Mapping the shallow-water coral ecosystems of the Freely Associated States: an implementation plan

This Freely Associated States Shallow-water Coral Ecosystem Mapping Implementation Plan (FAS MIP) presents a framework for the development of shallow-water (~0–40 m; 0–22 fm) benthic habitat and possibly bathymetric maps of critical areas of the Freely Associated States (FAS). The FAS is made up of three self-governing groups of islands and atolls—the Republic of Palau (Palau), the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), and the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI)—that are affiliated with the United States through Compacts of Free Association. This MIP was developed with extensive input from colleges, national and state regulatory and management agencies, federal agencies, non-governmental organizations, and individuals involved in or supporting the conservation and management of the FAS’s coral ecosystems. A list of organizations and individuals that provided input to the development of this MIP is provided in Appendix 1. This MIP has been developed to complement the Coral Reef Mapping Implementation Plan (2nd Draft) released in 1999 by the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force’s Mapping and Information Synthesis Working Group. That plan focused on mapping United States and FAS shallow-water (then defined as <30 m) coral reefs by 2009, based on available funding and geographic priorities, using primarily visual interpretation of aerial photography and satellite imagery. This MIP focuses on mapping the shallow-water (now defined as 0–40 m, rather than 0–30 m) coral ecosystems of the FAS using a suite of technologies and map development procedures. Both this FAS MIP and the 1999 Coral Reef Mapping Implementation Plan (2nd Draft) support to goals of the National Action Plan to Conserve Coral Reefs (U.S. Coral Reef Task Force, 2000). This FAS MIP presents a framework for mapping the coral ecosystems of the FAS and should be considered an evolving document. As priorities change, funding opportunities arise, new data are collected, and new technologies become available, the information presented herein will change.

Radiometric validation of age, growth, and longevity for the blackgill rockfish (Sebastes melanostomus)

As nearshore fish populations decline, many commercial fishermen have shifted fishing effort to deeper continental slope habitats to target fishes for which biological information is limited. One such fishery that developed in the northeastern Pacific Ocean in the early 1980s was for the blackgill rockfish (Sebastes melanostomus), a deep-dwelling (300−800 m) species that congregates over rocky pinnacles, mainly from southern California to southern Oregon. Growth zone-derived age estimates from otolith thin sections were compared to ages obtained from the radioactive disequilibria of 210Pb, in relation to its parent, 226Ra, in otolith cores of blackgill rockfish. Age estimates were validated up to 41 years, and a strong pattern of agreement supported a longevity exceeding 90 years. Age and length data fitted to the von Bertalanffy growth function indicated that blackgill rockfish are slow-growing (k= 0.040 females, 0.068 males) and that females grow slower than males, but reach a greater length. Age at 50% maturity, derived from previously published length-at-maturity estimates, was 17 years for males and 21 years for females. The results of this study agree with general life history traits already recognized for many Sebastes species, such as long life, slow growth, and late age at maturation. These traits may undermine the sustainability of blackgill rockfish populations when heavy fishing pressure, such as that which occurred in the 1980s, is applied.

Age and growth of the swordfish (Xiphias gladius L.) in the waters around Taiwan determined from anal-fin rays

Age and growth of the swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in Taiwan waters was studied from counts of growth bands on cross sections of the second ray of the first anal fin. Data on lower jaw fork length and weight, and samples of the anal fin of male and female swordfish were collected from three offshore and coastal tuna longline fishing ports on a monthly basis between September 1997 and March 1999. In total, 685 anal fins were collected and 627 of them (293 males and 334 females) were aged successfully. The lower jaw fork lengths of the aged individuals ranged from 83.4 to 246.6 cm for the females and from 83.3 to 206 cm for the males. The radii of the fin rays and growth bands on the cross sections were measured under a dissecting microscope equipped with an image analysis system. Trends in the monthly marginal increment ratio indicated that growth bands formed once a year. Thus, the age of each fish was deter-mined from the number of visible growth bands. Two methods were used to estimate and compare the standard and the generalized von Bertalanffy growth parameters for both males and females. The nonlinear least square estimates of the generalized von Bertalanffy growth parameters in method II, in which a power function was used to describe the relationship between ray radius and LJFL, were recommended as most acceptable. There were significant differences in growth parameters between males and females. The growth parameters estimated for females were the following: asymptotic length (L∞) = 300.66 cm, growth coefficient (K) = 0.040/yr, age at zero length (t0) = –0.75 yr, and the fitted fourth parameter (m) = –0.785. The growth parameters estimated for males were the following: asymptotic length (L∞) = 213.05 cm, growth coefficient (K) = 0.086/yr, age at zero length (t0) = –0.626 yr, and the fitted fourth parameter (m) = –0.768.

