Murine Dendritic Cells Transcriptional Modulation upon Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Infection

Limited information is available regarding the modulation of genes involved in the innate host response to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the etiologic agent of paracoccidioidomycosis. Therefore, we sought to characterize, for the first time, the transcriptional profile of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) at an early stage following their initial interaction with P. brasiliensis. DCs connect innate and adaptive immunity by recognizing invading pathogens and determining the type of effector T-cell that mediates an immune response. Gene expression profiles were analyzed using microarray and validated using real-time RT-PCR and protein secretion studies. A total of 299 genes were differentially expressed, many of which are involved in immunity, signal transduction, transcription and apoptosis. Genes encoding the cytokines IL-12 and TNF-alpha, along with the chemokines CCL22, CCL27 and CXCL10, were up-regulated, suggesting that P. brasiliensis induces a potent proinflammatory response in DCs. In contrast, pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-encoding genes, particularly those related to Toll-like receptors, were down-regulated or unchanged. This result prompted us to evaluate the expression profiles of dectin-1 and mannose receptor, two other important fungal PRRs that were not included in the microarray target cDNA sequences. Unlike the mannose receptor, the dectin-1 receptor gene was significantly induced, suggesting that this beta-glucan receptor participates in the recognition of P. brasiliensis. We also used a receptor inhibition assay to evaluate the roles of these receptors in coordinating the expression of several immune-related genes in DCs upon fungal exposure. Altogether, our results provide an initial characterization of early host responses to P. brasiliensis and a basis for better understanding the infectious process of this important neglected pathogen.

The uncertainty in standardised sound power measurements: complying with ISO 17025

In the context of “testing laboratory” one of the most important aspect to deal with is the measurement result. Whenever decisions are based on measurement results, it is important to have some indication of the quality of the results. In every area concerning with noise measurement many standards are available but without an expression of uncertainty, it is impossible to judge whether two results are in compliance or not. ISO/IEC 17025 is an international standard related with the competence of calibration and testing laboratories. It contains the requirements that testing and calibration laboratories have to meet if they wish to demonstrate that they operate to a quality system, are technically competent and are able to generate technically valid results. ISO/IEC 17025 deals specifically with the requirements for the competence of laboratories performing testing and calibration and for the reporting of the results, which may or may not contain opinions and interpretations of the results. The standard requires appropriate methods of analysis to be used for estimating uncertainty of measurement. In this point of view, for a testing laboratory performing sound power measurement according to specific ISO standards and European Directives, the measurement of uncertainties is the most important factor to deal with. Sound power level measurement, according to ISO 3744:1994 , performed with a limited number of microphones distributed over a surface enveloping a source is affected by a certain systematic error and a related standard deviation. Making a comparison of measurement carried out with different microphone arrays is difficult because results are affected by systematic errors and standard deviation that are peculiarities of the number of microphones disposed on the surface, their spatial position and the complexity of the sound field. A statistical approach could give an overview of the difference between sound power level evaluated with different microphone arrays and an evaluation of errors that afflict this kind of measurement. Despite the classical approach that tend to follow the ISO GUM this thesis present a different point of view of the problem related to the comparison of result obtained from different microphone arrays.

Synthesen und Charakterisierungen Arylamin-haltiger Polymere: multifunktionelle hoch-T g-Copolymere für photorefraktive Anwendungen

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegenden Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Synthesen und Charakterisierungen multifunktioneller, Arylamin-haltiger Polymere, welche sich als photorefraktive(PR)-Materialien eignen. Die Glastemperaturen (Tg) der angestrebten Materialien liegen deutlich über Raumtemperatur, um so den Pockels-Mechanismus zum Aufbau des PR-Effektes zu favorisieren. Hierzu sind zwei synthetische Konzepte, basierend auf Maleinimid-Methylvinylisocyanat-Reaktiv-Polymeren und Triphenylamin-haltigen Polymeren, entwickelt worden. Im Rahmen des Reaktiv-Polymer-Konzeptes konnten PR-Materialien mit den bisher größten Beugungs-Effizienzen sowie den schnellsten Ansprechzeiten für multifunktionelle hoch-Tg-Polymere dargestellt werden. Hierfür wurden Maleinimid-Methylvinylisocyanat-Reaktiv-Polymere synthetisiert welche an der Imid-Position über Spacer-Gruppen mit Carbazol-Einheiten funktionalisiert sind. Die Tg´s der Polymere konnten zwischen 60°C und 194°C eingestellt werden. Die Isocyanat-Gruppen wurden dann polymeranlog mit hydroxyalkyl-funktionalisierten Chromophoren umgesetzt. Die Kinetik des PR-Effektes dieser Materialien wird durch die Ladungsträger-Beweglichkeiten in den Proben bestimmt. Eine Steigerung der Farbstoff-Konzentrationen erhöht die PR-Leistungen der Materialien, behindert jedoch deren Kinetik.Das Triphenylamin-Polymer-Konzept verwendet Triphenylamine als Lochleiter. Hierfür wurden die radikalischen Polymerisations-Verhalten der Monomere p-Diphenylaminostyrol (DPAS) und erstmals p-Ditoluylaminostyrol (DTAS) untersucht. Die Monomere wurden durch spontane, freie und kontrollierte radikalische Verfahren polymerisiert. Mittels eines TEMPO-Derivates gelang der Aufbau von Block-Copolymeren. Poly-DPAS konnte, im Gegensatz zu Poly-DTAS, polymeranlog tricyanovinyliert werden. Dadurch lassen sich PDPAS-block-PTPAS-Copolymere selektiv im PDPAS-Block tricyanovinylieren. Diese Materialien weisen eine Tendenzen zur Mikro-Phasen-Separation auf.Die Strukturierung von PDPAS konnte durch Photo-Polymerisation mit einer Auflösung von wenigen mm demonstriert werden. Carbazol und Triphenylamin-haltige Materialien wurden mittels Cyclo-Voltametrie untersucht.

