神农架地区米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林的格局与过程

本文对神农架地区广泛分布的米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林的种群和群落学特征、干扰历史、更新策略、生物量、生产量及元素循环特征进行了研究。得到如下结论： 1 米心水青冈林是神农架地区山地垂直分布的地带性植被类型，主要群落学特征为：（1）建群种明显，该区域主要有2种类型，即米心水青冈林和米心水青冈、锐齿槲栎林;（2）群落结构简单，但物种组成丰富，在6600m~2样地中出现高等植物（不含苔藓植物）77科150属271种，组成种类以蔷薇科、百合科、忍冬科、虎耳草科、樟科、杜鹃花科和壳斗科为主;（3）群落乔木层（占重要值的12％）和灌木层（占盖度的15％）中含有一定比例的常绿树种;（4）群落生活型以高位芽植物（70.89%）占绝对优势，其次为地面芽植物（15.50%）和地下芽植物(12.92%)。 2 米心水青冈是多主干的树种，萌枝现象普遍，但萌枝数量不同地点差异较大。通过萌枝产生的枝群体平均密度为257 ± 99.3n•hm~(-2)。枝群体的年龄结构表现为“幼龄个体数目较多型”和“中国年龄阶段数目较多型”，并且有较多的枝群体表现出一致的年龄结构。从整个群落米心水青冈的年龄结构来看，表现出发展型种群的特点。枝群体的分布格局为随机分布。9丛米心水青冈完整的年轮分析结果表明，它们萌枝的时间不是边疆的，而与森林的受干扰有关。根据83个圆盘和生长锥芯资料，米心水青冈在萌枝后成长为乔木层或林冠层的过程中，径向生长表现为5种模式。这是丛株内竞争的结果。萌枝在米心水青冈林的维持和发展过程中，具有重要的生态学作用。 3 锐齿槲栎林是神农架地区山地垂地分布的地带性植被类型，主要群落学特征为：（1）建群种明显，该区域主要有2种类型，即锐齿槲栎林和锐齿槲栎、米心水青冈林;（2）群落乔木层和灌木层中含有一定比例的常绿树种，和暖温带的落叶栎林有较大差异;（3）群落物种组成丰富，不仅具有典型的温带科属，还有典型亚热带分布的科属，组成种类主要以蔷薇科、百合科、忍冬科、虎耳草科、山茱萸科、杜鹃花科、壳斗科和樟科;（4）生活型以高位芽植物（66.32%）占绝对优势，其次为地面芽（23.51%）和地下芽（9.47%）植物。 4 通过样地调查、树干解析及直径分析法，对米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林受压和释压历史及更新策略进行了研究。米心水青冈直径生长表现为5种模式。而锐齿槲栎只表现为2种模式。85.9 ± 6.9%的米心水青冈有过受压过程，平均受压2.1 ± 0.8次，平均受压时间为47 ± 24.1a，最长受压时间73a，平均释压次数为1.6 ± 0.7次，平均释压时间为23 ± 21.5a，而60.83%的锐齿槲栎都均有1次受压。平均受压时间为19 ± 14a，受压后没有表现出释压过程。结合高生长和径向生长，认为米心水青冈是耐阴树种，它的更新策略是在林下形成苗性萌枝，在有林窗形成时释压生长进入乔木层;而锐齿槲栎是不耐阴树种，它的更新策略是通过产生大量种子，当有大的林窗时，幼苗在林窗内生长逐步进入乔木层。 5 神农架地区102-130a成熟米心水青冈林的生物量在251.31-358.63T•hm~(-2)之间，平均为288.70 ± 48.30T•~(-2)，20-60a锐齿槲栎林群落生物量在134.85-301.20T•hm~(-2)，平均为231.60 ± 78.10T•hm~(-2)。虽然米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林灌木层草本层及藤本植物组成很丰富，但二种类型森林生物量的95％以上集中在乔木层。