Dixmude, commémoration de la bataille de l'Yser [26 octobre 1919] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 56678

Health care workers' influenza vaccination: motivations and mandatory mask policy

BACKGROUND: Vaccination of health care workers (HCW) against seasonal influenza (SI) is recommended but vaccination rate rarely reach >30%. Vaccination coverage against 2009 pandemic influenza (PI) was 52% in our hospital, whilst a new policy requiring unvaccinated HCW to wear a mask during patient care duties was enforced. AIMS: To investigate the determinants of this higher vaccination acceptance for PI and to look for an association with the new mask-wearing policy. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study, involving HCW of three critical departments of a 1023-bed, tertiary-care university hospital in Switzerland. Self-reported 2009-10 SI and 2009 PI vaccination statuses, reasons and demographic data were collected through a literature-based questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, uni- and multivariate analyses were then performed. RESULTS: There were 472 respondents with a response rate of 54%. Self-reported vaccination acceptance was 64% for PI and 53% for SI. PI vaccination acceptance was associated with being vaccinated against SI (OR 9.5; 95% CI 5.5-16.4), being a physician (OR 7.7; 95% CI 3.1-19.1) and feeling uncomfortable wearing a mask (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.0-2.8). Main motives for refusing vaccination were: preference for wearing a surgical mask (80% for PI, not applicable for SI) and concerns about vaccine safety (64%, 50%) and efficacy (44%, 35%). CONCLUSIONS: The new mask-wearing policy was a motivation for vaccination but also offered an alternative to non-compliant HCW. Concerns about vaccine safety and efficiency and self-interest of health care workers are still main determinants for influenza vaccination acceptance. Better incentives are needed to encourage vaccination amongst non-physician HCW.

1. Svenska Konkordia Förbundets årsberättelser 1915-1913 och 1918

14 x 22 cm

Clifton Inn cheque, 1918.

The first Clifton Hotel was built in 1832, but was destroyed by fire in 1898. A second hotel was built on the same site in 1906. This second hotel was much larger and included a branch of the Imperial Bank, a Gray Coach Lines Terminal, and several stores. For many years the inn was operated by George Major, but came under the control of the United Hotel Co. in 1919. The hotel was destroyed by fire in 1932. Oakes Garden Theatre currently occupies the location where the hotels once stood.

Letter - E.C. Schmon to Arthur A. Schmon, 12 December 1918

The letter begins with discussion of Xmas gifts. Arthur is sending a German helmet souvenir and Eleanore Celeste plans to put it in their den. She then talks about Spanish influenza spreading "there are hundreds of new cases reported every day..." This letter is labelled number 201.

Prise de parole au féminin : la paix et les relations internationales dans les revendications du mouvement de femmes pour la paix en France (1919-1934)

Au terme de la Grande Guerre (1914-1918), rares sont ceux et celles qui ne rêvent pas d’un monde nouveau. Après quatre années de souffrance et d’angoisse, la paix s’impose comme une pulsion de vie qui touche toutes les populations impliquées dans le conflit, en premier lieu celles qui ont connu les combats sur leur propre territoire. Un nombre record de mouvements pour la paix émerge des cendres de la guerre, dont plusieurs sont spécifiquement féminins. Pour ces femmes, privées du droit de vote et donc exclues de la vie politique au sens traditionnel, ces mouvements apparaissent comme autant de nouveaux espaces d’actions politiques. À travers leur lutte pacifiste, elles investissent le champ politique et social, avec des débats qui n’ignorent aucune des grandes questions de l’entre-deux-guerres. C’est donc dans cette perspective que les femmes prennent parole : même si elles n’ont pas connu comme les hommes les champs de bataille, elles ont aussi souffert pendant le conflit et revendiquent le droit de « refaire le monde ». Ces quelques femmes sont toutefois longtemps restées dans l’ombre : doublement ignorées en raison de leur pacifisme et de leur sexe. L’historiographie de l’entre-deux-guerres en France a en effet longtemps négligé leur travail dans l’établissement de la paix et dans les relations internationales. Cette thèse cherche donc à combler un vide laissé par une historiographie trop longtemps axée seulement sur les hommes politiques et liant de façon trop stricte l’action politique et le droit de vote. À partir de l’analyse de cinq associations pacifistes féminines – la Section française de la Ligue internationale des femmes pour la paix et la liberté (SFLIFPL), la Ligue des femmes contre la Guerre (LFCG), l’Union féminine pour la Société des Nations (UFSDN), l’Union fraternelle des femmes contre la guerre (UFFCG) et la Ligue internationale des mères et des éducatrices pour la paix (LIMEP) – notre recherche propose une nouvelle analyse des affaires internationales en abordant les questions de la paix, de la réconciliation franco-allemande et du désarmement au féminin. Elle met également en lumière les discours sur le rôle et la place des femmes dans la société de l’entre-deux-guerres et cherche à comprendre comment les pacifistes contournent leur exclusion des affaires politiques et légitiment leurs démarches dans la construction de la société d’après-guerre.