杜鹃花属(Rhododendron)种间亲缘关系及小枝异速生长分析

杜鹃花属(Rhododendron)植物种间有着丰富的遗传变异，表型变异并不能完全或真实地反映遗传变异，需要利用信息大分子(DNA)的变化来评价其亲缘关系及系统发育。当年生小枝作为一个独立的构件单元，是植物体上最有活力的部分之一，具有重要的生态学意义。本文以杜鹃为材料，首先全面分析了杜鹃花属种间亲缘关系和小枝功能性状间的关系(异速生长)，然后对小枝水平功能属性间的关系进行系统独立比较分析研究，同时验证小枝异速生长关系。 选取23种杜鹃花属植物为材料，利用ISSR分子标记手段对其种间的亲缘关系进行研究和评价，结果发现：1) ISSR位点变异丰富。通过10条ISSR随机引物对供试的混合DNA样品进行分析，共检测到207个标记，其中多态性标记为197个，多态百分率为95.17%，种间表现出丰富的遗传多样性;2) 对ISSR产物进行统计分析的聚类分析结果同传统分类的结果基本一致。说明，ISSR分子标记技术在构建系统发育树方面具有较高的成熟性和可靠性。 本研究还对42种杜鹃花属植物小枝的功能属性进行了异速生长分析，结果发现：1)小枝大小对叶片生物量分配比率的影响不显著，SMA斜率为1.040 (95%的置信区间(CI)=0.998～1.085);但是，小枝越大，叶柄生物量分配比例越高(SMA斜率为1.245，显著大于1.0，呈显著的异速生长关系);2)小枝越小，单叶面积越小(支持Corner法则)，单位质量小枝所支持的叶面积越大，即具有较小枝条和较小叶片的物种可能具有较高的叶面积支持效率。结果有助于更好地理解亲缘关系十分接近的杜鹃花属植物，在不同生境条件下叶片大小的差异，以及在胁迫生境条件下小叶物种更为常见的原因。 此外，本文利用系统独立比较方法结合传统种间比较方法对23种杜鹃植物小枝进行异速生长分析，其中这23种杜鹃是前两方面研究的共有材料。系统独立比较分析分别依据ISSR得出的系统关系和中国植物志提供的系统关系构建两种系统树。结果表明：1)系统独立比较与种间比较分析得出的相关性结果一致;2)两种系统树所得的独立比较分析结果基本一致，相关性均达到极显著水平，即这两种方法作为构建系统树的依据是一致的。

Protein polymorphism and genetic divergence in slow loris (Genus nycticebus)

In this study, protein electrophoresis was assayed to detect genetic variation in Genus Nycticebus. A total of 29 samples (2 N. coucang and 27 N. pygmaeus) were analyzed for 42 genetic loci. In the 27 samples of N. pygmaeus, 4 loci were observed to be polymorphic. Therefore, the estimated P value (proportion of polymorphic loci) is 0.095, the A value (average number of alleles each locus) is 1.045, and the H value (mean individual heterozygosity) is 0.040. After comparing the H of N. pygmaeus with those of other primates reported, we found that the protein variation in N. pygmaeus is slightly lower than the average level. Additionally, we also observed obvious allele difference between N. pygmaeus and N. coucang. There are no shared alleles between these two species in eight loci. The NEI's genetic distance between them was calculated as 0.2541, which falls in the spectrum of genetic difference between species in primates.

