Immunocytochemical characterization of the pregeniculate nucleus and distribution of retinal and neuropeptide Y terminals in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Cebus monkey

Circadian rhythms generated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) are modulated by photic and non-photic stimuli. In rodents, direct photic stimuli reach the SCN mainly through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), whereas indirect photic stimuli are mainly conveyed by the geniculohypothalamic tract (GHT). In rodents, retinal cells form a pathway that reaches the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) where they establish synapses with neurons that express neuropeptide Y (NPY), hence forming the GHT projecting to the SCN. In contrast to the RHT, which has been well described in primates, data regarding the presence or absence of the IGL and GHT in primates are contradictory. Some studies have suggested that an area of the pregeniculate nucleus (PGN) of primates might be homologous to the IGL of rodents, but additional anatomical and functional studies on primate species are necessary to confirm this hypothesis. Therefore, this study investigated the main histochemical characteristics of the PGN and the possible existence of the GHT in the SCN of the primate Cebus, comparing the distribution of NPY immunoreactivity, serotonin (5-HT) immunoreactivity and retinal terminal fibers in these two structures. The results show that a collection of cell bodies containing NPY and serotonergic immunoreactivity and retinal innervations are present within a zone that might be homologous to the IGL of rodents. The SCN also receives dense retinal innervations and we observed an atypical distribution of NPY- and 5-HT-immunoreactive fibers without regionalization in the ventral part of the nucleus as described for other species. These data may reflect morphological differences in the structures involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms among species and support the hypothesis that the GHT is present in some higher primates (diurnal animals). (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Patterns of fos activation in rat raphe nuclei during feeding behavior

To analyze the differential recruitment of the raphe nuclei during different phases of feeding behavior, rats were subjected to a food restriction schedule (food for 2 h/day, during 15 days). The animals were submitted to different feeding conditions, constituting the experimental groups: search for food (MFS), food ingestion (MFI), satiety (MFSa) and food restriction control (MFC). A baseline condition (BC) group was included as further control. The MFI and MFC groups, which presented greater autonomic and somatic activation, had more FOS-immunoreactive (FOS-IR) neurons. The MFI group presented more labeled cells in the linear (LRN) and dorsal (DRN) nuclei; the MFC group showed more labeling in the median (MRN), pontine (PRN), magnus (NRM) and obscurus (NRO) nuclei; and the MFSa group had more labeled cells in the pallidus (NRP). The BC exhibited the lowest number of reactive cells. The PRN presented the highest percentage of activation in the raphe while the DRN the lowest. Additional experiments revealed few double-labeled (FOS-IR+ 5-HT-IR) cells within the raphe nuclei in the MFI group, suggesting little serotonergic activation in the raphe during food ingestion. These findings suggest a differential recruitment of raphe nuclei during various phases of feeding behavior. Such findings may reflect changes in behavioral state (e.g., food-induced arousal versus sleep) that lead to greater motor activation, and consequently increased FOS expression. While these data are consistent with the idea that the raphe system acts as gain setter for autonomic and somatic activities, the functional complexity of the raphe is not completely understood. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Matproblem och personlighet

The purpose of this study was to examine by means of Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), the relationship between Neuroticism, and self-rated eating problems. Altogether 105 respondents, mean aged 42,3 years, including 11 men and 94 women, participated by answering an Internet-based questionnaire comprising three different sections. Neuroticism correlated with self-rated eating problems (r=,468, p<0,01). By means of multiple regression analysis it was indicated that both Neuroticism (p<.001) and Body Mass Index (BMI) (p<.001) contributed significantly to the prediction of self-rated eating problems (multiple correlation (ß=.594). The study indicated that the personality only partly explained the variation of eating problems. The result was discussed in terms of significance of biological factors stressing changes in 5-HT levels triggering eating problems.