乔木层生物量主要集中在少数优势种中。在米心水青冈林生物量从大到小的序列中，前5种植物分别占乔木层总生物量58.67%-96.37%不等，同样锐齿槲栎林前5种植物占群落生物量的68.13%-95.26%。常绿植物占乔木层生物量的比例变化较大，米心水青冈林中占2.85-18.70%，锐齿槲栎林中一般常绿植物占0.8-9.98%，只有1个锐齿槲栎林样地常绿植物（主要是粉白杜鹃）占乔木层生物量的44.04%。米心水青冈林生物量根冠比为0.27 ± 0.05，锐齿槲栎林为0.21 ± 0.06。神农架地区米心水青冈林的生物量，在成熟的欧洲水青冈林及日本的水青冈林生物量范围之内，而锐齿槲栎林生物量远远大于我国温带落叶栎林的生物量。 6 神农架地区102-130a米心水青冈林生产量范围在1857-2786g•m~(-2)•a~(-1)，平均为2330 ± 397 g•m~(-2)•a~(-1)。20-60a锐齿槲栎林的生产量范围在1319-2521 g•m~(-2)•a~(-1)，平均为1930 ± 498 g•m~(-2)•a~(-1)。米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林乔木层生产量占群落总生产量的95％以上，乔木层各器官生产量大小顺序为叶> 树干> 枝和根，其中叶生产量占乔木层的一半以上，达53.87 ± 2.72%（米心水青冈林）和57.31 ± 6.23%（锐齿槲栎林）。在乔木层生产量从大到小的序列中，前5种植物平均占乔木层总生产量的81.03 ± 13.94%（米心水青冈林，范围在62.75%-92.66%）和84.23 ± 9.68%（锐齿槲栎林，范围在68.54-95.11%）。米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林群落地下部分生产量占总生产量的比例分别为11.29 ± 1.02%和9.22 ± 2.72。和我国其它地区地带性植被类型相比。米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎生产量是较高的，和亚热带绿阔叶林生产量接近，但在器官分配上两者差异较大。 7 米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林土壤均呈酸性。其中锐齿槲栎林地土壤酸性更强。土壤元素特征表现为Al>C>K>Mg>Ca>N>S、P的特点，富铝化作用明显。8种元素在群落优势植物不同部位含量差异较大，N、P、K、Ca、Mg基本上是以叶片含量最高，树干或根中最低。仅从叶片来看，元素特征表现为C>Ca、N>K>Mg>S>P、Al。优势植物的C/N和C/P显著高于暖温带落叶阔叶林优势植物。8种元素在米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林中积累量分别为147.09 ± 25.60和116.00 ± 37.63 Mg hm~(-2)a~(-1)，其中97％以上积累在群落乔木层。两种森林类型各元素的积累量都表现为C>Ca, N> K> Mg> P> S> Al的特点。米心水青风林和锐齿槲栎林8种元素的年存留量分别为6263 ± 90.8和5946 ±246 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1),其中N、P、K、Ca、Mg 5种主要营养元素的存留量分别为179.7 ± 18.2和169.4 ± 23.5kg hm~(-2) a~(-1)。两种森林类型各元素的存留量都表现为C> N> Ca> K> Mg> S> P> Al。