Nutrient profile of pond water in north-eastern state of Tripura and impact of water acidity on aquaculture productivity

Physicochemical parameters of 31 fish pond water samples of Tripura were studied to ascertain the nutrient profile of acidic soil zone and the impact of water acidity towards aquaculture productivity. The pH was acidic (mean 6.63±0.44) with high Fe (mean1.04±0.40 mglˉ¹) and AI (mean 2.67±2.41 mglˉ¹) contents. These were mostly responsible for pond water acidity and poor productivity with low nitrogen, phosphate and total alkalinity. The study also showed strong negative relationship between water pH and redox potential (R²=0.5251). However, pH was positively significant with electrical conductivity. The roles of redox potential and electrical conductivity in water acidity were found highly important. Available calcium content was also found low (mean 2.91±2.96 mglˉ¹). Elevating level of pH of pond water could be the possible management practices in acidic water so that such unproductive water might be productive enough with higher phosphate and nitrogen levels for better biological production.

Water budgeting studies on the hatchery and nursery rearing practices for the common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)

Aquaculture systems are an integral element of rural development and therefore should be environment friendly as well as socially and economically designed. From the economic standpoint, one of the major constraints for the development of sustainable aquaculture includes externalities generated by competition in access to a limited resource. This study was conducted as an investigation into the water requirement for the hatchery and nursery production phases of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) at the Maharashtra State Fish Seed Farm at Khopoli in Raigad Dist. of Maharashtra during the winter months from November to February. The water budgeting study involves the quantification of water used in every stage of production in hatchery and nursery systems and aimed at becoming a foundation for the minimization of water during production without affecting the yield; thereby conserving water and upholding the theme of sustainable aquaculture. The total water used in a single operation cycle was estimated to be 11,25,040 L [sic]. Out of the total water consumed, 4.74% water was used in the pre-operational management steps, 4.48% was consumed during breeding, 62.72% was consumed in the hatching phase, 21.50% was used for hatchery rearing and 6.56% was consumed during conditioning. In the nursery ponds, the water gain was primarily the regulated inflow coming through the irrigation channel. The total quantum of water used in the nursery rearing was 31,60,800 L [sic]. The initial filling and regulated inflow formed 42.60% and 57.40% respectively of water gain, while evaporation, seepage and discharge contributed 20.71%, 36.46% and 42.82% respectively to the water loss. The total water expended for the entire operation was 1,21,61,120 L [sic]. Water expense occurred to produce a single spawn in the hatchery system was calculated and found to be 0.56 L while the water expended to produce one fry was calculated as 4.86 L. The study fulfills the hydrological equation described by Winter (1981) and Boyd (1985). It also validates the water budget simulation model that can be used for forecasting water requirements for aquaculture ponds (Nath and Bolte, 1998).

Structural and optical characterization of InAs nanostructures grown on high-index InP substrates

The structural and optical properties of InAs layers grown on high-index InP surfaces by molecular beam epitaxy are investigated in order to understand the self-organization of quantum dots and quantum wires on novel index surfaces. Four different InP substrate orientations have been examined, namely, (1 1 1)B, (3 1 1)A, and (3 1 1)B and (1 0 0). A rich variety of InAs nanostructures is formed on the surfaces. Quantum wire-like morphology is observed on the (1 0 0) surface, and evident island formation is found on (1 1 1)A and (3 1 1)B by atomic force microscopy. The photoluminescence spectra of InP (1 1 1)A and (3 1 1)B samples show typical QD features with PL peaks in the wavelength range 1.3-1.55 mu m with comparable efficiency. These results suggest that the high-index substrates are promising candidates for production of high-quality self-organized QD materials for device applications. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