Synthese und Charakterisierung photoschaltbarer Gelbildner

Zusammenfassung Um photoschaltbare Gelbildner zu synthetisieren wurde auf bereits bekannte Gelbildner zurückgegriffen und eine Azobenzolgruppe, als photoschaltbare Einheit eingebaut. Die Modifizierung der Alkylsemicarbazide führte zu 7 Azosemicarbaziden (36-42), die alle gelbildende Eigenschaften haben. Die Gele des Alkylsemicarbazids 1 und der Azosemicarbazide 37 und 38 erwiesen sich als die stabilsten, weshalb an ihnen die meisten Untersuchungen durchgeführt wurden. Ihre Struktur ist in Abbildung 1 noch einmal aufgeführt. Die Alkylsemicarbazide vergelen Toluol, 1,2-Dichlorbenzol, Decalin, Tetralin und Cyclohexan. Die minimalen Gelbildnerkonzentration geht dabei von ~0,5 Gew.% für Toluol bis ~10 Gew.% für Tetralin und Cyclohexan. Die Azosemicarbazide 36-40 vergelen Toluol und Tetralin mit ~10 Gew.%, 1,2-Dichlorbenzol und Decalin mit ~4-7 Gew.Durch den Vergleich verschiedener Kristallstrukturen (von 1, 5, 19 und 43) und einer Röntgenkleinwinkelmessung eines Gels wurden zwei mögliche Kristallstrukturen für 37 vorgestellt. Die Tatsache, dass die IR-Spektren aller Semicarbazide im Bulk und als Gel sehr ähnliche Absorptionsbanden im Bereich der N-H-Schwingungen besitzen, zeigt, dass das vorgestellt Wasserstoffbrückenmotiv (Kapitel 4.1, Schema 4.1) für alle Semicarbazide nahezu gleich ist. Des Weiteren konnte ein Zusammenhang von der minimalen Gelbildner-konzentration, dem Schmelzpunkt und der Struktur des Gelnetz-werks gefunden werden. Je feiner das Netzwerk und damit je größer die Oberfläche, desto niedriger die minimale Gelbildnerkonzentration und desto niedriger der Schmelzpunkt der Gele. Gele mit Decalin fallen dabei durch eine andere Morphologie und besonders hohe Schmelzpunkte auf (Abbildung 2). Die Photoschaltbarkeit wurde im Gel mit organischen Lösungsmitteln und mit den Flüssigkristallmischungen durch UV/Vis-Messungen, Polarisationsmikroskopie, sowie durch die Bestimmung der Schaltzeiten und der Schwellspannung für LC II-Gele nachgewiesen. Erste dielektrische Messungen an einem LC II-Gel zeigen, dass die Goldstone-Mode im Gel unterdrück wird. Diese Ergebnisse sollen mit weiteren Untersuchungen untermauert werden.

Tackling of unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and obesity: health effects and cost-effectiveness

The obesity epidemic is spreading to low-income and middle-income countries as a result of new dietary habits and sedentary ways of life, fuelling chronic diseases and premature mortality. In this report we present an assessment of public health strategies designed to tackle behavioural risk factors for chronic diseases that are closely linked with obesity, including aspects of diet and physical inactivity, in Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa. England was included for comparative purposes. Several population-based prevention policies can be expected to generate substantial health gains while entirely or largely paying for themselves through future reductions of health-care expenditures. These strategies include health information and communication strategies that improve population awareness about the benefits of healthy eating and physical activity; fiscal measures that increase the price of unhealthy food content or reduce the cost of healthy foods rich in fibre; and regulatory measures that improve nutritional information or restrict the marketing of unhealthy foods to children. A package of measures for the prevention of chronic diseases would deliver substantial health gains, with a very favourable cost-effectiveness profile.

E.A.O. guidelines for the use of diagnostic imaging in implant dentistry 2011. A consensus workshop organized by the European Association for Osseointegration at the Medical University of Warsaw

Diagnostics imaging is an essential component of patient selection and treatment planning in oral rehabilitation by means of osseointegrated implants. In 2002, the EAO produced and published guidelines on the use of diagnostic imaging in implant dentistry. Since that time, there have been significant developments in both the application of cone beam computed tomography as well as in the range of surgical and prosthetic applications that can potentially benefit from its use. However, medical exposure to ionizing radiation must always be justified and result in a net benefit to the patient. The as low a dose as is reasonably achievable principle must also be applied taking into account any alternative techniques that might achieve the same objectives. This paper reports on current EAO recommendations arising from a consensus meeting held at the Medical University of Warsaw (2011) to update these guidelines. Radiological considerations are detailed, including justification and optimization, with a special emphasis on the obligations that arise for those who prescribe or undertake such investigations. The paper pays special attention to clinical indications and radiographic diagnostic considerations as well as to future developments and trends.

