内蒙古毛乌素沙地不同生境油蒿(Artemisia ordosica Krasch.)灌丛地碳动态研究

油蒿(Artemisia ordosica Krasch.)是内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原特有的半灌木，构成该地区沙地优势植被类型。主要分布在固定、半固定沙丘，同时在流动沙丘也有少量分布。它在当地经济价值、防风固沙环保方面均处于无以取代的地位。在毛乌素沙地沙漠化日益扩大的严峻态势下,研究其群落地上、地下过程对生境变化的响应不仅对维持干旱、半干旱区生态系统稳定的管理措施上有所帮助，而且也有助于了解全球变化背景下物种对环境条件的长期变化适应策略。 为此，本项研究以毛乌素沙地为研究区域，利用异速生长关系确立不同生境油蒿生物量最佳回归方程，并调查、比较了毛乌素沙地固定沙丘、半固定沙丘和流动沙丘三个生境油蒿灌丛地的生物量、土壤和植被的碳储量、生产力和细根周转、土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和土壤呼吸。具体结果如下： 1. 建立并比较了油蒿枝、株两个水平上各部分（不含细根）生物量异速生长关系式，其中枝形态指标（枝直径BD、枝长BL、叶枝长LBL）与油蒿叶、枝、果各部分生物量的异速关系最好;株水平上冠层面积CA与其叶、枝干、果、粗根各部分生物量的回归效果较好。不同生境生物量与其生长变量的异速生长关系存在差异。2004年调查的油蒿灌丛生物量从固定沙丘、半固定沙丘到流动沙丘分别是354.8，178.3和30.4 g m-2;各部分（叶、枝干、果、粗根、不同径级细根的)生物量都呈递减趋势。地下根与总生物量比值排序为固定>半固定>流动沙丘。不同生境细根生物量垂直分布存在差异，在固定沙丘根可至100 cm，半固定沙丘达90 cm，而在流动沙丘仅为60 cm，这些结果有助于使了解不同生境中的相同物种如何通过自身形态及其生物量调整来适应生境的差异。 2. 不同生境油蒿灌丛地植被碳储量和土壤碳储量在P < 0.05水平上差异显著，其中固定沙丘植被碳储量和土壤碳储量分别为224.04和7521 g C m-2，半固定沙丘是119.27和3029 g C m-2，流动沙丘是16.83和2300 g C m-2。可见沙区土壤有机碳远大于植被碳量。 3. 利用最大值减最小值方法、标准取样法和内生长土芯法研究了不同生境油蒿灌丛地的地上、粗根生产力和地下细根生产力。发现各生境生产力、细根周转都随着植被盖度增加而增加，地下根生产力与总生产力之比随着植被盖度增加而减少;不同生境油蒿灌丛地生产力在P < 0.05水平上存在显著差异，2005年总生产力范围在18.23-293.82 g m-2 yr-1之间;细根总周转率在0.16-0.54 yr-1之间。 4. 利用异速生产关系确立不同生境不同水平上油蒿叶面积的最佳回归关系式并对不同生境的比叶面积（SLA）进行了比较，其中枝水平上各生境叶面积与枝直径、枝叶长、枝长相关关系在P < 0.001水平上显著;株水平上各生境叶面积与株高、冠层面积相关关系在P < 0.001水平显著;从固定沙丘、半固定沙丘到流动沙丘SLA由大变小，这可能与生境养分差异有关。 5. 不同生境油蒿灌丛地土壤微生物碳、氮和土壤呼吸范围分别在117.99-153.99 mg kg-1、1.49-3.31mg kg-1和0.54-1.96 μmol m-2 s-1之间，它们从固定沙丘、半固定沙丘到流动沙丘依次下降。

Functional programming based CACSD environment

An engineering design environment should allow users to design complex engineering systems, to manage and coordinate the designs as they proceed, and to develop and modify the software tools used for designs. These requirements call for a programming environment with an integrated set of software tools of different functionalities. The required functionalities are mainly: the provision of design algorithms based on suitable numeric software, appropriate data structures for the application area, a user-friendly interface, and the provision of a design database for the long term management of the designs generated. The provision of such an integrated design environment in a functional programming environment with particular emphasis on the provision of appropriate control-theoretic data structures and data model is described. Object-orientation is used to model entities in the application domain, which are represented by persistent objects in the database. Structural properties, relationships and operations on entities are modelled through objects and functions classified into strict types with inheritance semantics and a recursive structure.