功能化聚丙烯及其与聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯共混物的制备及结构性能研究

本工作通过电子束预辐照处理和反应挤出方法，制备了丙烯酸功能化预辐照聚丙烯rPP-g-AA，采用化学滴定和红外光谱方法均证明接枝共聚物的存在，同时确定了预辐照剂量和单体浓度对接枝率的影响：（1）当单体浓度一定时，接枝率随预辐照剂量的增加而增加并逐渐达到平台值；（2）当预辐照剂量固定时，单体浓度在0～4.0wt%范围内，接枝率几乎呈线性增加。研究发现，丙烯酸(AA)接枝链能起到异相成核作用而促进预辐照聚丙烯(rPP)的结晶过程，但却不改变结晶晶型；虽然接枝反应可以部分抑制降解反应，但相对于原料聚丙烯(PP)，接枝产物的力学性能仍大大下降；因此提出的反应机理认为接枝反应主要是通过链断裂降解反应形成的端自由基引发的，从而形成了以端基接枝为主的产物。 为了控制PP接枝过程中的严重降解，本工作首次提出了均相和异相引发接枝反应的原理，即采用部分rPP和预辐照聚乙烯(rPE)分别作为PP接枝反应的均相和异相“引发剂”，经反应挤出制备丙烯酸功能化聚丙烯PP-g-AA。对于均相引发体系：（1）当rPP用量为20phr时，PP-g-AA的接枝率已经达到rPP-g-AA的水平，而且降解反应得到有效控制；（2）和PP/rPP-g-AA共混物的对比研究证明，均相引发接枝产物不但接枝率明显提高，而且接枝分布非常均匀；（3）由此提出均相引发主要是发生rPP和PP分子间夺氢反应并形成以基体PP接枝为主的产物，而rPP分子内夺氢反应形成的接枝产物rPP-g-AA只占较少比例。对于异相引发体系： （1）通过红外光谱表征及接枝率计算得出异相引发接枝产物的接枝率比相应的PP/ rPE-g-AA共混物略高；（2）由于rPE及rPE-g-AA对基体PP的结晶没有影响，通过异相引发接枝产物中PP的结晶温度升高直接验证了异相引发接枝反应的实现；（3）提出的机理认为异相引发主要发生在rPE的分子内夺氢并形成rPE-g-AA，造成rPE引发的PP分子间夺氢反应形成PP-g-AA产物的比例下降。 本工作还详细研究了rPP预辐照剂量、rPP用量和单体浓度对均相引发反应的影响。得到的结果如下：（1）高预辐照剂量导致了接枝率下降的“假相”是由于形成的微凝胶造成的；（2）rPP用量的增大在提高接枝率的同时也导致降解反应的逐渐增强；（3）单体浓度的增加导致接枝率的逐步提高并最终达到最大值，而且可能导致部分微凝胶的产生；（4）接枝没有破坏PP-g-AA结晶的完善性和晶型，却能促进了晶体在（040）晶面的生长并可能产生部分横晶形态；（5）PP-g-AA和金属能形成良好的粘接作用。 以上述制备的rPP-g-AA和PP-g-AA增容PP/聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)共混体系，发现高分子量的PP-g-AA比低分子量的rPP-g-AA的增容效果要好，因此认为PP-g-AA和PBT通过酯化反应形成的长链接枝共聚物PP-g-PBT对PBT相的分散和界面作用增强更加有效。而随着增容剂PP-g-AA比例的增加，原位反应生成的PP-g-PBT逐渐增加，使得PBT相分散和界面增强效果更加显著，因此共混物的力学性能也更佳；DSC研究发现，随着PBT相尺寸减小到1μm以下，PBT出现了结晶受限行为。 将引发剂rPP和单体AA加入到PP/PBT共混体系中实现了一步法反应增容，得到共混物的扭矩、相形态、力学性能都和分步法增容共混物的结果几乎相同，这说明一步法共混能使PBT产生良好分散并得到性能较佳的产物，从而为高分子合金材料制备提供了一种简单有效的方法。 采用该方法对AA、马来酸酐(MAH)和甲基丙烯酸甘油酯(GMA)三种单体的接枝和增容反应对比研究证明，AA的效果最好，MAH次之，而GMA的效果最差，分析认为，AA和MAH通过接枝反应形成PP-g-AA和PP-g-MAH，随后再和PBT发生酯化增容反应形成PP-g-MAH-PBT共聚产物，而GMA首先和PBT反应形成PBT-GMA，而后由长链PBT-GMA发生接枝反应生成PP-g-GMA-g-PBT，但是这种接枝反应的效率很低，由此造成增容效果较差。