眼镜王蛇泛素融合蛋白基因和核糖体蛋白L30 基因的克隆及分析

从广西产眼镜王蛇( Ophiophagus hannah) 毒腺中抽提总RNA , 经mRNA 纯化后构建眼镜王蛇毒腺 cDNA 文库。从所构建的cDNA 文库中, 随机筛选200 个克隆测序, 得到两个在进化上高度保守的基因: 泛素融 合蛋白基因(GenBank 登录号为AF297036) 和核糖体蛋白L30 基因(GenBank 登录号是AF297033) 。前者cDNA 的开放阅读框为387 bp , 后者为348 bp 。前者编码128 个氨基酸残基组成的泛素融合蛋白前体; 后者编码115 个氨基酸残基组成的核糖体蛋白L30 前体。由cDNA 序列推导出的氨基酸序列分析表明, 泛素融合蛋白前体包 括N - 末端的泛素结构域(76 个氨基酸残基) 和C - 末端的核糖体蛋白L40 结构域(52 个氨基酸残基) 。该蛋 白为一高碱性蛋白, C 末端含有一个“锌指”模式结构。与16 个物种比较的结果表明, 眼镜王蛇与脊椎动物的 泛素融合蛋白氨基酸序列相似度较高, 具有高度的保守性。

An efficient and robust pitch marking algorithm on the speech waveform for TD-PSOLA

In a Text-to-Speech system based on time-domain techniques that employ pitch-synchronous manipulation of the speech waveforms, one of the most important issues that affect the output quality is the way the analysis points of the speech signal are estimated and the actual points, i.e. the analysis pitchmarks. In this paper we present our methodology for calculating the pitchmarks of a speech waveform, a pitchmark detection algorithm, which after thorough experimentation and in comparison with other algorithms, proves to behave better with our TD-PSOLA-based Text-to-Speech synthesizer (Time- Domain Pitch-Synchronous Overlap Add Text to Speech System).

HIV-1 C亚型密码子优化gp120基因重组腺病毒载体的构建及表达

目的 构建含有HIV-1 C亚型gp120基因重组腺病毒载体,并在293细胞中表达gp120蛋白.方法 PCR扩增,获得HIV-1 C亚型gp120片段,定向克隆入腺病毒转移载体pTrack-CMV,线性化后转化至含有腺病毒骨架载体pAd-easy-1的大肠埃希菌BJ5183,获得重组子prAd-gp120,PacⅠ酶切纯化后转染293细胞,包装成复制缺陷型重组腺病毒vAd-gp120.结果 经PCR、酶切及DNA测序,插入片段大小、方向正确,获得了具有感染力的vAd-gp120重组腺病毒;通过Western 印迹检测,重组腺病毒在293细胞中表达出分子量为120 kD的蛋白.结论 成功构建了含有HIV-1 C亚型gp120基因重组腺病毒载体,并获得该基因的表达.

HSPC117 deficiency in cloned embryos causes placental abnormality and fetal death

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has been successfully used in many species to produce live cloned offspring, albeit with low efficiency. The low frequency of successful development has usually been ascribed to incomplete or inappropriate reprogramming of the transferred nuclear genome. Elucidating the genetic differences between normal fertilized and cloned embryos is key to understand the low efficiency of SCNT. Here, we show that expression of HSPC117, which encodes a hypothetical protein of unknown function, was absent or very low in cloned mouse blastocysts. To investigate the role of HSPC117 in embryo development, we knocked-down this gene in normal fertilized embryos using RNA interference. We assessed the post-implantation survival of HSPC117 knock-down embryos at 3 stages: E9 (prior to placenta formation); E12 (after the placenta was fully functional) and E19 (post-natal). Our results show that, although siRNA-treated in vivo fertilized/produced (IVP) embryos could develop to the blastocyst stage and implanted without any difference from control embryos, the knock-down embryos showed substantial fetal death, accompanied by placental blood clotting, at E12. Furthermore, comparison of HSPC117 expression in placentas of nuclear transfer (NT), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and IVP embryos confirmed that HSPC117 deficiency correlates well with failures in embryo development: all NT embryos with a fetus, as well as IVP and ICSI embryos, had normal placental HSPC117 expression while those NT embryos showing reduced or no expression of HSPC117 failed to form a fetus. In conclusion, we show that HSPC117 is an important gene for post-implantation development of embryos, and that HSPC117 deficiency leads to fetal abnormalities after implantation, especially following placental formation. We suggest that defects in HSPC117 expression may be an important contributing factor to loss of cloned NT embryos in vivo. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The study of biological characteristic and population dynamic of Caspian vimba (Vimba vimba persa), in coastal waters of Caspian Sea (Mazandaran Province)