Techno-economic analysis of production and marketing of marine by-products in India

Marine by-products coming under the ancillary products group found many applications in pharmaceutical and industrial sectors. Although many of these products are fetching very high price at the export market, adequate statistics regarding their current production, marketing and utilisation is lacking. The present analysis deals with the production potential, level of exploitation, uses, export growth rate and potential for the future of some of these marine by-products. The analysis revealed that an estimated quantity of 205 t. of shells, 10 t. of gastropod operculum, 4,932 t. of shark liver oil and 4,384 t. of shark cartilage could be produced annually in India with the current landings. The production potential of chitin is estimated as 3,560 t. from shrimp shell wastes and 1,354 t. from crab shell wastes. The high unit value of different products clearly indicates the scope for their development by evolving appropriate utilisation and marketing strategies.

Karyotypic conservatism in the suborder Feliformia (Order Carnivora)

Multidirectional comparative chromosome painting was used to investigate the karyotypic relationships among representative species from three Feliformia families of the order Carnivora ( Viverridae, Hyaenidae and Felidae). Complete sets of painting probes derived from flow-sorted chromosomes of the domestic dog, American mink, and human were hybridized onto metaphases of the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta, 2n = 40) and masked palm civet (Paguma larvata, 2n = 44). Extensive chromosomal conservation is evident in these two species when compared with the cat karyotype, and only a few events of chromosome fusion, fission and inversion differentiate the karyotypes of these Feliformia species. The comparative chromosome painting data have enabled the integration of the hyena and palm civet chromosomes into the previously established comparative map among the domestic cat, domestic dog, American mink and human and improved our understanding on the karyotype phylogeny of Feliformia species. Copyright (C) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel.

恒河猴TRIM5α的组织分布及不同刺激促进PBMC中TRIM5α转录水平的上调

TRIM5α(tripartite motif protein 5-alpha)蛋白是恒河猴体内一种非常重要的限制因子,能抑制人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV-1,human immunodeficiency virus type 1)、马感染性贫血病毒(EIAV, equine infectious anemia virus)和猫免疫缺陷病毒(FIV, feline immunodeficiencyvirus)等逆转录病毒的复制.恒河猴TRIM5α的组织分布以及在受到外界刺激时TRIM5α mRNA表达量的变化研究还未见报道.本研究从中国恒河猴的各组织中提取总RNA,以β-actin基因作为内参照,通过半定量RT-PCR检测各组织中TRIMSα mRNA的表达.选择HIV-GFP-VSVG假病毒感染外周血单核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC),非特异性刺激剂--佛波脂(Phorbol myfismte acetate,PMA)+离子霉素(ionomycin,Ion)及CD28抗体+CD49d抗体分别共刺激恒河猴PBMC,研究不同刺激对恒河猴TRIM5α mRNA表达水平的影响.结果表明:TRIM5α mRNA表达于所研究的恒河猴21种组织中,免疫系统和泌尿生殖系统组织中表达量最高,而神经系统组织,如大脑、脊髓中表达较少,其他组织中未见明显的表达差异;HIV-GFP-VSVG感染和用PMA+Ion、CD28抗体+CD49d抗体分别共刺激PBMC能促进PBMC中TRIM5α mRNA的转录水平的上调.

检测猴艾滋病D型逆转录病毒抗体的ELISA技术

云南省应用基础研究基盎以及云南夏长娄中心和昆明动物所 长羹生物学旺台实验室基金资助。

Molecular phylogeny of five species of Dremomys (Rodentia : Sciuridae), inferred from cytochrome b gene sequences

Analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1140 bp) showed that Dremomys lokriah, D. pernyi, D. pyrrhomerus, D. rufigenis and D. gularis all are separate species. Dremomys pyrrhomerus showed 8.5% sequence variation from D. rufigenis, and the level o

Study of density, distribution and yield on benthic fauna and brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) feeding in Laar reservoirs