松辽平原农田土壤线虫多样性研究

本研究立足于松辽平原农田生态系统，研究土壤线虫物种多样性，营养类群多样性，生活史多样性和功能多样性的分布规律，为进一步揭示线虫主要功能类群与土壤C、N等土壤环境因子之间的相互关系提供基础性数据。 在松辽平原沿不同纬度梯度，选择北至黑龙江海伦，南至辽宁大石桥共7个地点的玉米地，按照0–20 cm、20–40 cm、40–60 cm、60–80 cm和80–100 cm五个层次分层采集土壤样品。研究发现，土壤线虫多样性的纬度分布格局在0–40 cm土层表现得比较明显。在不同农田生态系统中，线虫属的丰富度在0–100 cm的土壤剖面内，随着土层深度的加深而降低；在0–40 cm土层，线虫属的丰富度随纬度梯度的降低而表现出增加的趋势，最高值（18属）出现在大石桥的0–20 cm土层，最低值出现在海伦采样点的20–40 cm土层，仅观察到10个线虫属。通过对松辽平原农田土壤线虫的生活史策略组成进行研究发现，在不同采样地点，不同生活史的土壤线虫表现出不同的分布特征：在0–20 cm土层，cp-2类群线虫的相对多度随纬度的降低表现出降低的趋势，而cp-3-5的线虫则表现出增加的趋势。在不同土层研究发现， 线虫的营养多样性指数没有表现出明显的纬度分布格局，而在0–20 cm土层，食细菌线虫和捕食/杂食线虫的相对多度随纬度的降低表现出降低的趋势，而植物寄生线虫则随纬度的降低而呈增加的趋势。土壤线虫区系分析结果表明，海伦样点土壤食物网受到的扰动较小，而处于结构化状态；而哈尔滨，公主岭和沈阳采样点的土壤食物网处于退化状态，受到外界环境扰动较大。通过对松辽平原农田土壤线虫群落与理化因子的典型对应分析，可以看出相关的土壤理化性质如阳离子交换量、有机碳、全氮和粘粒含量等能够在一定程度上解释松辽平原农田土壤线虫群落的分布特征。

