How Should the Articular Disk Position Be Analyzed?

Purpose: To compare 2 methods used to determine the disk position based on sagittal magnetic resonance images. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study of patients with the signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders was conducted. The patients' ages and gender distributions were collected. The disk position diagnosis from the clinical examination was considered the primary outcome. Three observers evaluated the presence of anterior displacement on magnetic resonance images according to 2 criteria: method 1 (12-o'clock position) and method 2 (location of the intermediate zone). To assess the intraobserver variability of the 2 methods, the examiners evaluated the same magnetic resonance images at the beginning of the study (time 1) and 40 days later (time 2). The intraobserver agreement was assessed using the observed agreement and the kappa statistic. McNemar's test was used to assess the differences between each method and the clinical examination findings (P < .05). The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated by comparing the diagnosis from each method with that from the clinical examination (considered the reference standard). Results: The final sample was composed of 20 subjects with a mean age of 33.0 +/- 33.7 years; 3 were men (15%) and 17 were women (85%). A statistically significant difference between the 2 methods was found. Method 1 yielded a greater percentage of anterior displaced disks (52.5%). The agreement between the clinical diagnosis and method 1 was lower (70.0%) than that between the clinical diagnosis and method 2 (87.5%). No statistically significant difference was found between the clinical diagnosis and method 2. Conclusion: The disk position should be judged according to the intermediate zone criterion. (C) 2012 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofac Surg 70:1534-1539, 2012

Synthesis of carbon nanomaterials from corn waste (DDGS)

Syntesis of carbon nanomaterials from corn waste (DDGS). The world's largest ethanol producer (USA) uses corn as feedstock. DDGS (distillers dried grains with solubles) is the main waste generated from this process (around 32 million t/year). DDGS samples were pyrolyzed at 1000 degrees C in a furnace with controlled atmosphere. The effluent was channeled to a second furnace, in which catalyst substrates were placed. Chromatographic analysis was used to evaluate the gaseous effluents, showing that the catalyst reduced hydrocarbon emissions. The solid products formed were analyzed by SEM and TEM. Graphitic structures and carbon nanofibers, 50 mu m in length and with diameters of 80-200 nm, were formed.

MULTI-BUMP SOLUTIONS FOR A CLASS OF QUASILINEAR EQUATIONS ON R

This paper is concerned with the existence of multi-bump solutions to a class of quasilinear Schrodinger equations in R. The proof relies on variational methods and combines some arguments given by del Pino and Felmer, Ding and Tanaka, and Sere.

Risks, Benefits, and Therapeutic Potential of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Autoimmune Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that results from the autoimmune response against pancreatic insulin producing beta cells. Apart of several insulin regimens, since the decade of 80s various immunomodulatory regimens were tested aiming at blocking some steps of the autoimmune process against beta cell mass and at promoting beta cell preservation. In the last years, some independent research groups tried to cure type 1 diabetes with an "immunologic reset" provided by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed patients, and the majority of patients became free form insulin with increasing levels of C-peptide along the time. In this review, we discuss the biology of hematopoietic stem cells and the possible advantages and disadvantages related to the high dose immunosuppression followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Síntese de nanomateriais de carbono a partir do resíduo de milho (DDGS)

The world's largest ethanol producer (USA) uses corn as feedstock. DDGS (distillers dried grains with solubles) is the main waste generated from this process (around 32 million t/year). DDGS samples were pyrolyzed at 1000 ºC in a furnace with controlled atmosphere. The effluent was channeled to a second furnace, in which catalyst substrates were placed. Chromatographic analysis was used to evaluate the gaseous effluents, showing that the catalyst reduced hydrocarbon emissions. The solid products formed were analyzed by SEM and TEM. Graphitic structures and carbon nanofibers, 50 µm in length and with diameters of 80-200 nm, were formed.