Um modelo de comportamento aversivo térmico em Megalobulimus oblongus e a ação de fármacos nos sistemas opióide e serotoninérgico envolvidos na nocicepção

As manifestações comportamentais em Megalobulimus oblongus após a estimulação aversiva térmica (EAT) e a ação de fármacos que atuam sobre os sistemas opióide e serotoninérgico foram analisadas, empregando-se, respectivamente, testes com placa aquecida, morfina, serotonina (5-hidróxitriptamina ou 5-HT), e dos bloqueadores, o naloxone e a metisergida. Com o procedimento utilizado, foi posível diferenciar um comportamento estereotipado indicativo de resposta à nocicepção, determinar a latencia em que tais comportamentos são inicialmente manifestados, e as alterações obtidas mediante o emprego de fármacos. A morfina foi capaz de aumentar a latência demonstrando uma ação antinociceptiva neste modelo, que foi antagonizado pelo naloxone. No tocante ao sistema serotoninérgico, tanto a 5-HT quanto a metisergida aplicadas isoladamente, provocaram uma diminuição da latência que foi relacionado com um efeito nociceptivo. Porém, quando estes dois fármacos foram aplicados conjuntamente, observou-se um efeito contrário. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo farmacológico com o M. oblongus são congruentes com estudos prévios realizados em outros modeos gastrópodos, citados na literatura, e sugerem o envolvimento de um sistema opióide e serotoninérgico nas respostas reflexas nociceptivas neste animal, sendo estas manifestadas por intermédio de um comportamento motor aversivo. Além disso, ficou demonstrada a presença de receptores de ambos os sistemas, conforme a ação dos fármacos empregados.

Avaliação do perfil psicofarmacológico de psicolatina isolada de psychotria umbellata (rubiaceae)

Estudos prévios mostraram que psicolatina (o alcalóide indolmonoterpênico, isolado de Psychotria umbellata (Vell.)) possui moderada atividade analgésica em modelos experimentais de dor que envolvem a participação de receptores opióides e glutamatérgicos do tipo NMDA. Visto que a psicolatina encontra-se em grande quantidade nesta espécie, e que receptores NMDA estão envolvidos em uma grande variedade de processos, incluindo memória, plasticidade neural, ansiedade e depressão, este estudo buscou avaliar o perfil psicofarmacológico de psicolatina, bem como seus efeitos centrais ou interações com alguns sistemas neurotransmissores como receptores glutamatérgicos NMDA, serotonérgico (5-HT), dopaminérgico (DA), gabaérgico (GABA) e colinérgico (Ach). Em dois modelos comportamentais de ansiedade, a psicolatina mostrou atividade ansiolítica revertida pela administração prévia de ritanserina (antagonista serotonérgico 5-HT2A/C), sendo, portanto, esta ação relacionada à modulação destes receptores. A psicolatina não parece interferir com receptores GABAérgicos, já que a atividade ansiolítica não foi revertida por picrotoxina e também porque a psicolatina não mostrou atividade anticonvulsivante no modelo das convulsões induzidas por pentilenotetrazol. A psicolatina também apresentou atividade antidepressiva e amnésica, atividades que também estão relacionadas à modulação de receptores serotonérgicos. Além disso, a psicolatina protege animais das convulsões induzidas por NMDA, além de reverter a hiperlocomoção induzida por dizocilpina, sugerindo que o mecanismo de ação de psicolatina também envolve o glutamato. A inibição do comportamento de escalada induzida por apomorfina e a proteção à letalidade induzida por anfetamina podem ser resultantes da modulação indireta de receptores dopaminérgicos exercida pelo glutamato e pela serotonina. A psicolatina modifica diferentemente o estado oxidativo basal em distintas áreas cerebrais de camundongos; aumentando a capacidade antioxidante total no hipocampo e no córtex, mas a formação de radicais livres sendo reduzida apenas no córtex. Esses resultados são consistentes com o relato de atividade antioxidante de derivados indólicos. A psicolatina administrada agudamente por via oral não apresentou nenhum sinal de toxicidade até 1g/kg; por via intraperitoneal, sinais de toxicidade só estão presentes em doses bem maiores do que as que apresentam os efeitos acima mencionados. Conclui-se que a psicolatina apresenta um padrão psicofarmacológico semelhante a drogas que modulam receptores NMDA e 5-HT, os quais tem papel proeminente em diversos distúrbios psiquiátricos e neurológicos. Assim, o presente estudo reforça a idéia de que este alcalóide indol-monoterpênico pode ser explorado como modelo estrutural para o desenvolvimento de drogas que atuem nestes subtipos de receptores.