黄龙世界自然遗产地岷江冷杉原始林群落结构与植物多样性：生境差异性研究

黄龙世界自然遗产地岷江冷杉林(Abies faxoniana)生境类型多样，群落结构复杂，群落植物种类组成多样性丰富。揭示不同生境的生物多样性及其差异是认识生物多样性格局、形成及维持机制的前提和进行多样性保育的基础。本文采用样方法对黄龙钙化滩生境、阴坡非钙化生境及半阳坡非钙化生境的岷江冷杉原始林植物群落结构及植物多样性进行了研究。结果表明： 黄龙岷江冷杉林具有明显的复层异龄结构，垂直结构明显，乔木、灌木、草本、苔藓层次分明。共发现高等植物386 种，其中维管植物46 科103 属163 种，苔藓植38 科83 属物223 种。各层片结构及物种组成如下: (1)钙化滩生境、阴坡非钙化生境、半阳坡非钙化生境分别发现乔木18 种、13种、8 种。乔木层均可分为两个亚层，第一亚层优势种均为岷江冷杉，第二亚层主要为岷江冷杉异龄树或其它大高位芽物种。钙化滩生境第一亚层除优势种岷江冷杉外混生有巴山冷杉(Abies fargesii)、粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)以及阔叶树种白桦(Betula platyphylla)等，第二亚层主要为岷江冷杉异龄树；阴坡非钙化生境第一亚层除优势种岷江冷杉外间有巴山冷杉和白桦，第二亚层物种主要为川滇长尾槭(Acer caudatum var. prattii)；半阳坡非钙化生境第一亚层除优势种岷江冷杉外混生有巴山冷杉，第二亚层主要为岷江冷杉异龄树。依乔木层优势种的差异，钙化滩生境及半阳坡非钙化生境为岷江冷杉纯林，阴坡非钙化生境为岷江冷杉－川滇长尾槭混交林。不同生境乔木层郁闭度、乔木密度、树高结构、直径结构均存在差异。 (2)钙化滩生境发现灌木41 种，平均盖度为18.49±1.72(％)，平均高度为52.12±4.45(cm)，优势种为直穗小檗(Berberis dasystachya)；阴坡非钙化生境发现灌木30 种，平均盖度为29.33±2.56 (％)，平均高度为119.55±8.01 (cm)，优势种为箭竹 (Fargesia spathacea) 、唐古特忍冬(Lonicera tangutica) 和袋花忍冬(Lonicera saccata)；半阳坡非钙化生境发现灌木29 种，平均盖度为31.35±1.93 (％)，平均高度为107.55±4.24 (cm)，优势种为箭竹(Fargesia spathacea)。不同生境灌木层结构和物种组成多样性差异显著，钙化滩生境的灌木盖度、高度总体上较非钙化的坡地生境低, 钙化滩生境灌木以小型叶的落叶灌木为主，沟两侧非钙化的坡地生境上则发育了丰富箭竹。 (3)钙化滩生境发现草本46 种，平均盖度为7.18±0.79 (％)，平均高度为5.04±0.26(cm)，以山酢浆草(Oxalis griffithii)为优势种；阴坡非钙化生境发现草本物种71 种，平均盖度达29.04±2.31(％)，平均高度为9.08±0.52(cm)，以钝叶楼梯草(Elatostema obtusum)、山酢浆草为优势种；半阳坡非钙化生境草本物种50 种，平均盖度为以8.79±0.82(％)，平均高度为7.67±0.43 (cm)，以扇叶铁线蕨(Adiantum flabellulatum)、双花堇菜(Viola biflora)、华中蛾眉蕨(Lunathyrium shennongense)、山酢浆草为优势种。阴坡非钙化生境草本层片发育良好，多样性最为丰富，盖度和物种丰富度均显著高于钙化滩生境和半阳坡非钙化生境。 (4)钙化滩生境发现苔藓物种140 种，平均盖度达84.25±1.30 (％)，以仰叶星塔藓(Hylocomiastrum umbratum) 等大型藓类为优势种；阴坡非钙化生境发现苔藓物种115 种，平均盖度为79.29±1.64 (％)，以刺叶提灯藓(Mnium spinosum)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium)、毛尖燕尾藓(Bryhnia trichomitra)等个体较小的物种为优势种；半阳坡非钙化生境发现苔藓物种91 种，平均盖度为60.64±1.93 (％)，也以刺叶提灯藓为优势种。 (5)钙化滩生境、阴坡非钙化生境、半阳坡非钙化生境的物种数分别为234 种、221 种、175 种。乔木层的Shannon-Wiener 指数分别为0.75 ±0.12、1.87±0.12、1.78±0.07（灌木层，0.44±0.08、1.71± 0.15、2.49±0.06；草本层，0.33±0.13、1.31±0.15 、2.15±0.08； 苔藓层1.30±0.11、2.08±0.04、1.73±0.11，）；Pielou 均匀度指数分别为0.45±0.05、0.29±0.06、0.28±0.08（灌木层，0.75±0.03、0.68±0.05、0.52±0.06；草本层，0.68±0.02、0.77±0.02、0.74±0.02；苔藓层，0.40±0.03、0.63±0.02、0.52±0.03）；Simpson's 优势度指数分别为0.63±0.06、0.78±0.04、0.83±0.07（灌木层，0.21±0.03、0.28±0.05、0.45±0.06；草本层，0.25±0.02、0.12±0.01、0.17±0.01；苔藓层，0.45±0.04、0.18±0.01、0.31±0.04）。三种生境间乔木层、草本层的Sorenson 群落相似性系数较低, 灌木层、苔藓层的的Sorenson 群落相似性系数较高。 综上所述，黄龙岷江冷杉林的群落结构、植物多样性在三种生境间存在差异性，这将意味着我们在进行黄龙世界自然遗产地的森林经营管理时要较多地关注岷江冷山林群落在不同生境中的差异性。 There were multiplex habitat types, complicated community structure and abundant species composition in the Huanglong World Natural Heritage Site. Uncovering the differences of biodiversity among different habitats was a precondition to understand the distribution, formation and sustaining mechanism of the biodiversity, and the foundation of biodiversity conservation. In the present study, using plenty of quadrants, we investigated the community structure and the biodiversity of the primitive Abies faxoniana forest in different habitats (travertine bottomland, semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat and shady-slope non-calcified habitat) in the Huanglong World Natural Heritage Site. The main results are as follows: All the primitive Abies faxoniana forests in the three habitats were uneven-aged with obvious vertical structure including tree layer, shrub layer, herb layer and bryophyte layer. A total of 386 higher plants including 163 vascular plant species (103 generic, 46 families) and 223 bryophyte species (83 generic, 38 families) were investigated. The structure and species composition of each layer are as follows: (1) There were 18, 13 and 8 tree species in travertine bottomland, shady-slope non-calcified habitat and semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat, respectively. The tree layers in all habitats can be divided into two clear sub-layers. The upper tree layers were dominated by Abies faxoniana, and the lower tree layers were dominated by uneven-aged Abies faxoniana or other phanerophytes species. There were Abies fargesii , Picea asperata and Betula platyphylla besides the dominated species (Abies faxoniana) in the upper tree layer in travertine bottomland, and the lower tree layers were dominated by uneven-aged Abies faxoniana; There were Abies fargesii and Betula platyphylla besides the dominated species (Abies faxoniana) in the upper tree layer in shady-slope non-calcified habitat, and the lower tree layers were dominated by Acer caudatum var. prattii; There was Abies fargesii besides the dominated species (Abies faxoniana) in