Ravenna e la Darsena di città Progetto per un museo e centro di ricerca di scienze ambientali

Il mio lavoro di tesi è partito da uno studio approfondito del contesto in cui si trova la Darsena di Ravenna, la mia area di progetto. Tutta la storia dell’evoluzione di Ravenna è legata soprattutto a due fattori principali: la necessità di difendersi dalle incursioni esterne e il continuo adattarsi alle trasformazioni del territorio soprattutto per quanto riguarda la linea di costa e il corso dei due fiumi che la circondano, il Ronco e il Montone. Questi due fattori hanno fatto si che Ravenna sia apparsa, sin dai primi secoli d. C., una città cinta da grandi mura, circondate da fiumi. Il Ronco e il Montone, sono poi diventati, a metà del XVI sec. i protagonisti principali della storia di Ravenna. I diversi progetti che si sono susseguiti nel tempo per cercare di deviarli e allontanarli dalla città, dato che ormai rappresentavano solo un grosso pericolo di alluvione, hanno determinato l’abbandono del primo porto della città, voluto dall’imperatore Augusto e la nascita dell’attuale canale Candiano. Fin dall’inizio il nuovo porto di Ravenna ha presentato una serie di problemi legati alla scarsa profondità del fondale e ai costi di manutenzione, a tal punto che le attività del porto sono sempre state molto limitate. Oggi la Darsena di città è caratterizzata da una moltitudine di edifici di archeologia industriale, risalenti al boom economico degli anni ’50, che risultano per la maggior parte, in uno stato di degrado e abbandono, incominciato con la crisi petrolifera degli anni ’70. A partire dal P.R.G. del 1993, si sono messi in atto una serie di iniziative atte a rivitalizzare e reintegrare quest’area all’interno della città storica, in modo che non sembri più un’entità separata ma che possa diventare un grande potenziale di sviluppo per la città stessa. La politica di riqualificazione del waterfront non riguarda solo Ravenna, ma è una strategia che molte città del modo hanno adottato negli ultimi decenni per ridare lustro alla città stessa e, allo stesso tempo recuperare zone spesso lasciate al loro destino. Fra queste città ho scelto di approfondirne cinque, Baltimora, Barcellona, Genova, Amburgo e Bilbao, evidenziando le diverse situazioni ma soprattutto le diverse motivazioni che le hanno spinte a raggiungere la medesima conclusione, quella che l’area portuale rappresenta un grande fattore di sviluppo. La mia attenzione poi si è spostata su quale attività potesse essere più adatta ad assolvere questo obiettivo. Ho pensato di progettare un museo e una serie di edifici ad esso collegati, come un centro di ricerca con residenze annesse e una torre belvedere, che dessero all’area la possibilità di essere vissuta in tutto l’arco della giornata e per tutto l’anno. Prima di affrontare direttamente la parte progettuale ho cercato di capire quale fosse la tipologia di museo e quali fossero i principali elementi indispensabili che caratterizzano questi edifici. Durante lo studio di questi casi ho classificato i musei secondo 5 categorie diverse, la galleria, la rotonda, la corte, la spirale e la pianta libera, che rispecchiano anche lo sviluppo storico di questa particolare tipologia architettonica. In base a tutte queste considerazioni ho affrontato il mio progetto. L’area presa in esame è caratterizzata da un’ampia superficie su cui insistono tre imponenti edifici di archeologia industriale molto degradati e utilizzati come magazzini dalla società proprietaria dell’area. Due di questi presentano un orientamento parallelo alla tessitura dei campi, il terzo invece segue un orientamento proprio. Oltre a queste due trame nell’area se ne può rilevare una terza legata all’andamento del canale. Queste grandi cattedrali del lavoro mi hanno fatto subito pensare di poterle utilizzare come spazi espositivi per mostre permanenti e temporanee, mantenendo intatta la loro struttura portante. Ho deciso di immergere l’edificio più imponente dei tre, che si trova in asse con la strada veicolare di accesso dalla città, in una grande corte verde delimitata ai lati da due nuovi edifici a L adibiti a veri e propri musei. Se da una parte questi musei costituiscono i limiti della corte, dall’altra rappresentano le quinte sceniche di aree completamenti differenti. Il museo adiacente al canale si affaccia su una grande piazza pavimentata dove troneggia l’edificio di archeologia industriale più simile ad una basilica e che accoglie i visitatori che arrivano tramite la navetta costiera; l’altro invece guarda verso il centro di ricerca e le residenze universitarie legati tra loro da un grande campo lungo completamente verde. A concludere la composizione ho pensato ad una torre belvedere dalla pianta circolare che potesse assorbire tutte le diverse direzioni e che si trova proprio in asse con il terzo edificio di archeologia industriale e a contatto con l’acqua. Per quanto riguarda l’organizzazione interna dei musei ho scelto di proporre due sezioni dello stesso museo con caratteristiche ben distinte. Il primo museo riguarda la storia della civiltà marinara di Ravenna ed è caratterizzato da ambienti conclusi lungo un percorso prestabilito che segue un criterio cronologico, il secondo invece presenta una pianta abbastanza libera dove i visitatori possono scegliere come e su cosa indirizzare la propria visita. Questa decisione è nata dalla volontà di soddisfare le esigenze di tutta l’utenza, pensando soprattutto alla necessità di coinvolgere persone giovani e bambini. Il centro di ricerca è organizzato planimetrica mente come una grande C, dove le due ali più lunghe ospitano i laboratori mentre l’ala più corta rappresenta l’ingresso sottolineato da un portico aggettante sulla corte. Simmetricamente si trovano i sette volumi delle residenze. Ognuno di questi può alloggiare sei studenti in altrettanti monolocali con servizi annessi, e presenta al piano terra aree di relax e sale lettura comuni. La torre belvedere invece riveste un ruolo più commerciale ospitando negozi, uffici per le varie associazioni legate al mare e un ristorante su più livelli, fino ad arrivare alla lanterna, che, come il faro per le navi, diventa un vero segno di riconoscimento e di orientamento dell’area sia dal mare che dalla città.

