Florescimento e produção de maracujazeiro-amarelo obtido por enxertia hipocotiledonar em Jaboticabal-SP e Araguari-MG

O trabalho foi realizado no ripado e na área de Fruticultura do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV/UNESP), em Jaboticabal-SP, e em área de pequeno produtor fornecedor da Maguari (Kraft Foods do Brasil) em Araguari-MG, tendo por objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento de maracujazeiro-amarelo enxertado por enxertia hipocotiledonar, sobre seis espécies de Passifloraceas. Foram utilizados sete tratamentos, sendo seis tratamentos com as espécies: P. edulis f. flavicarpa, P. caerulea, P. alata, P. gibertii, P. coccinea, P. cincinnata e um tratamento com pé-franco de P. edulis f. flavicarpa. Para todos os tratamentos, a variedade-copa utilizada foi o maracujazeiro-amarelo 'FB 200'. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. A parcela foi constituída de uma linha de quatro plantas (20m lineares). A condução foi realizada conforme os tratos culturais recomendados para a cultura. As características avaliadas foram florescimento, produção, número e peso médio de frutos. em Jaboticabal-SP, o pé-franco apresentou melhor desenvolvimento e maior produção que as plantas enxertadas. em Araguari-MG, P. edulis f. flavicarpa, P. caerulea e pé-franco apresentaram melhor produção. Não houve diferença significativa no número de frutos, e o P. alata diminuiu, em relação aos outros porta-enxertos, o peso dos frutos.

Crescimento de mudas de Gonçalo-Alves (Astronium fraxinifolium) sob diferentes fontes e doses de nitrogênio

A degradação do cerrado e a perda de sua biodiversidade demandam a revegetação de áreas desse bioma, onde existem espécies com potencial de uso econômico e ambiental pouco conhecidos. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes e doses de nitrogênio sobre o crescimento de mudas de Gonçalo-Alves (Astronium fraxinifolium), espécie arbórea nativa do cerrado ameaçada de extinção. O experimento foi realizado em estufa na UNESP/Campus de Ilha Solteira. O solo utilizado (Latossolo Vermelho) foi coletado na profundidade de 0,0 a 0,20 m, em Selvíria (MS). As fontes de nitrogênio utilizadas ((NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3 e Ca(NO3)2) foram aplicadas nas doses de 0; 50; 100; 150 e 200 mg dm-3. O N aplicado na forma de Ca(NO3)2 apresentou melhor resultado para o solo utilizado. O crescimento das mudas de Gonçalo-Alves não foi influenciado pelas diferentes fontes de N, mas respondeu às doses. A altura da planta, o diâmetro do coleto, o teor de clorofila foliar, o peso da matéria fresca e seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, o peso seco total, bem como o IQD e a razão entre o peso da matéria seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, apresentaram valor máximo para doses que variaram de 59,0 a 72,5 mg dm-3 de N, permitindo sugerir a dose de 72,5 mg dm-3 de N como suficiente para o crescimento satisfatório de mudas de Gonçalo-Alves.

Efeito da presença das plantas daninhas no microclima da cultura da cevada

Um experimento foi realizado com cevada (Hordeum vulgare L.) em condições de campo, com o objetivo de avaliar , durante um período de estiagem (82 e 89 dia após a emergência da cevada), o microclima formado pela cultura mantida na presença ou ausência de plantas daninhas desde o início do ciclo. Foram avaliados o teor de água do solo, umidade relativa, temperatura, tensão de vapor d'água, déficit de saturação de vapor d'água, potencial água e teor de água do ar nos períodos da s 8: 30 às 9:00, 11:30 às 12:00, 14:30 às 15:00 e 17:30 às 18:00 horas a 0,0m, 0,10m, 0,20m, 0,30m, 0,40m, 0,50m, 0,60m e 0,70m de altura na entrelinha da cultura. A presença das plantas daninhas na cultura durante o período de estiagem contribuiu para reduzir as perdas de água do solo para a atmosfera. Nos três primeiros períodos do dia e nas áreas mais próximas do solo, a cultura mantida no mato os menores valores de temperatura e déficit de saturação de vapor d'água do ar, e os maiores valores de umidade relativa, tensão de vapor d'água, potencial água e teor de água do ar, que proporcionaram redução do consumo de água do solo.