the upper tree layer semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat, and the lower tree layers were dominated by uneven-aged Abies faxoniana. According to composition percentage of dominate species in tree layer, both the forest in travertine bottomland and in semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat could be ranked as pure forest, and the forest in shady-slope non-calcified habitat could be ranked as mingled forest. There were significant differences in crown density, plant density, height structure and diameter structure among the three habitats. (2) A total of 41 shrub species (average coverage 18.49±1.72％; average height 52.12±4.45 ㎝)were found in travertine bottomland, and the dominate species was Berberis dasystachya; A total of 30 shrub species (average coverage 29.33±2.56 ％;average height 119.55±8.01 ㎝)were found in shady-slope non-calcified habitat, and the dominate species was Fargesia spathacea, Lonicera tangutica and Lonicera saccata. A total of 29 shrub species (average coverage 31.35±1.93％; average height 107.55±4.24 ㎝) were found in semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat, and the dominate species was Fargesia spathacea. There were significant differences in structure and species diversity of the shrub layers among the three habitats. The coverage and height of shrub had lower value in travertine bottomland than in two non-calcified habitats. Moreover, travertine bottomland was dominated by deciduous shrub species with microphyll and non-calcified habitats developed abundant Fargesia spathacea species. (3) A total of 46 herb species (average coverage 7.18±0.79％;average height 5.04±0.26 ㎝)were found in travertine bottomland, and the dominate species was Oxalis griffithii; A total of 71 herb species (average coverage 29.04±2.31％;average height 9.08±0.52 ㎝)were found in shady-slope non-calcified habitat, and the dominate species was Elatostema obtusum and Oxalis griffithii. A total of 50 herb species (average coverage 8.79±0.82％;average height 7.67±0.43 ㎝) were found in semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat, and the dominate species was Adiantum flabellulatum, Viola biflora, Lunathyrium shennongense and Oxalis griffithii. Herb layers developed well in shady-slope non-calcified habitat and had the higher species richness and coverage than travertine bottomland and semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat. (4) A total of 140 bryophyte species (average coverage 84.25±1.30％)were found in travertine bottomland, and the dominate species was big bryophyte species such as Hylocomiastrum umbratum and so on; A total of 115 bryophyte species (average coverage 79.29±1.64％)were found in shady-slope non-calcified habitat, and the dominate species was small bryophyte species such as Mnium spinosum, Thuidium cymbifolium, Bryhnia trichomitra and so on. A total of 91 bryophyte species (average coverage 60.64±1.93％) were found in semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat, and the dominate species was Mnium spinosum. (5) There were 234, 221 and 175 plant species in travertine bottomland, shady-slope non-calcified habitat and semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat, respectively. Shannon-Wiener index of the tree layer was 0.75 ±0.12, 1.87±0.12 and 1.78±0.07 (the shrub layer, 0.44±0.08, 1.71± 0.15 and 2.49±0.06; the herb layer, 0.33±0.13, 1.31±0.15 and 2.15±0.08; the bryophyte layer, 1.30±0.11, 2.08±0.04 and 1.73±0.11.) for the three habitats, respectively; Pielou index of the tree layer was 0.45±0.05, 0.29±0.06 and 0.28±0.08 (the shrub layer, 0.75±0.03, 0.68±0.05 and 0.52±0.06; the herb layer, 0.68±0.02, 0.77±0.02 and 0.74±0.02; the bryophyte layer, 0.40±0.03, 0.63±0.02 and 0.52±0.03.) for the three habitats, respectively. Simpson's index of the tree layer was 0.63±0.06, 0.78±0.04 and 0.83±0.07 (the shrub layer, 0.21±0.03、0.28±0.05、0.45±0.06; the herb layer, 0.25±0.02, 0.12±0.01 and 0.17±0.01; the bryophyte layer, 0.45±0.04, 0.18±0.01 and 0.31±0.04.) for the three habitats, respectively. There were low Sorenson index both in the tree layer and in the herb layer among the three habitats, whereas, high Sorenson index occurred both in the shrub layer and in the bryophyte layer. To sum up, there were differences both in community structure and plant diversity among the three different habitats, which means that we should pay more attention to habitats heterogeneities of the primitive Abies faxoniana forest when we take action to manage the forest in the Huanglong World Natural Heritage Site.