Caracterização dos neurônios envolvidos na ventilação pulmonar de Megalobulimus abbreviatus (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)

O uso de moluscos gastrópodes para estudos neurobiológicos é vantajoso porque seu sistema nervoso e comportamentos são intermediários em complexidade quando comparados a outros animais. Os padrões de atividade derivados do sistema nervoso central (SNC) são modulados por informações periféricas provenientes de vários quimio e mecanorreceptores, os quais desempenham funções importantes na manutenção da homeostase interna. Assim, juntos, elementos centrais e periféricos permitem ao animal modular seu comportamento respiratório de acordo com suas demandas metabólicas. O objetivo deste trabalho originou-se da necessidade da compreensão da atividade respiratória do caracol pulmonado terrestre Megalobulimus abbreviatus, da identificação dos neurônios do sistema nervoso central envolvidos no seu controle, bem como da organização da inervação de uma estrutura-chave envolvida no comportamento respiratório deste animal, o pneumóstoma. Realizou-se a identificação dos neurônios do SNC que controlam o pneumóstoma através de marcação retrógrada pelo nervo parietal posterior direito com cloreto de cobalto e biocitina; a descrição da morfologia e da histologia da região do pneumóstoma, assim como a análise da presença de monoaminas (método do ácido glioxílico), atividade acetilcolinesterásica (AChE, técnica de Karnovsky & Roots) e de imunorreatividade a FMRF-amida (imunoistoquímica) nesta região. Também foi realizada a investigação sobre uma provável relação entre o sistema dopaminérgico, serotoninérgico e peptidérgico (FMRF-amida) com os neurônios identificados por marcação retrógrada nos gânglios nervosos centrais, através da comparação entre os neurônios retrogradamente marcados com neurônios imunorreativos à tirosina hidroxilase (TH), serotonina (5-HT) e FMRF-amida. Neurônios retrogradamente marcados foram encontrados nos gânglios pedais, pleural direito, parietal direito e visceral. Encontrou-se na superfície do tegumento do pneumóstoma um epitélio constituído de uma única camada de células cilíndricas, com microvilosidades ou cílios como terminação apical, envolvido por uma camada muscular bem desenvolvida. Foi possível verificar que a organização da inervação na região do pneumóstoma está constituída de uma rede neural para suprir a camada muscular e ramos neurais mais finos que estão mais densamente distribuídos em um plexo na camada epitelial e subepitelial adjacente, onde corpos celulares neuronais foram identificados (catecolaminérgicos ou com atividade AChE). A análise do padrão de inervação do pneumóstoma, juntamente com os dados da comparação entre neurônios retrogradamente marcados e imunorreativos no SNC, permitiu concluir-se que o neuropeptídeo FMRF-amida parece ter uma grande importância na regulação motora da região do pneumóstoma, assim como a 5-HT, que provavelmente possui uma função motora ou modulatória nesta região, enquanto que a participação da dopamina no controle respiratório deve ser principalmente sensorial, responsável pelas informações provindas do tegumento do pneumóstoma.

Serotonergic neurons in the nucleus raphe obscurus contribute to interaction between central and peripheral ventilatory responses to hypercapnia

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Brain monoaminergic neurons and ventilatory control in vertebrates

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Mapping of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons of Anastrepha obliqua Macquart larvae

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

The dorsal raphe nucleus exerts opposed control on generalized anxiety and panic-related defensive responses in rats