Effetti degli accordi Euro-Mediterrani sul comparto dell'ortofrutta fresca

In 1995, the European Union (EU) Member States and 12 Mediterranean countries launched in Barcelona a liberalization process that aims at establishing a free trade area (to be realized by 2010) and at promoting a sustainable and balanced economic development by the adoption of a new generation of Agreements: the Euro-Mediterranean Agreements (EMA). For the Mediterranean partner countries, the main concern is a better access for their fruit and vegetable exports to the European market. These products represent the main exports of these countries, and the EU is their first trading partner. On the other side, for the EU the main issue is not only the promotion of its products, but also the protection of its fruit and vegetables producers. Moreover, the trade with third countries is the key element of the Common Market Organization of the sector. Fruit and vegetables represent a very sensitive sector since their high seasonality, high perishability, and especially since the production of the Mediterranean countries is often similar to the European Mediterranean’s countries one. In fact, the agreements define preferences at the entrance of the EU market providing limited concessions for each partner, for specific products, limited quantities and calendars. This research tries to analyze the bilateral trade volume for fresh fruit and vegetables in the European and Italian markets in order to assess the effects of Mediterranean liberalization on this sector. Free trade of agricultural products represents a very actual topic in international trade and the Mediterranean countries, recognised as big producers of fruit and vegetables, as big exporters of their crops and actually significantly present on the European market, could be high competitors with the inward production because the outlet could be the same. The goal of this study is to provide some considerations about the competitiveness of mediterranean fruit and vegetables productions after Barcelona Process, in a first step for the European market and then also for the Italian one. The aim is to discuss the influence of the euro-mediterranean agreements on the fruit and vegetables trade between 10 foreign Mediterranean countries (Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Libya, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia, Syria, and Turkey) and 15 EU countries in the period 1995-2007, by means of a gravity model, which is a widespread methodology in international trade analysis. The basic idea of gravity models is that bilateral trade from one country to another (as the dependent variable) can be explained by a set of factors: - factors that capture the potential of a country to export goods and services; - factors that capture the propensity of a country to imports goods and services; - any other forces that either attract or inhibit bilateral trade. This analysis compares only imports’ flows by Europe and by Italy (in volumes) from Mediterranean countries, since the exports’ flows toward those foreign countries are not significant, especially for Italy. The market of fruit and vegetables appears as a high heterogeneous group so it is very difficult to show a synthesis of the analysis performed and the related results. In fact, this sector includes the so called “poor products” (such as potatoes and legumes), and the “rich product”, such as nuts or exotic fruit, and there are a lot of different goods that arouse a dissimilar consumer demand which directly influence the import requirements. Fruit and vegetables sector includes products with extremely different biological cycles, leading to a very unlike seasonality. Moreover, the Mediterranean area appears as a highly heterogeneous bloc, including countries which differ from the others for economic size, production potential, capability to export and for the relationships with the EU. The econometric estimation includes 68 analyses, 34 of which considering the European import and 34 the Italian import and the products are examined in their aggregated form and in their disaggregated level. The analysis obtains a very high R2 coefficient, which means that the methodology is able to assess the import effects on fruit and vegetables associated to the Association Agreements, preferential tariffs, regional integration, and others information involved in the equation. The empirical analysis suggests that fruits and vegetables trade flows are well explained by some parameters: size of the involved countries (especially GDP and population of the Mediterranean countries); distances; prices of imported products; local production for the aggregated products; preferential expressed tariffs like duty free; sub-regional agreements that enforce the export capability. The euro-mediterranean agreements are significant in some of the performed analysis, confirming the slow and gradual evolution of euro- Mediterranean liberalization. The euro-mediterranean liberalization provides opportunities from one side, and imposes a new important challenge from the other side. For the EU the chance is that fruit and vegetables imported from the mediterranean area represent a support for local supply and a possibility to increase the range of products existing on the market. The challenge regards the competition of foreign products with the local ones since the types of productions are similar and markets coincide, especially in the Italian issue. We need to apply a strategy based not on a trade antagonism, but on the realization of a common plane market with the Mediterranean countries. This goal could be achieved enhancing the industrial cooperation in addition to commercial relationships, and increasing investments’ flows in the Mediterranean countries aiming at transforming those countries from potential competitors to trade partners and creating new commercial policies to export towards extra European countries.