RFQ1L系统压升率的理论与实验研究

简单阐述了RFQ冷却聚束器对缓冲气体的要求,从理论和实验两方面详细研究了RFQ1L系统的压升率。研究表明,RFQ1L系统压升率的主要来源是真空室内材料表面的出气,整个系统的压升率实测为(0.04±0.02)Pa/h。

RFQ冷却聚束器RFQ1L的研制

SHANS (Spectrometer of Heavy Atoms and Nuclear Structure，重原子和核结构研究谱议)正在建设中，它不但可以直接鉴别离子的电荷数Z和质量数A，而且还将在核结构和核衰变的精细研究方面发挥重要作用。RFQ冷却聚束器RFQ1L和彭宁离子阱LPT是其中的两个重要组成部分。 RFQ冷却聚束器RFQ1L的主要目的是收集经过充气反冲谱议分离后的反应产物，然后经过冷却、聚束，使原来品质很差的束流转化为能量单一、发射度小、束斑很小的高品质束流。现在已经顺利完成了模拟、设计、机械加工和机械安装等工作，其中机械安装部分是本论文的主要工作之一。经过近半年的时间，我们克服了种种困难，高质量地完成了RFQ1L的机械安装工作。各种测量综合显示：各部件间的位置精度达到了±0.5 mm；真空系统的真空度达到了1.7×10-4 Pa，系统压升率为(0.04±0.02) Pa/h；各电极间的绝缘效果和导电效果良好。彭宁离子阱LPT的主要目的是直接高精度测量原子核的质量。质量是原子核的一个最基本属性，对检验和拓广现有核理论、研究核天体物理中的核反应过程和基本常数具有非常重要的作用。控制系统在LPT中起着至关重要的作用。控制系统的设计和实现也是本论文的另一个主要工作。本论文详细论述了LPT的控制系统LPTCtrlSys的基本要求、硬件和软件布局情况

内蒙古鄂温克族牧民砖茶型氟铝联合中毒调查

目的调查鄂温克族牧民砖茶型氟铝联合中毒病情。方法随机对鄂温克族16~55岁男女均衡62名牧民进行发、血清、尿氟铝水平及血清电解质、生物化学检查,同时检测饮水、牛奶、砖茶、奶茶等氟铝水平,并进行临床检诊和拍摄前臂、骨盆正位X线片,不饮用砖茶的16~55岁男女均衡41名居民为对照组。结果发、血清、尿铝水平牧民组分别为(24.60±9.82)mg/Kg、(0.78±0.25)、(2.84±0.65)mg/L,对照组分别为(12.50±4.55)mg/kg、(0.18±0.11)、(2.09±0.64)mg/L;发、血清、尿氟水平牧民组分别为(1.00±0.52)mg/kg、(0.10±0.10)、(2.74±1.42)mg/L,对照组分别为(1.39±1.34)mg/kg、(0.04±0.03)、(0.87±0.43)mg/L;牧民发、血、尿铝及血、尿氟显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。牧民组血清AST、LDH、HBDH、ALP显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。X线摄片牧民组氟骨症检出率50.00%,关节退行性变检出率61.29%,骨间膜骨化33.87%,疏松型改变检出率29.03%,硬化型改变检出率8.06%;对照组氟骨症检出率2.44%,退行性变检出率34.15%,疏松型改变检出率21.95%,骨间膜骨化检出率2.44%,硬化型改变2.44%,X线氟骨症、关节退行性变、骨间膜骨化牧民组均高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论内蒙古鄂温克族牧民饮茶型氟中毒病情较为严重,其发病机理较为复杂,并导致多组织、器官损伤,可能为砖茶型氟铝联合中毒。