This study was conducted to determine reproduction characteristics, diet regime, age structure and population dynamics parameters of the vimba vimba persa (Pallas, 1811) in Mazandaran waters of the Caspian Sea, from October 2008 to September 2009. A total of 994 specimens were monthly collected by beach seine and cast net from six fish landings of Ramsar, Tonekabon, Chaloos, Mahmood Abad, Sari and Behshahr. Biometric characters were measured for each specimen at the laboratory. Scales were used for age determination. Sex determination and fecundity were determined. Population dynamic parameters as well as stock assessment including cohort analysis were estimated using FISAT software. The finding showed that the mean of fork length and body weight of the Caspian Vimba were 168.4±2.6 mm and 71.94±32.24 g respectively. Strong correlation was found between these two variables (a= 0.012; b = 3.047; r2 = 0.955). 92 specimens were studied from the fecundity point of view. This species was found to have more abundance in spring (esp. Apr-May). The samples composed of 397(42.6%) male, 537(57.4%) female; Overall sex ratio (M: F =1: 1.35) was significantly different from the expected 1:1 ratio (p ≤0.05). The advanced stages of maturity (4th & 5th) were found in April and May. The highest Gonadosomatic Index in female was in May and the lowest one was in July. This fish is therefore a spring spawner. The maximum absolute and relative fecundities were 34640 and 260.9, respectively; the minimum absolute and relative fecundities were 5400 and 94.5 respectively. The averages of absolute and relative fecundities were 17198±7710 and 171.85±48.8, respectively. Coefficient vacuity index was 59.2% which indicates that this fish is mesophagous. Among of living creature consumes by Caspian Vimba mollusks, 76 arthropods, worms, plants, detritus and fishes were found 32.9% , 26.7% , 13.4% , 17% , 4.4% and 1.6% respectively. The infinite fork lengths were 261 mm for females, 25mm for males and 261 mm for both sexes respectively. For population growth and mortality parameters; K ( 0.28 per year for both sexes, 0.3 per year for males, 0.33 per year for females); t0 ( -0.65 year for both sexes, -0.23 year in females, -0.51 year in males ); Φ' ( 2.28 ); Z ( 0.98 per year ); M ( 0.59 per year); F ( 0.39 per year) and Exploitation coefficient was 0.4. The analysis showed that total biomass and MSY were 1336 and 528.8 tonnes respectively.

Distinct neurobehavioral consequences of prenatal exposure to sulpiride (SUL) and risperidone (RIS) in rats

Antipsychotic treatment during pregnancy is indicated when risk of drug exposure to the fetus is outweighed by the untreated psychosis in the mother. Although increased risk of congenital malformation has not been associated with most available antipsycho

白蚁研究与进展概述

白蚁是昆虫分类系统中比较原始和古老的社会性昆虫.在长期的进化过程中, 群体逐渐演变成具有不同品级和高度分工、组织严密和科学的类群.同时, 随着地球的地质变迁和不断运动, 白蚁的形态特征、生物学特性、以及活动行为朝着有利于种群繁衍和生存的方向发展演化, 构成具有地区特色的生态类型和地理分布. 因此, 白蚁类群往往多用于研究和阐明一些重要的进化概念和作用. 如同源、趋同现象, 平行现象, 退化和适应性进化等. 白蚁以取食各种植物性纤维为主, 营木棲、土棲和土木棲生活. 从而对人类的衣食住行产生一定的影响. 从地球表面的物质循环看, 它在森林生态系统中, 既是一个消费者, 又是一个分解者。

Part II: Binders & technologies - Research

The first report of report series I, II and III entitled 'basic principles' presented details of the binders and technologies available and used in the stabilisation/ solidification (S/S) treatment of hazardous waste and contaminated land. This second report entitled 'research' presents an overview of the main research work, both experimental and numerical, carried out in the UK concentrating on the last decade or so but also highlighting earlier significant research work. The research work is reported under the headings of the individual binders and for each binder the work is presented in chronological order. In this work, most of the S/S materials are prepared by manual/mechanical mixing. The latter part of this report presents research work on S/S materials prepared using soil mixing with mixing augers. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group.