Influência de embalagens e temperatura no armazenamento de jabuticabas (Myrciaria jabuticaba (Vell) Berg) cv 'SABARÁ'

Foram avaliadas jabuticabas 'sabará' maduras, acondicionadas em bandejas de polietileno tereftalato, revestidas externamente com filme plástico de PVC, esticável e alto aderente, de 12 e 20 micras, e em bandejas de poliestireno expandido, revestidas externamente com filme plástico de PVC, esticável e alto aderente, de 12 e 20 micras. Cada bandeja recebeu 25 frutos. As bandejas foram armazenadas à temperatura de 11±1ºC com 98%UR e em condições de ambiente (23,6 a 28,3ºC com 53,7 a 68,3%UR). Como controle utilizaram-se frutos acondicionados em bandejas de polietileno tereftalato (12x20x5cm) não recobertas com filme plástico. Considerando-se os resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que o uso de embalagem associada à baixa temperatura reduziu a perda de massa fresca, prolongou a vida-útil dos frutos com manutenção da aparência até 6 dias, não influenciou na evolução dos teores de acidez total titulável, sólidos solúveis totais e pH, mas interferiu na evolução de carboidratos solúveis e vitamina C. Os frutos acondicionados não recobertos com filme plástico e armazenados em condições ambiente resistiram 2 dias, mas ao final não apresentaram aparência aceitável para comercialização, pois haviam emurchecido e enrugado. As condições de refrigeração (11±1ºC) melhoraram a resistência dos frutos acondicionados não recobertos com filmes plásticos, entretanto, após 4 dias apresentaram má aparência.

Effect of the passive recovery period on the lactate minimum speed in sprinters and endurance runners

The objective of this study was to verify the effect of the passive recovery time following a supramaximal sprint exercise and the incremental exercise test on the lactate minimum speed (LMS). Thirteen sprinters and 12 endurance runners performed the following tests: 1) a maximal 500 m sprint followed by a passive recovery to determine the time to reach the peak blood lactate concentration; 2) after the maximal 500 m sprint, the athletes rested eight mins, and then performed 6 x 800 m incremental test, in order to determine the speed corresponding to the lower blood lactate concentration (LMS1) and; 3) identical procedures of the LMS1, differing only in the passive rest time, that was performed in accordance with the time to peak lactate (LMS2). The time (min) to reach the peak blood lactate concentration was significantly higher in the sprinters (12.76+/-2.83) than in the endurance runners (10.25+/-3.01). There was no significant difference between LMS1 and LMS2, for both endurance (285.7+/-19.9; 283.9+/-17.8 m/min; r= 0.96) and sprint runners (238.0+/-14.1; 239.4+/-13.9 m/min; r= 0.93), respectively. We can conclude that the LMS is not influenced by a passive recovery period longer than eight mins (adjusted according with the time to peak blood lactate), although blood lactate concentration may differ at this speed. The predominant type of training (aerobic or anaerobic) of the athletes does not seem to influence the phenomenon previously described.

Effect of tegument integrity on the light sensitivity in seeds of Cucumis anguria L

Cucumis anguria present dark germinating seeds at 25 degrees C. Seeds without the tegument are photosensitive germinating better in darkness than under continuous white light. However, pre-incubation at 40 degrees C for 48 hours allows the seeds to germinate under continuous white light and the incubation of naked seeds at -0.6MPa restored the light inhibition of seed germination. Our results suggest that the tegument interact with the phytochrome in the control of seed germination in part of the population of seed of C. anguria.