Lar lake, with the international UTM specification of 39S 579680 3976567 & 39S 589930 3976184 is Situated in Lar national Park with an aerial distance of 55 Km of Tehran along Haraz road. The present research is carried out as part of a comprehensives Plan for assessment of bioresearches of Lar lake & the rivers flowing into it. This research includes examination of there benthic Samplings performed in Lar lake and each of the related rivers including Delichaee, Ab-e-sefid , Alarm & Lar (Kamardasht).Tubifex and Chironomus genus were found to have the highest frequencies of occurrence in the lake with %77.117 & %21.823 respectively followed by Chironomidae and Simulidae from the Diptera order which accounted for %72.328 and %13.812 occurrences in four rivers examined in the Study. The benthic biomass at various examined Sites and the average wet weight of the benthic biomass in station No one in the lake Was 17.397g and the figure for the examined site in Alarm was 20.242 g which were the highest level among Other examination stations the index for the abundance of species in Alarm river was greater than the rest of the examined rivers with 12.57. A sum of 354 Pieces of brown trouts was caught in the course of sampling which were closely investigated in terms of their digestive tract Content. It was identified that Daphniidae and Chironomus constituted the bulk of eaten items from the lake with %17.985 and %63.973 respectively. Meanwhile, Chironomidae and Simuladae were the most frequently eanten benthos by the fish with %81.47 and %7.93 respectively.The index for the relative length of gut was recorded at 0.49± 0.08 which is well indicative of the carnivorous diet of the fish.The index for the feeding intensity amounted to 138  83 showing that the one year old fish were of more feeding intensity.The coefficient of condition (K) was estimated at 1.02  0.142 for all the caught fish. The average wet weight of the benthos was 10.348 g per square meter which if extended to 700ha surface area of the lake, the total macrobenthic production in the lake would amount to 72730Kg of wet weight or 6510 Kg of dry weight. Since the Secondary Production of macrobenthos have always been double that of their biomass, it is reasonable to assume that the Secondary Production of macrobenthos amount to 145640 Kg by their wet weight and Since the energy transfer in the food chain of the lake from benthos to fish is 10 percent, the fish production Capacity Coming from benthic resources of the lake (Lar) would be 14.5 MT, half of which (7000-8000MT) could annually be harvested. Further more, the actual fish Production Capacity might exceed the projected level Since Daphnia, Rotifers and Ostracoda which belong to Zooplanktons, play a part in the natural diet of trout. Meanwhile, rivers Play a major role in fish nutrition and the annual fish production in Delichaee river is about 4481.8Kg while the figures for Ab-e-sefid, Alerm and Lar rivers are 2370.7 4848.7 and 2586.2 Kg respectively, that further increase fish Production in the area and every year half of these resources can be exploitable from the river & the lake.Nevertheless, due to ecological & biological importance of rivers and the probability of environmental Pollution, devastation of natural fish habitats & their nursery grounds, Sport fishing is not recommended at all.

Increase in fish production achieved by stocking exotic species (Lake Kyoga, Uganda)

The Lake Kyoga complex lies towards the north of Uganda, at 311 altitude of 3,400 feet, between 10 and 2° north of the Equator. The lake is extremely elongate and digitate, shallow (1 metre-7 metres), and almost all the coast-line is swampy, with many papyrus beds. Floating islands of sud are a feature. At its eastern extremity, it breaks up into many swampy, isolated lakes. The Nile from its source at Jinja enters Lake Kyoga on its southern side, and leaves the lake at its western extremity, and winds on through to Lake Albert and the Sudan. The Kyoga/Salisbury /Kwania complex covers 2,354 sq. km. of water. Geologically, the lake is a series of flooded river valleys, probably resulting from the uplifting of the western edge of the basin in the Pliocene and the Pleistocene ages aud the endemic fish fauna is very similar to that of Lake Victoria, although Kyoga has not developed the species flocks of haplochromis which characterise the larger lake. The Victoria fauna extends down-stream of Lake Kyoga to the Murchison Falls on the Nile, which forms an almost complete barrier between Kyoga and the typical nilotic fauna of the Nile below Murchison and Lake Albert.