It has been proposed that the ascending dorsal raphe (DR)-serotonergic (5-HT) pathway facilitates conditioned avoidance responses to potential or distal threat, while the DR-periventricular 5-HT pathway inhibits unconditioned flight reactions to proximal danger. Dysfunction on these pathways would be, respectively, related to generalized anxiety (GAD) and panic disorder (PD). To investigate this hypothesis, we microinjected into the rat DR the benzodiazepine inverse receptor agonist FG 7142, the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT or the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol. Animals were evaluated in the elevated T-maze (ETM) and light/dark transition test. These models generate defensive responses that have been related to GAD and PD. Experiments were also conducted in the ETM 14 days after the selective lesion of DR serotonergic neurons by 5,7-dihydroxytriptamine (DHT). In all cases, rats were pre-exposed to one of the open arms of the ETM 1 day before testing. The results showed that FG 7142 facilitated inhibitory avoidance, an anxiogenic effect, while impairing one-way escape, an anxiolytic effect. 8-OH-DPAT, muscimol, and 5,7-DHT-induced lesions acted in the opposite direction, impairing inhibitory avoidance while facilitating one-way escape from the open arm. In the light/dark transition, 8-OH-DPAT and muscimol increased the time spent in the lighted compartment, an anxiolytic effect. The data supports the view that distinct DR-5-HT pathways regulate neural mechanisms underlying GAD and PD. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Expressão imuno-histoquímica das integrinas α2ß1, α3ß, e α5ß1, em carcinoma epidermóide de lábio inferior e língua

The unpredictable biologic behavior of the oral squamous cells carcinoma has determined extensive research on the evolution of such tumor. Due to the existing relation between the outer cell matrix and the tumor cells, the integrins have been used as markers in the predictive study of the cell behavior. This study aims to analyze immunohistochemically the expression of the integrin α2β1, α3β1, and α5β1 connections for the collagen, the laminin and the fibronectin respectively in 15 cases of squamous cells carcinoma from the lower lip and 15 from the tongue, with different scores of malignance grading. A predominantly diffuse, cytoplasm and granular immunological marking was observed in the majority of the analyzed cases. According to the marking intensity, integrin α2β1 appeared positive in 80% of the lip and in 93,3% of the tongue cases. The immunological reactivity of integrin α3β1 was classified as positive in 60% of both the tongue and lip cases. For this integrin, 20% and 33.3% of the tongue and lip cases, respectively, were negative. In relation to integrin α5β1 the intensity was classified as positive in 53,3% of the cases and strongly positive in 46,7% of those located in the lip. In the tongue carcinomas, the intensity was positive in 46,7% of the cases and strongly positive in 53,3%. The statistic analysis did not show any significant differences or correlation of expression between these integrins nor between the anatomical sites or between different scores of malignancy grading. The expressive immunological marking of the integrins, α2β1, α3β1, and α5β1 in the studied cases of squamous cell carcinomas leads us to think of a great participation of these proteins in oral carcinogenesis; however, our results do not allow us to correlate its expression as an indicator of variations in the biological behavior of this neoplasia

Efeitos da senescência no núcleo supraquiasmático do sagui (Callithrix Jacchus): plasticidade morfológica e neuroquímica

The circadian timing system (CTS) is responsible for the generation and synchronization and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus has been described as the major circadian pacemaker in many mammalian species. The internal temporal organization managed by SCN is disturbed with aging bringing many pathological disorders that range from loss of complex cognitive performance to simple physiological functions. Therefore, our aim was perform a comparative study of the morphological aspects and neurochemical composition in the SCN of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) adults and older using immunohistochemical techniques. We found morphometric and neurochemical changes in th SCN o folder animals in comparison to adults, among these a possible decreased in retinal projection to the SCN of older animals, found through a decline in CTB immunostaining, which can occur due atrophy and/or decreasing of fibers from the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). The Klüver-Barrera histological technique strongly suggests a decrease in those fibers from RHT. Also, by means of a morphometric study, it is found a atrophy and numerical decline of neurons in SCN of aged animals, investigated by Nissl technique, and immunostaining with NeuN and calbindin. Relative optical density (ROD) analysis were used to evaluate the expression of some neurochemical components in SCN, such as GFAP expression, which was increased in older, result that indirectly reinforces that morphological changes occurs due the aging; the vasoactive intestinal polipeptide (VIP) showed no expression alteration in SCN of older animals; the serotonin (5-HT) was descreased in the dorsomedial portion of the SCN, and neurpeptide Y (NPY) apparently also decrease due to the increase of age. Many of these modifications were seen in other animals, such as rodents, human primates and non-human primates. These data about marmoset comes to add new information of the effect of aging on structures responsibles for the circadian rhytmicity, and that some behavioral changes controlled by th SCN, and founded in aged animals, may be caused by these morphological and neurochemical changes. Although some results have been quantitatively negative, qualitatively all analysis show significant change comparing adult and older animals, perhaps due to a low sampling number. In conclusion, the marmoset presents several morphological and neurochemical changes in the SCN of aged animals compared to adults, which may result in behavioral changes that favor pathology aging related

