América Latina y la integración: opciones frente a la crisis

Incluye Bibliografía

Comercio y equilibrio entre los países de la ALADI

Incluye Bibliografía

Un ataque en dos frentes a la crisis de pagos de los países en desarrollo

Incluye Bibliografía

Las fallas del mercado de capitales

Incluye Bibliografía

La agricultura de América Latina: transformaciones, tendencias y lineamientos de estrategia

Examina las transformaciones de la agricultura regional y los diversos aspectos vinculados con la evolucion del producto interno bruto agricola de la region. Senala los lineamientos de una estrategia orientada a la erradicacion de la pobreza rural y la reduccion de la vulnerabilidad externa en materia alimentaria.

El papel de las empresas pequeñas y medianas en el mejoramiento de la estructura productiva de los países en desarrollo

Incluye Bibliografía

25 años del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo

Presenta algunos antecedentes de la creacion del BID, asi como su tarea y sus proyecciones innovadoras en su papel de financiar importantes proyectos multinacionales.

Tumor-associated macrophages and the profile of inflammatory cytokines in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Objective: To evaluate and characterize macrophage populations (M1/M2) in the tumor microenvironment of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC). The relationship between macrophages and clinicopathological factors, such as survival data, lymph node metastasis, tumoral proliferation, and WHO histological grading are also analyzed. Materials and methods: The samples consisted of surgically excised specimens from patients with non-metastatic and metastatic OCSCC and normal oral mucosa (control). Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and qRT-PCR were used to evaluate macrophage populations and the expression of pro- (IL-12, IL-23, and INF-γ) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and TGF-β) cytokines. The level required for statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results: The data showed a predominance of M2 phenotype (high percentage of IL-10+TGF-β+) macrophages in the tumor microenvironment of OCSCC. A higher percentage of macrophages expressing TGF-β was seen in the OCSCC group when compared with healthy individuals. The assessment of mRNA expression also presented a greater expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines TGFβ and IL10 in OCSCC when compared with the control group. The percentage of macrophages, demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, was significantly higher in the metastatic OCSCC group than in the non-metastatic and control groups. The log-rank test also showed that the mean survival time for patients with high levels of macrophages was less (44 months) when compared with patients with a low percentage of such cells (93 months). Conclusion: A predominance of the M2 phenotype in the tumor microenvironment of OCSCC could contribute to local immunosuppression, via TGF-β production, and consequently greater lymph node involvement and reduced patient survival time. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foreign policy and international financial negotiations: the external debt and the Cartagena Consensus

Includes bibliography

External debt: why don't our governments do the obvious?

Examina el proceso de la renegociacion de la deuda externa y la necesidad de instaurar una logica mas compatible con los intereses de los paises latinoamericanos. Expone como condicion necesaria para lograrlo, la capacidad de los liderazgos politicos para presentar a sus pueblos las verdaderas opciones, asi como los costos y riesgos de cada una de ellas.

External debt and crisis: the decline of the orthodox procedures

Includes bibliography

The external debt of the Latin American countries

También en: Comercio Exterior, México, DF, v. 36, No 5, p. 382, mayo 1986 (78609); y en: U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs: The costs of foreign debt for the United States and the Third World, Washington, DC

Latin America and integration: options in the crisis

Includes bibliography

Trade and equilibrium among the ALADI countries

Includes bibliography

A two-front attack to overcome the payments crisis of developing countries

Includes bibliography