La cerchia di Giulio Clovio: gli incontri, i viaggi, le amicizie di un artista europeo

La tesi riguarda il miniatore Giulio Clovio (Grižane, Croazia, 1498 – Roma, 1578), considerandolo come il fulcro di una rete di relazioni tra committenti, artisti e letterati. È divisa in tre parti, seguendo la vita dell’artista: giovinezza (1498-1534), maturità (1534-1561) e vecchiaia (1561-1578). Tra i committenti più significativi: Domenico e Marino Grimani e il cardinale Alessandro Farnese. Tra gli artisti italiani: Giulio Romano, Girolamo dai Libri, Valerio Belli, Sofonisba Anguissola. Tra gli artisti europei: Francisco de Hollanda, Pieter Brueghel il Vecchio, Bartholomeus Sprangher, El Greco e Lampsonio.

Noninvasive assessment of exercise-related intramyocellular acetylcarnitine in euglycemia and hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes using ¹H magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a randomized single-blind crossover study

Intramyocellular acetylcarnitine (IMAC) is involved in exercise-related fuel metabolism. It is not known whether levels of systemic glucose influence IMAC levels in type 1 diabetes.

Secondary skull fractures in head wounds inflicted by captive bolt guns: autopsy findings and experimental simulation

Apart from one article published by Rabl and Sigrist in 1992 (Rechtsmedizin 2:156-158), there are no further reports on secondary skull fractures in shots from captive bolt guns. Up to now, the pertinent literature places particular emphasis on the absence of indirect lesions away from the impact point, when dealing with the wounding capacity of slaughterer's guns. The recent observation of two suicidal head injuries accompanied by skull fractures far away from the bolt's path gave occasion to experimental studies using simulants (glycerin soap, balls from gelatin) and skull brain models. As far as ballistic soap was concerned, the dimensions of the bolt's channel were assessed by multi-slice computed tomography before cutting the blocks open. The test shots to gelatin balls and to skull-brain models were documented by means of a high-speed motion camera. As expected, the typical temporary cavity effect of bullets fired from conventional guns could not be observed when captive bolt stunners were discharged. Nevertheless, the visualized transfer of kinetic energy justifies the assumption that the secondary fractures seen in thin parts of the skull were caused by a hydraulic burst effect.

Avoidance of Long Mononucleotide Repeats in Codon Pair Usage

Protein is an essential component for life, and its synthesis is mediated by codons in any organisms on earth. While some codons encode the same amino acid, their usage is often highly biased. There are many factors that can cause the bias, but a potential effect of mononucleotide repeats, which are known to be highly mutable, on codon usage and codon pair preference is largely unknown. In this study we performed a genomic survey on the relationship between mononucleotide repeats and codon pair bias in 53 bacteria, 68 archaea, and 13 eukaryotes. By distinguishing the codon pair bias from the codon usage bias, four general patterns were revealed: strong avoidance of five or six mononucleotide repeats in codon pairs; lower observed/expected (o/e) ratio for codon pairs with C or G repeats (C/G pairs) than that with A or T repeats (A/T pairs); a negative correlation between genomic GC contents and the o/e ratios, particularly for C/G pairs; and avoidance of C/G pairs in highly conserved genes. These results support natural selection against long mononucleotide repeats, which could induce frameshift mutations in coding sequences. The fact that these patterns are found in all kingdoms of life suggests that this is a general phenomenon in living organisms. Thus, long mononucleotide repeats may play an important role in base composition and genetic stability of a gene and gene functions.