Solvatochromic and Thermochromic Studies of Tryptanthrin

Solvatochromism and thermochromism describe how a solvent or environment affects the photophysical behavior of a photoluminescent solute. The most common use of solvatochromism is as a probe in which the polarity of a solvent in which a solvatochromic solute is dissolved can be spectroscopically measured. Solvatochromic and thermochromic studies of tryptanthrin in several different solvents are reported. Absorption and corrected emission spectra for tryptanthrin at ~10-6 M concentrations are reported in four aprotic and nine alcoholic solvents. The absorption spectra are relatively unaffected by changes in solvent polarity and by differences in the hydrogen bonding ability of the alcoholic solvents. The emission spectra are much more affected by changes in solvent polarity and hydrogen bonding ability. In aprotic solvents, emission energy decreases and emission intensity increases with increasing solvent polarity. In the alcoholic solvents, emission energy also decreases with increasing solvent polarity. However, emission intensity for the alcoholic solvents varies significantly from the aprotic solvents over similar polarity ranges. This suggests that in the alcoholic solvents, hydrogen bonding ability correlates better than polarity to emission energy and intensity trends. The absorption and emission data in the aprotic solvents were also used to estimate the ground and emitting excited state dipole moments for tryptanthrin. The value obtained for the ground state dipole moment (2.37 D) agrees with theoretical results (2.06 D) and a previously reported experimental value (2.0 D). Attempts to explain previously reported results and conclusions with respect to the solvatochromic behavior of the aromatic carbonyls fluorenone and benzo(b)fluorenone were explored in an attempt to understand the solvatochromic response of tryptanthrin. Such attempts include models dependent on non-radiative decay pathways like intersystem crossing, internal conversion, and hydrogen bonding interactions.

Accuracy considerations in navigated cup placement for total hip arthroplasty

Computer assisted orthopaedic surgery (CAOS) technology has recently been introduced to overcome problems resulting from acetabular component malpositioning in total hip arthroplasty. Available navigation modules can conceptually be categorized as computer tomography (CT) based, fluoroscopy based, or image-free. The current study presents a comprehensive accuracy analysis on the computer assisted placement accuracy of acetabular cups. It combines analyses using mathematical approaches, in vitro testing environments, and an in vivo clinical trial. A hybrid navigation approach combining image-free with fluoroscopic technology was chosen as the best compromise to CT-based systems. It introduces pointer-based digitization for easily assessable points and bi-planar fluoroscopy for deep-seated landmarks. From the in vitro data maximum deviations were found to be 3.6 degrees for inclination and 3.8 degrees for anteversion relative to a pre-defined test position. The maximum difference between intraoperatively calculated cup inclination and anteversion with the postoperatively measured position was 4 degrees and 5 degrees, respectively. These data coincide with worst cases scenario predictions applying a statistical simulation model. The proper use of navigation technology can reduce variability of cup placement well within the surgical safe zone. Surgeons have to concentrate on a variety of error sources during the procedure, which may explain the reported strong learning curves for CAOS technologies.

Evaluation of surface defect detection in reinforced concrete bridge decks using terrestrial LiDAR

Routine bridge inspections require labor intensive and highly subjective visual interpretation to determine bridge deck surface condition. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) a relatively new class of survey instrument has become a popular and increasingly used technology for providing as-built and inventory data in civil applications. While an increasing number of private and governmental agencies possess terrestrial and mobile LiDAR systems, an understanding of the technology’s capabilities and potential applications continues to evolve. LiDAR is a line-of-sight instrument and as such, care must be taken when establishing scan locations and resolution to allow the capture of data at an adequate resolution for defining features that contribute to the analysis of bridge deck surface condition. Information such as the location, area, and volume of spalling on deck surfaces, undersides, and support columns can be derived from properly collected LiDAR point clouds. The LiDAR point clouds contain information that can provide quantitative surface condition information, resulting in more accurate structural health monitoring. LiDAR scans were collected at three study bridges, each of which displayed a varying degree of degradation. A variety of commercially available analysis tools and an independently developed algorithm written in ArcGIS Python (ArcPy) were used to locate and quantify surface defects such as location, volume, and area of spalls. The results were visual and numerically displayed in a user-friendly web-based decision support tool integrating prior bridge condition metrics for comparison. LiDAR data processing procedures along with strengths and limitations of point clouds for defining features useful for assessing bridge deck condition are discussed. Point cloud density and incidence angle are two attributes that must be managed carefully to ensure data collected are of high quality and useful for bridge condition evaluation. When collected properly to ensure effective evaluation of bridge surface condition, LiDAR data can be analyzed to provide a useful data set from which to derive bridge deck condition information.