Centros rombencefálicos de processamento auditivo do sagui (Callithrix jacchus): uma análise citoarquitetônica e neuroquímica

The auditory system is composed by a set of relays from the outer ear to the cerebral cortex. In mammals, the central auditory system is composed by cochlear nuclei, superior olivary complex, inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body. In this study, the auditory rombencephalic centers, the cochlear nuclear complex and the superior olivary complex were evaluated from the cytoarchitecture and neurochemical aspects, thorough Nissl staining and immunohistochemical techniques to reveal specific neuron nuclear protein (NeuN), glutamate (Glu), glutamic acid decarboxilase (GAD), enkephalin (ENK), serotonin (5-HT), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and calcium-binding proteins calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR), and parvalbumin (PV). The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a little native primate of the Brazilian atlantic forest was used as an experimental animal. As results, it was noted that the cochlear nuclear complex is composed by anteroventral, posteroventral and dorsal nuclei, and the superior olivary complex is constituted by the lateral and medial superior olivary nuclei and the trapezoid body nucleus. Glu, GAD, ENK, ChAT, CB, CR, PV-immunoreactive cells, fibers and terminals besides besides only 5-HT terminals were found unhomogeneously in all nuclei, of both complex. The emerging data are discussed in a comparative and functional context, and represent an important contribution to knowledge of the central auditory pathways in the common marmoset, and then in primates

Delimitação dos grupamentos serotoninérgicos/núcleos da rafe do mocó (kerodon rupestris): citoarquitetura e imunoistoquímica para serotonina

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a substance found in many tissues of the body, including as a neurotransmitter in the nervous system, in which may exert varied post-synaptic actions. Inside the neuro-axis, the location of 5-HT neurons is almost restricted to the raphe nuclei of the brainstem, such that 5-HT-immunoreactivity can be considered a marker of the raphe nuclei. The raphe nuclei are located in the brainstem, at or near the midline. The serotonergic groups were originally alphanumerically classified as B1 to B9 towards caudorrostral in rats and can be divided into upper and lower groups. In this study the distribution of serotonergic neurons was studied using immunohistochemistry in the brain of the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris), a species of rodent endemic to Northeastern Brazil. The cytoarchitectonic location of serotonergic neurons was established in series of adjacent coronal and sagittal sections stained by the Nissl method and immunohistochemistry for 5-HT. Thus, we defined the raphe rostral linear, caudal linear, dorsal, median, and paramedian pontine raphe nuclei, and B9 cluster, constituting the rostral group, and the interpositus, magnus, obscure and palidus, constituting the caudal part of the group, comparable to which has been described for other mammalian species

Análise citoarquitetônica dos componentes do sistema de temporização circadiana do sagui (Calithrix jacchus), comparada com a inervação das suas principais aferências

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus, together with the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) of the thalamus are considered the central components of the circadian timing system (CTS) of mammals. This system is responsible for the generation and regulation of circadian rhythms by establishing a temporal organization of physiological processes and behaviors. The neuronal specific nuclear protein (NeuN) has been widely used as a neuronal marker in several studies. Since glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a component of intermediate filaments found in the cytoplasm of astrocytes and is commonly used as a specific marker for these cells. This study aims to identify, in the marmoset, the NeuN immunoreactive neurons and glial cells immunoreactive to GFAP, as well as map the major route of photic synchronization of the STC, retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), and identify the indirect pathway to the SCN and pregeniculate nucleus (PGN) - structure homologous to IGL rodents, using immunohistochemical and cytoarchitectonic techniques. Observed in SCN the presence of neurons immunoreactive to NeuN and terminals immunoreactive subunit b of cholera toxin (CTb), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and serotonin (5- HT). In the PGN noted the presence of the NeuN and NPY immunoreactive neurons and the immunoreactive terminals CTb and 5-HT. Astrocytes are present throughout the extent of the SCN and the PGN this New World primate