicin oder pragmatische Darstellung der Arzneikunde der alten Israeliten, sowohl in theoretischer als practischer Hinsicht : Von Abraham bis zum Abschlusse des babylon. Talmuds, d.i. von 2000 v. Chr. bis 500 n. Chr. ; mit Einschluss d. Staatsarzneikunde u. mit bes. Berücks. d. Theologie

nach den Quellen ... von R. J. Wunderbar

Biblisch-talmudische Medicin oder pragmatische Darstellung der Arzneikunde der alten Israeliten, sowohl in theoretischer als practischer Hinsicht : von Abraham bis zum Abschlusse des babylon. Talmuds, d.i. von 2000 v. Chr. bis 500 n. Chr. ; mit Einschluss d. Staatsarzneikunde u. mit bes. Berücks. d. Theologie

nach den Quellen ... von R. J. Wunderbar

Bibliotheca Publica Francofurtensis : 500 Jahre Stadt- u. Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main

hrsg. von Klaus-Dieter Lehmann