Germany 1918-1945.

Se adapta a los temas que se incluyen en los exámenes para la obtención del título del General Certificate Secondary Education (GCSE), además de modelos de preguntas. Su contenido incluye: los primeros años de la Alemania de Weimar entre 1919 y 1923; la República de Weimar de 1924 a 1933; la dictadura nazi y la vida durante el Tercer Reich, la preparación de la guerra y la vida diaria durante ella.

Historia de la “gripe española” que llegó a Quito en 1918

La “gripe española” –nombre asignado a la pandemia de gripe debido a que la prensa española propagó con mayor énfasis la noticia de la enfermedad- se originó en Kansas, EEUU. Fue provocada por una mutación gripal aviar (en el marco de condiciones económicas, sociales y ambientales que facilitaron la circunstancia originaria de la gripe y los factores del contagio) que inicialmente afectó a algunos ciudadanos estadounidenses muchos de los cuales, como parte de las tropas de su ejército, fueron conducidos hacia Europa, en el año de 1918. Desde los EEUU la gripe se difundió en los territorios de la primera guerra mundial, pero también se propagó por otras zonas del orbe, causando una mortandad que osciló entre 60 y 70 millones de víctimas. La “gripe española” llegó a Quito en diciembre de 1918. Se extendió hasta enero de 1919; provocó en ese lapso alrededor de15 mil casos de contagio y 185 muertos. Los efectos de esta pandemia fueron menos agresivos en Quito que en el resto de la región. Aquello se debió a las voces de alerta provocados por la prensa local y debido a la puesta en macha, mediante la “Cartilla sobre la gripe” y el “Instructivo de la Facultad de Medicina” –los dos documentos concebidos por Isidro Ayora- de una política informativa y preventiva en diversos niveles. El Cabildo jugó un rol importante a pesar que ante las políticas higienistas propuestas se evidenció algunos desfases desde el conjunto de la Institucionalidad.

Infection of human airway epithelium by human and avian strains of influenza a virus

We describe the characterization of influenza A virus infection of an established in vitro model of human pseudostratified mucociliary airway epithelium (HAE). Sialic acid receptors for both human and avian viruses, alpha-2,6- and alpha-2,3-linked sialic acids, respectively, were detected on the HAE cell surface, and their distribution accurately reflected that in human tracheobronchial tissue. Nonciliated cells present a higher proportion of alpha-2,6-linked sialic acid, while ciliated cells possess both sialic acid linkages. Although we found that human influenza viruses infected both ciliated and nonciliated cell types in the first round of infection, recent human H3N2 viruses infected a higher proportion of nonciliated cells in HAE than a 1968 pandemic-era human virus, which infected proportionally more ciliated cells. In contrast, avian influenza viruses exclusively infected ciliated cells. Although a broad-range neuraminidase abolished infection of HAE by human parainfluenza virus type 3, this treatment did not significantly affect infection by influenza viruses. All human viruses replicated efficiently in HAE, leading to accumulation of nascent virus released from the apical surface between 6 and 24 h postinfection with a low multiplicity of infection. Avian influenza A viruses also infected HAE, but spread was limited compared to that of human viruses. The nonciliated cell tropism of recent human H3N2 viruses reflects a preference for the sialic acid linkages displayed on these cell types and suggests a drift in the receptor binding phenotype of the H3 hemagglutinin protein as it evolves in humans away from its avian virus precursor.

Attenuating mutations in the influenza virus genome which may increase the safety of vaccine production

Influenza virus epidemics occur on an annual basis and cause severe disease in the very young and old. The vaccine administered to high-risk groups is generated by amplifying reassortant viruses, with chronologically relevant viral surface antigens, in eggs. Every 20 years or so, influenza pandemics occur causing widespread fatality in all age groups. These viruses display novel viral surface antigens acquired from a zoonotic source, and vaccination against them poses new issues since production of large amounts of a respiratory virus containing novel surface antigens could be dangerous for those involved in manufacture. To minimise risks, it is advisable to use a virus whose genetic backbone is highly attenuated in man. Traditionally, the A/PR/8/34 strain of virus is used, however, the genetic basis of its attenuation is unclear. Cold-adapted (CA) strains of the influenza virus are all based on the H2N2 subtype, itself a virus with pandemic potential, and again the genetic basis of temperature sensitivity is not yet established. Reverse genetics technology allows us to engineer designer influenza viruses to order. Using this technology, we have been investigating mutations in several different gene segments to effectively attenuate potential vaccine strains allowing the safe production of vaccine to protect against the next pandemic. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A single amino acid in the HA of pH1N1 2009 influenza virus affects cell tropism in human airway epithelium, but not transmission in ferrets