Blood glucose responses in humans mirror lactate responses for individual anaerobic threshold and for lactate minimum in track tests

The equilibrium point between blood lactate production and removal (La-min(-)) and the individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) protocols have been used to evaluate exercise. During progressive exercise, blood lactate [La-](b), catecholamine and cortisol concentrations, show exponential increases at upper anaerobic threshold intensities. Since these hormones enhance blood glucose concentrations [Glc](b), this study investigated the [Glc] and [La-](b) responses during incremental tests and the possibility of considering the individual glucose threshold (IGT) and glucose minimum;(Glc(min)) in addition to IAT and La-min(-) in evaluating exercise. A group of 15 male endurance runners ran in four tests on the track 3000 m run (v(3km)); IAT and IGT- 8 x 800 m runs at velocities between 84% and 102% of v(3km); La-min(-) and Glc(min) - after lactic acidosis induced by a 500-m sprint, the subjects ran 8 x 800 m at intensities between 87% and 97% of v(3km); endurance test (ET)- 30 min at the velocity of IAT. Capillary blood (25 mu l) was collected for [La-](b) and [Glc](b) measurements. The TAT and IGT were determined by [La-](b) and [Glc](b) kinetics during the second test. The La-min(-) and Glc(min) were determined considering the lowest [La-] and [Glc](b) during the third test. No differences were observed (P < 0.05) and high correlations were obtained between the velocities at IAT [283 (SD 19) and IGT 281 (SD 21)m. min(-1); r = 0.096; P < 0.001] and between La,, [285 (SD 21)] and Glc(min) [287 (SD 20) m. min(-1) = 0.77; P < 0.05]. During ET, the [La-](b) reached 5.0 (SD 1.1) and 5.3 (SD 1.0) mmol 1(-1) at 20 and 30 min, respectively (P > 0.05). We concluded that for these subjects it was possible to evaluate the aerobic capacity by IGT and Glc(min), as well as by IAT and La-min(-).

Relationships and significance of lactate minimum, critical velocity, heart rate deflection and 3 000 m track-tests for running

The running velocities associated to lactate minimum (V-lm), heart rate deflection (V-HRd), critical velocity (CV), 3000 M (V-3000) and 10000 m performance (V-10km) were compared. Additionally the ability of V-lm and VHRd on identifying sustainable velocities was investigated.Methods. Twenty runners (28.5 +/- 5.9 y) performed 1) 3000 m running test for V3000; 2) an all-out 500 in sprint followed by 6x800 m incremental bouts with blood lactate ([lac]) measurements for V-lm; 3) a continuous velocity-incremented test with heart rate measurements at each 200 m for V-HRd; 4) participants attempted to 30 min of endurance test both at V-lm(ETVlm) and V-HRd(ETVHRd). Additionally, the distance-time and velocity-1/time relationships produced CV by 2 (500 m and 3000 m) or 3 predictive trials (500 m, 3000 m and distance reached before exhaustion during ETVHRd), and a 10 km race was recorded for V-10km.Results. The CV identified by different methods did not differ to each other. The results (m(.)min(-1)) revealed that V-.(lm) (281 +/- 14.8)< CV (292.1 +/- 17.5)=V-10km (291.7 +/- 19.3)< V-HRd (300.8 +/- 18.7)=V-3000 (304 +/- 17.5) with high correlation among parameters (P < 0.001). During ETVlm participants completed 30 min of running while on the ETVHRd they lasted only 12.5 +/- 8.2 min with increasing [lac].Conclusion. We evidenced that CV and Vim track-protocols are valid for running evaluation and performance prediction and the parameters studied have different significance. The V-lm reflects the moderate-high intensity domain (below CV), can be sustained without [lac] accumulation and may be used for long-term exercise while the V-HRd overestimates a running intensity that can be sustained for long-time. Additionally, V-3000 and V-HRd reflect the severe intensity domain (above CV).

Cytotoxic effects of cleansing solutions recommended for chemical lavage of pulp exposures

Purpose: To evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic effects of three cleansing solutions used for chemical lavage of pulp exposures. Materials and Methods: the immortalized odontoblast cell line (MDPC-23) was plated (30,000 cells/cm(2)) and incubated for 72 hrs in 24-well dishes. After counting the cell number under inverted light microscopy, 20 mul of the experimental and control solutions were added to 980 mul of fresh culture medium. Then, hydrogen peroxide (3%, H2O2), sodium hypochlorite (6%, NaOCl) or calcium hydroxide-saline solution (5g of Ca(OH)(2) in 10 mi of sterile distilled water) were added to wells for experimental Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The positive and negative control groups received Syntac Sprint bonding agent (SS) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS), respectively. Following incubation for 120 min the cell number was counted again, the cell morphology was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the cell metabolism was determined by the methyltetrazolium (MTT) assay. The scores obtained from cell counting and MTT assay were analyzed with an ANOVA followed by Fisher's PLSD tests. Results: H2O2 NaOCl solutions, and SS bonding agent were more cytotoxic than Ca(OH)2 or PBS. In the groups with H2O2 Or SS, only a few cells remained attached to the bottom of wells. The difference between these two groups was not statistically significant. H2O2, NaOCl and SS depressed the mitochondrial enzyme response by 97.7%, 97.3%, and 95.0%, respectively. on the other hand, Ca(OH)2 depressed the metabolic activity of cells by only 5%. While H2O2, NaOCl and SS caused extreme changes on the cell morphology, neither Ca(OH)2 nor PBS promoted dramatic changes in the cell morphology.

Coastal Marine Mapping as an Ecosystem Based Management - the case study of the Baixada Santista Region - São Paulo, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effect of drying method on the sorption isotherms and isosteric heat of persimmon pulp powder

Moisture equilibrium data of persimmon pulp powders with 50% maltodextrin (dry basis) obtained with different drying methods were determined at 20, 30, 40 and 50 degrees C. The spray-dryer gave a dry product with a higher adsorption capacity than the other methods. The vacuum- and freeze-dried products had the same adsorption capacity. The highest isosteric heat of sorption was observed for powders produced by spray-drying. The isokinetic temperature (T(B)) calculated for persimmon pulp powder obtained by vacuum-, spray- and freeze-drying were 541.4 K, 616.3 K, 513.2 K, respectively. The sorption process was spontaneous and enthalpy controlled.

Variabilidade espacial da textura de um argissolo vermelho amarelo sob cultivo de pastagem e vegetação nativa

The study of the spatial variability of soil attributes under different crop helps the study of changes due the management. This research was carried out to determine spatial variability the particle-size distribution, using of the classic statistic and geostatistics, of a soil cultivated with pasture and native vegetation. Soil samples were collected in the layer 0-0.20m, at the crossing points of a regular grid with 10m-intervals, summing up 64 samples points in each area. In the pasture area the fractions of coarse and total sand presented larger mean values in relation to the native vegetation, and negative correlation with the altitude of the points samples in the two areas. All of the fractions presented moderate to high spatial dependence in the two areas and with the defined still, with exception of the fine sand and the silt in the pasture. Much of this variability occurs as a function of water erosion.

Variabilidade espacial da resistência do solo à penetração e do teor de água em sistema de plantio direto na cultura da soja

A harmful and limiting factor regarding culture productivity is soil compaction, a parameter that can be quantified by the resistance of the soil to penetration and highly influenced by water content. These variables present spatial and temporary variability, characteristics which can be determined by the geostatistical technique. In the light of the above, the present work had as its objective the study of spatial variability of soil resistance to penetration (RP) and water content in the soil (U) in soy culture. The RP values at depths of 0,00-0,10; 0,11-0,20 and 0,21-0,30 m varied from 2,9 to 4,28 MPa and are considered harmful to the root development of legumes, although they have not influenced soy productivity which was 3887 kg ha(-1). The medium water content of the soil was between 0,210 and 0,213 kg kg(-1) for the three depths studied. The resistance of the soil to penetration, expressed through semivariograms, presented spatial dependence at all depths, being adjusted to the spherical model at depths of 0,00-0,10m and exponential at depths of 0,110,20 and 0,21-0,30 m. The spatial variability for all studied layers presented a range of about 20m. The water content in the soil did not present spatial dependence for the depths, presenting randomized distribution.