The first pandemic of the 21(st) century, pandemic H1N1 2009 (pH1N1 2009), emerged from a swine-origin source. Although human infections with swine-origin influenza have been reported previously, none went on to cause a pandemic or indeed any sustained human transmission. In previous pandemics, specific residues in the receptor binding site of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein of influenza have been associated with the ability of the virus to transmit between humans. In the present study we investigated the effect of residue 227 in HA on cell tropism and transmission of pH1N1 2009. In pH1N1 2009 and recent seasonal H1N1 viruses this residue is glutamic acid, whereas in swine influenza it is alanine. Using human airway epithelium, we show a differential cell tropism of pH1N1 2009 compared to pH1N1 2009 E227A and swine influenza suggesting this residue may alter the sialic acid conformer binding preference of the HA. Furthermore, both pH1N1 2009 E227A and swine influenza multi-cycle viral growth was found to be attenuated in comparison to pH1N1 2009 in human airway epithelium. However this altered tropism and viral growth in human airway epithelium did not abrogate respiratory droplet transmission of pH1N1 2009 E227A in ferrets. Thus, acquisition of E at residue 227 was not solely responsible for the ability of pH1N1 2009 to transmit between humans.

Characteristics of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Infected with the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Virus

Background and objectives: There have been few studies investigating acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients infected with the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with AKI in H1N1-infected patients. Design, setting, participants, & measurements: This was a study of 47 consecutive critically ill adult patients with reverse transcriptase-PCR-confirmed H1N1 infection in Brazil. Outcome measures were AKI (as defined by the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-stage renal failure [RIFLE] criteria) and in-hospital death. Results: AKI was identified in 25 (53%) of the 47 H1N1-infected patients. AKI was associated with vasopressor use, mechanical ventilation, high Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores, and severe acidosis as well as with higher levels of C-reactive protein and lactic dehydrogenase upon intensive care unit (ICU) admission. A nephrology consultation was requested for 16 patients (64%), and 8 (50%) required dialysis. At ICU admission, 7 (15%) of the 25 AKI patients had not yet progressed to AKI. However, by 72 hours after ICU admission, no difference in RIFLE score was found between AKI survivors and nonsurvivors. Of the 47 patients, 9 (19%) died, all with AKI. Mortality was associated with mechanical ventilation, vasopressor use, dialysis, high APACHE II score, high bilirubin levels, and a low RIFLE score at ICU admission. Conclusions: Among critically ill H1N1-infected patients, the incidence of AKI is high. In such patients, AKI is mainly attributable to shock. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5: 1916-1921, 2010. doi: 10.2215/CJN.00840110

Vilhelm Ekelund och den fransk-italienska kultursfären : Några nedslag i de tidiga prosaverken - från Antikt ideal (1909) till Attiskt i fågelperspektiv (1919)

Vilhelm Ekelund och den fransk-italienska kultursfären: Några nedslag i de tidiga prosaverken – från Antikt ideal (1909) till Attiskt i fågelperspektiv (1919). (Vilhelm Ekelund and the French and Italian cultural heritage: A study of his early prose – from Antikt ideal (1909) to Attiskt i fågelperspektiv (1919)). The Swedish poet, essayist and aphorist Vilhelm Ekelund was not only influenced by German literature and philosophy, he also wrote extensive literary criticism on the subject of Romance language authors. This article discusses Ekelund’s relationship to some of the most influential French and Italian writers – as it can be seen in his work during the period 1909-1919. This relationship was ambiguous: he paid homage to French authors such as Montaigne, Montesquieu, Stendhal and Comte – as well as to the Italian poet and philosopher Leopardi – but he also severely criticized such distinguished writers as Baudelaire, Rousseau and Maupassant. One conclusion of this article is that the authors praised by Ekelund all venerate the Greek and Roman cultural heritage, whereas the despised novelists and poets were, in his opinion, either too “modern” or too “feminine” – both highly pejorative adjectives in the author’s terminology. It is also noted that Ekelund’s most ferocious attacks date from the first part of the decade, before he entered a more harmonic period with the works Metron (1918) and Attiskt i fågelperspektiv (1919).